Becky Shepherd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447319306
- eISBN:
- 9781447319320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447319306.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter considers the treatment of girls within the youth justice system, and how this compares to the adult criminal justice system’s provision for women offenders. It examines key ...
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This chapter considers the treatment of girls within the youth justice system, and how this compares to the adult criminal justice system’s provision for women offenders. It examines key recommendations of the Corston Report and provides comparisons with youth justice practice and policy. The chapter addresses practice issues relating to working with girls in youth custody settings and within the community. The issue of girls’ multiple vulnerabilities is discussed, with consideration of the implications this has for youth justice practice and policy. The need for a more compassionate and gender responsive youth justice strategy in relation to girls is highlighted. The chapter is illustrated with examples drawn from the author’s Youth Offending Team casework experience.Less
This chapter considers the treatment of girls within the youth justice system, and how this compares to the adult criminal justice system’s provision for women offenders. It examines key recommendations of the Corston Report and provides comparisons with youth justice practice and policy. The chapter addresses practice issues relating to working with girls in youth custody settings and within the community. The issue of girls’ multiple vulnerabilities is discussed, with consideration of the implications this has for youth justice practice and policy. The need for a more compassionate and gender responsive youth justice strategy in relation to girls is highlighted. The chapter is illustrated with examples drawn from the author’s Youth Offending Team casework experience.
Frieder Dünkel
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479826537
- eISBN:
- 9781479838004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479826537.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter evaluates youth justice policies and practice in Europe from a comparative perspective. It focuses on tendencies in youth justice legislation and on the sentencing practice of ...
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This chapter evaluates youth justice policies and practice in Europe from a comparative perspective. It focuses on tendencies in youth justice legislation and on the sentencing practice of prosecutors and judges in youth courts. It also considers the traditional “welfare” and “justice” models of youth justice and how they have become intertwined in modern European practice. It questions the claim that a “new punitiveness” is the prevailing strategy, and draws attention to the practice of many youth justice systems, which seem to be fairly resistant to neoliberal policies. The chapter concludes that youth justice policy, as reflected in legislation and practice in the majority of European countries, has successfully resisted a punitive turn.Less
This chapter evaluates youth justice policies and practice in Europe from a comparative perspective. It focuses on tendencies in youth justice legislation and on the sentencing practice of prosecutors and judges in youth courts. It also considers the traditional “welfare” and “justice” models of youth justice and how they have become intertwined in modern European practice. It questions the claim that a “new punitiveness” is the prevailing strategy, and draws attention to the practice of many youth justice systems, which seem to be fairly resistant to neoliberal policies. The chapter concludes that youth justice policy, as reflected in legislation and practice in the majority of European countries, has successfully resisted a punitive turn.
Jane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226770048
- eISBN:
- 9780226770062
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226770062.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
For over a century, as women have fought for and won greater freedoms, concern over an epidemic of female criminality, especially among young women, has followed. Fear of this crime wave — despite a ...
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For over a century, as women have fought for and won greater freedoms, concern over an epidemic of female criminality, especially among young women, has followed. Fear of this crime wave — despite a persistent lack of evidence of its existence — has played a decisive role in the development of the youth justice systems in the United States and Canada. This book is a comprehensive comparative study of the way these countries have responded to the hysteria over “girl crime” and how it has affected the treatment of both girls and boys. Tackling a century of historical evidence and crime statistics, the book traces the evolution of approaches to the treatment of young offenders. Seeking to keep youths out of adult courts, both countries have built their systems around rehabilitation. But, as the book reveals, the myth of the “girl crime wave” led to a punitive system where young people are dragged into court for minor offenses and girls are punished far more severely than boys. Thorough, timely, and persuasive, this book will be vital to anyone working with troubled youths.Less
For over a century, as women have fought for and won greater freedoms, concern over an epidemic of female criminality, especially among young women, has followed. Fear of this crime wave — despite a persistent lack of evidence of its existence — has played a decisive role in the development of the youth justice systems in the United States and Canada. This book is a comprehensive comparative study of the way these countries have responded to the hysteria over “girl crime” and how it has affected the treatment of both girls and boys. Tackling a century of historical evidence and crime statistics, the book traces the evolution of approaches to the treatment of young offenders. Seeking to keep youths out of adult courts, both countries have built their systems around rehabilitation. But, as the book reveals, the myth of the “girl crime wave” led to a punitive system where young people are dragged into court for minor offenses and girls are punished far more severely than boys. Thorough, timely, and persuasive, this book will be vital to anyone working with troubled youths.
Claire McDiarmid
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640195
- eISBN:
- 9780748651498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640195.003.0029
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
The most striking point about offending by juveniles during the period of the Scottish Parliament's existence is the political capital which ‘dealing with the problem’ is perceived to create. The ...
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The most striking point about offending by juveniles during the period of the Scottish Parliament's existence is the political capital which ‘dealing with the problem’ is perceived to create. The past ten years have been a period in which the media have affirmed and reaffirmed the ‘problem’ of out-of-control youth. While this account has not gone unchallenged, it can be said to have been dominant and it has given governments, both in Westminster and Holyrood, the opportunity to be seen to be taking a firm stance. This chapter discusses the early signs of tension between toughness and welfare, youth justice as a social construction and the child/criminal paradox, the centrality of welfare, youth courts, fast-track children's hearings, victims and the child's welfare, the Anti-social Behaviour etc (Scotland) Act 2004, and the SNP administration.Less
The most striking point about offending by juveniles during the period of the Scottish Parliament's existence is the political capital which ‘dealing with the problem’ is perceived to create. The past ten years have been a period in which the media have affirmed and reaffirmed the ‘problem’ of out-of-control youth. While this account has not gone unchallenged, it can be said to have been dominant and it has given governments, both in Westminster and Holyrood, the opportunity to be seen to be taking a firm stance. This chapter discusses the early signs of tension between toughness and welfare, youth justice as a social construction and the child/criminal paradox, the centrality of welfare, youth courts, fast-track children's hearings, victims and the child's welfare, the Anti-social Behaviour etc (Scotland) Act 2004, and the SNP administration.
David Porteous
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347329
- eISBN:
- 9781447302469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347329.003.0015
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
New Labour's ascent to power in 1997 led to a ‘new youth justice’. In this reformed system, the assessment and management of risk has been given a pivotal role. All young people referred to Youth ...
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New Labour's ascent to power in 1997 led to a ‘new youth justice’. In this reformed system, the assessment and management of risk has been given a pivotal role. All young people referred to Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales are now assessed using a common, structured risk-assessment profile known as Asset. This is intended to guide practitioners' judgements as to the ‘riskiness’ of a young person and to enable them to identify the precise ‘risk factors’ contributing to their offending behaviour such that interventions can be tailored to individual needs. This chapter attempts to tell the story of how the language of, and policies and practices associated with, risk in the new youth justice have come to hold such significance, and to assess the consequences of these changes. It suggests that current policy constitutes a blend of particular academic, administrative, and political discourses, each of which define and mobilise the concept of risk in different ways. The chapter also attempts to evaluate the impact of recent reforms in the context of wider debates about risk assessment and management in the criminal-justice system.Less
New Labour's ascent to power in 1997 led to a ‘new youth justice’. In this reformed system, the assessment and management of risk has been given a pivotal role. All young people referred to Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales are now assessed using a common, structured risk-assessment profile known as Asset. This is intended to guide practitioners' judgements as to the ‘riskiness’ of a young person and to enable them to identify the precise ‘risk factors’ contributing to their offending behaviour such that interventions can be tailored to individual needs. This chapter attempts to tell the story of how the language of, and policies and practices associated with, risk in the new youth justice have come to hold such significance, and to assess the consequences of these changes. It suggests that current policy constitutes a blend of particular academic, administrative, and political discourses, each of which define and mobilise the concept of risk in different ways. The chapter also attempts to evaluate the impact of recent reforms in the context of wider debates about risk assessment and management in the criminal-justice system.
Anne Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447300359
- eISBN:
- 9781447311706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300359.003.0017
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter looks critically at the New Labour reforms to the youth justice system and the ideas and values active in political rhetoric, policy and practice throughout their three terms in office. ...
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This chapter looks critically at the New Labour reforms to the youth justice system and the ideas and values active in political rhetoric, policy and practice throughout their three terms in office. Three distinct periods were evident and there is now a fourth separate period taking shape under the Coalition, operating with a different ideology and in a climate of austerity. Some of New Labour’s extensive youth justice framework is being dismantled but other elements - such as multi-agency youth offending teams - are still in place. And while the Coalition is less keen on criminalising young people, it seems no more on their ’side’ than New Labour. The question is whether academics and practitioners can come together to press for change in a direction that is more attentive to young people in transition and their needs.Less
This chapter looks critically at the New Labour reforms to the youth justice system and the ideas and values active in political rhetoric, policy and practice throughout their three terms in office. Three distinct periods were evident and there is now a fourth separate period taking shape under the Coalition, operating with a different ideology and in a climate of austerity. Some of New Labour’s extensive youth justice framework is being dismantled but other elements - such as multi-agency youth offending teams - are still in place. And while the Coalition is less keen on criminalising young people, it seems no more on their ’side’ than New Labour. The question is whether academics and practitioners can come together to press for change in a direction that is more attentive to young people in transition and their needs.
Barry Goldson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422637
- eISBN:
- 9781447303060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422637.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Some children and young people are conceived as being particularly susceptible to ‘risk’, implying constructions of vulnerability and invoking the imperatives of protection and safeguarding (as in ...
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Some children and young people are conceived as being particularly susceptible to ‘risk’, implying constructions of vulnerability and invoking the imperatives of protection and safeguarding (as in modern child welfare discourse). Conversely, different constituencies of the young are deemed to comprise a primary source of ‘risk’, implying a threatening or menacing presence and invoking regulatory and corrective priorities (as in contemporary youth justice discourse). Such binary conceptualisations inevitably tend to oversimplify. Nonetheless, they each provide rationales for various forms of early intervention, greater levels of adult supervision, more intensive patterns of regulation and surveillance and, ultimately, circumscribed access to public spaces for children and young people. On closer inspection, however, whether in the child welfare realm or the youth justice domain, the logic and consequence of early intervention strategies are pitted with theoretical, conceptual and practical problems. This chapter engages with such problems as they specifically relate to the youth justice sphere in the United Kingdom and, by drawing on key sources of evidence in the space available, provides a knowledge-based critique of early intervention.Less
Some children and young people are conceived as being particularly susceptible to ‘risk’, implying constructions of vulnerability and invoking the imperatives of protection and safeguarding (as in modern child welfare discourse). Conversely, different constituencies of the young are deemed to comprise a primary source of ‘risk’, implying a threatening or menacing presence and invoking regulatory and corrective priorities (as in contemporary youth justice discourse). Such binary conceptualisations inevitably tend to oversimplify. Nonetheless, they each provide rationales for various forms of early intervention, greater levels of adult supervision, more intensive patterns of regulation and surveillance and, ultimately, circumscribed access to public spaces for children and young people. On closer inspection, however, whether in the child welfare realm or the youth justice domain, the logic and consequence of early intervention strategies are pitted with theoretical, conceptual and practical problems. This chapter engages with such problems as they specifically relate to the youth justice sphere in the United Kingdom and, by drawing on key sources of evidence in the space available, provides a knowledge-based critique of early intervention.
David Monk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422156
- eISBN:
- 9781447302841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422156.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Two largely separate populations of children and young people are known to Youth Offending Teams (YOTs): the first at risk of committing serious harm to others and the second for whom safeguarding ...
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Two largely separate populations of children and young people are known to Youth Offending Teams (YOTs): the first at risk of committing serious harm to others and the second for whom safeguarding concerns may have been identified. One of the early concerns voiced by many YOTs in relation to Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) has been that, despite their inclusion as an agency with a ‘duty to cooperate’ through the 2003 Criminal Justice Act, arrangements on the ground have generally remained adult focused. This is in part a product of the fact that YOTs took their place at the MAPPA table some time after the police and the probation service had established closer working relationships. This chapter highlights key principles that underpin the development of public protection within youth justice in England and Wales. It also discusses some of the developments stemming from key partnerships (for instance between the Youth Justice Board and the Parole Board).Less
Two largely separate populations of children and young people are known to Youth Offending Teams (YOTs): the first at risk of committing serious harm to others and the second for whom safeguarding concerns may have been identified. One of the early concerns voiced by many YOTs in relation to Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) has been that, despite their inclusion as an agency with a ‘duty to cooperate’ through the 2003 Criminal Justice Act, arrangements on the ground have generally remained adult focused. This is in part a product of the fact that YOTs took their place at the MAPPA table some time after the police and the probation service had established closer working relationships. This chapter highlights key principles that underpin the development of public protection within youth justice in England and Wales. It also discusses some of the developments stemming from key partnerships (for instance between the Youth Justice Board and the Parole Board).
Sarah Jones and Kerry Baker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422156
- eISBN:
- 9781447302841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422156.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter outlines key features of the youth justice system in England and Wales, including the current focus on risk assessment and targeted interventions. It sets out some of the multiple ...
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This chapter outlines key features of the youth justice system in England and Wales, including the current focus on risk assessment and targeted interventions. It sets out some of the multiple responsibilities that Youth Offending Teams have towards young people and the various partnerships that they are expected to engage with. In setting the scene, the chapter provides a basic overview of Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements. The chapter concludes by highlighting critical questions raised by the intersection of risk, rights and welfare in youth justice.Less
This chapter outlines key features of the youth justice system in England and Wales, including the current focus on risk assessment and targeted interventions. It sets out some of the multiple responsibilities that Youth Offending Teams have towards young people and the various partnerships that they are expected to engage with. In setting the scene, the chapter provides a basic overview of Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements. The chapter concludes by highlighting critical questions raised by the intersection of risk, rights and welfare in youth justice.
David Faulkner and Ros Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428929
- eISBN:
- 9781447305569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter focuses on community-based sentences and interventions, and on individual change processes, from offending to desistance and reintegration in society. Supervision of offenders in the ...
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This chapter focuses on community-based sentences and interventions, and on individual change processes, from offending to desistance and reintegration in society. Supervision of offenders in the community has traditionally fallen to probation services and the youth offending services of local authorities. This chapter therefore looks at shared aspects of these two public sector services, and provides a critical review of their restructuring and recharacterisation during the past three decades, towards being services concerned with punishing and managing people and away from caring, helping and nurturing change. It explores frontline practice in work with offenders and their families; interagency partnerships and voluntary sector contributions to community justice; and the role of relationship and personal agency and other self factors in effective interventions. In reviewing rehabilitation, the chapter looks at alternative approaches and bodies of research relevant to contemporary rehabilitative practice: psychotherapy and counselling; therapeutic jurisprudence; procedural justice; and the desistance paradigm. It highlights some recent multi-agency initiatives that exemplify good practice, through joined-up practical help, problem-solving and strengths-based approaches which engage the capabilities and decision of individuals in turning their lives around.Less
This chapter focuses on community-based sentences and interventions, and on individual change processes, from offending to desistance and reintegration in society. Supervision of offenders in the community has traditionally fallen to probation services and the youth offending services of local authorities. This chapter therefore looks at shared aspects of these two public sector services, and provides a critical review of their restructuring and recharacterisation during the past three decades, towards being services concerned with punishing and managing people and away from caring, helping and nurturing change. It explores frontline practice in work with offenders and their families; interagency partnerships and voluntary sector contributions to community justice; and the role of relationship and personal agency and other self factors in effective interventions. In reviewing rehabilitation, the chapter looks at alternative approaches and bodies of research relevant to contemporary rehabilitative practice: psychotherapy and counselling; therapeutic jurisprudence; procedural justice; and the desistance paradigm. It highlights some recent multi-agency initiatives that exemplify good practice, through joined-up practical help, problem-solving and strengths-based approaches which engage the capabilities and decision of individuals in turning their lives around.
Kerry Baker and Alex Sutherland (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422156
- eISBN:
- 9781447302841
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422156.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPAs) are now one of the central features of government policy in the United Kingdom for managing the risk presented by violent and sexual offenders. ...
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Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPAs) are now one of the central features of government policy in the United Kingdom for managing the risk presented by violent and sexual offenders. Although there has been research and debate concerning the use of MAPPAs with adult offenders, their application to young people has received relatively little attention until now. This book extends the existing literature on public protection. It provides a detailed exploration of MAPPA policy and practice in order to prompt further debate about the implications of the risk paradigm for young people and youth justice practitioners. In the book, key academics, practitioners and policy makers consider a range of theoretical and practical issues raised by the introduction of MAPPA including risk and children's rights, the use of professional discretion by practitioners, alternative approaches to risk management, and suggestions for future policy development.Less
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPAs) are now one of the central features of government policy in the United Kingdom for managing the risk presented by violent and sexual offenders. Although there has been research and debate concerning the use of MAPPAs with adult offenders, their application to young people has received relatively little attention until now. This book extends the existing literature on public protection. It provides a detailed exploration of MAPPA policy and practice in order to prompt further debate about the implications of the risk paradigm for young people and youth justice practitioners. In the book, key academics, practitioners and policy makers consider a range of theoretical and practical issues raised by the introduction of MAPPA including risk and children's rights, the use of professional discretion by practitioners, alternative approaches to risk management, and suggestions for future policy development.
Maggie Blyth and Enver Solomon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422637
- eISBN:
- 9781447303060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422637.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
The Youth Crime Action Plan, launched by the UK government in 2008, emphasises crime prevention and early intervention in different aspects of work with young people who offend or are considered to ...
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The Youth Crime Action Plan, launched by the UK government in 2008, emphasises crime prevention and early intervention in different aspects of work with young people who offend or are considered to be ‘at risk’ of offending. Much of this approach includes targeted work with families and work to reduce the numbers of young people entering the youth justice system. This report takes a critical look at early intervention policies. Through contributions from leading experts on youth work and criminal justice, it considers the development of integrated and targeted youth support services and the implications for practice of early intervention policies; analyses the causes of serious violent crime through consideration of issues that address gangs and guns; provides an evaluation of the government's early intervention strategy through the examination of its Sure Start programme and other family initiatives; identifies the psychobiological effects of violence on children and links them to problem behaviour; considers the impacts of family intervention projects and parenting work and compares approaches to early intervention across different jurisdictions; and examines the lessons for practice in England and Wales.Less
The Youth Crime Action Plan, launched by the UK government in 2008, emphasises crime prevention and early intervention in different aspects of work with young people who offend or are considered to be ‘at risk’ of offending. Much of this approach includes targeted work with families and work to reduce the numbers of young people entering the youth justice system. This report takes a critical look at early intervention policies. Through contributions from leading experts on youth work and criminal justice, it considers the development of integrated and targeted youth support services and the implications for practice of early intervention policies; analyses the causes of serious violent crime through consideration of issues that address gangs and guns; provides an evaluation of the government's early intervention strategy through the examination of its Sure Start programme and other family initiatives; identifies the psychobiological effects of violence on children and links them to problem behaviour; considers the impacts of family intervention projects and parenting work and compares approaches to early intervention across different jurisdictions; and examines the lessons for practice in England and Wales.
Carla J. Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814709467
- eISBN:
- 9780814760048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814709467.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This introductory chapter briefly outlines the alternative-to-incarceration (ATI) program exercised by the Manhattan Youth Part, the one courtroom set aside in Manhattan for criminal cases involving ...
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This introductory chapter briefly outlines the alternative-to-incarceration (ATI) program exercised by the Manhattan Youth Part, the one courtroom set aside in Manhattan for criminal cases involving youths who are required by New York State law to be prosecuted as adults. Founded in 1992 by retired Judge Michael Corriero, the unique criminal court undertook an experiment in youth justice. Working within the statutory constraints of retributive law, the Manhattan Youth Part created a system of justice that sought to hold young defendants—nearly all of them black and/or Hispanic males between the ages of 14 and 18—accountable for their alleged crimes while acknowledging their adolescence and attempting to divert them away from the full force of the adult sentences they were facing. The chapter also explores the history and development of juvenile justice within the United States, and describes the research methods used by the author in writing the book.Less
This introductory chapter briefly outlines the alternative-to-incarceration (ATI) program exercised by the Manhattan Youth Part, the one courtroom set aside in Manhattan for criminal cases involving youths who are required by New York State law to be prosecuted as adults. Founded in 1992 by retired Judge Michael Corriero, the unique criminal court undertook an experiment in youth justice. Working within the statutory constraints of retributive law, the Manhattan Youth Part created a system of justice that sought to hold young defendants—nearly all of them black and/or Hispanic males between the ages of 14 and 18—accountable for their alleged crimes while acknowledging their adolescence and attempting to divert them away from the full force of the adult sentences they were facing. The chapter also explores the history and development of juvenile justice within the United States, and describes the research methods used by the author in writing the book.
Hazel Kemshall
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420008
- eISBN:
- 9781447304364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420008.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, ...
More
In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, this has seen increased attention to the ‘community protection model’, with an emphasis on public protection sentencing, restrictive conditions in the community and interventions led by risk. Within this paradigm, moral re-engineering programmes focused on monitoring, surveillance and ‘management in place’. This pervasiveness of risk has also seeped into the youth justice arena and into social policy conception of the youths, resulting to the increased ‘problematisation of youth’ and state-driven interventions to control and regulate youths. This chapter discusses risk assessment and risk management in youths. It focuses on the right approaches to the management and regulation of young offenders. It particularly highlights the need to distinguish adult risk prevention paradigm from children risk prevention paradigm as children are significantly different from adults.Less
In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, this has seen increased attention to the ‘community protection model’, with an emphasis on public protection sentencing, restrictive conditions in the community and interventions led by risk. Within this paradigm, moral re-engineering programmes focused on monitoring, surveillance and ‘management in place’. This pervasiveness of risk has also seeped into the youth justice arena and into social policy conception of the youths, resulting to the increased ‘problematisation of youth’ and state-driven interventions to control and regulate youths. This chapter discusses risk assessment and risk management in youths. It focuses on the right approaches to the management and regulation of young offenders. It particularly highlights the need to distinguish adult risk prevention paradigm from children risk prevention paradigm as children are significantly different from adults.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226770048
- eISBN:
- 9780226770062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226770062.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The last forty years of the twentieth century were a turbulent period for youth justice in both Canada and the United States. The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was the first ...
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The last forty years of the twentieth century were a turbulent period for youth justice in both Canada and the United States. The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was the first substantial piece of federal juvenile justice legislation that affected juvenile justice in the individual states. One of the main goals of this act was to deinstitutionalize status offenders. The deinstitutionalization goal, however, could be seen as conflicting with intervention. This chapter explores how the tension between wanting to intervene and wanting not to incarcerate youths for non-criminal behaviors played out, focusing on the youth court processing (for example, bringing the juvenile into court, adjudicating the delinquent, and sentencing the offender to custody) of status offenses. It looks at two types of relatively minor offending — obstructing justice and disorderly conduct — in order to see if there are any consistencies in how these status-type offenses are handled for boys and girls.Less
The last forty years of the twentieth century were a turbulent period for youth justice in both Canada and the United States. The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was the first substantial piece of federal juvenile justice legislation that affected juvenile justice in the individual states. One of the main goals of this act was to deinstitutionalize status offenders. The deinstitutionalization goal, however, could be seen as conflicting with intervention. This chapter explores how the tension between wanting to intervene and wanting not to incarcerate youths for non-criminal behaviors played out, focusing on the youth court processing (for example, bringing the juvenile into court, adjudicating the delinquent, and sentencing the offender to custody) of status offenses. It looks at two types of relatively minor offending — obstructing justice and disorderly conduct — in order to see if there are any consistencies in how these status-type offenses are handled for boys and girls.
Howard Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422637
- eISBN:
- 9781447303060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422637.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
There is a lot of mischief within the debate on the respective merits and effectiveness of ‘universal’ versus ‘targeted’ services — of any kind. The point is that, in relation to any ‘target’ group ...
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There is a lot of mischief within the debate on the respective merits and effectiveness of ‘universal’ versus ‘targeted’ services — of any kind. The point is that, in relation to any ‘target’ group but here in the context of young people, services should actually reach and have the desired impact on them. Over the past decade or so, this has produced a particularly polarised debate between, on the one hand, some sections of what might be called the traditional youth service, which has continued to advocate for universality, and, on the other hand, new policy approaches such as youth crime prevention. Youth work is routinely claimed explicitly to be about the personal development of young people and the ‘social education’ of the adolescent, while youth justice is explicitly about holding young people to account for their offending behaviour. This chapter examines the debate on what is the more appropriate approach for youth crime prevention in the United Kingdom, targeted youth support services or integrated youth support services.Less
There is a lot of mischief within the debate on the respective merits and effectiveness of ‘universal’ versus ‘targeted’ services — of any kind. The point is that, in relation to any ‘target’ group but here in the context of young people, services should actually reach and have the desired impact on them. Over the past decade or so, this has produced a particularly polarised debate between, on the one hand, some sections of what might be called the traditional youth service, which has continued to advocate for universality, and, on the other hand, new policy approaches such as youth crime prevention. Youth work is routinely claimed explicitly to be about the personal development of young people and the ‘social education’ of the adolescent, while youth justice is explicitly about holding young people to account for their offending behaviour. This chapter examines the debate on what is the more appropriate approach for youth crime prevention in the United Kingdom, targeted youth support services or integrated youth support services.
Kerry Baker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422156
- eISBN:
- 9781447302841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422156.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) are a fascinating example of ‘risk in action’, combining elements of the new penology with a more traditional (or perhaps clinical) focus on ...
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Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) are a fascinating example of ‘risk in action’, combining elements of the new penology with a more traditional (or perhaps clinical) focus on individualised assessment and tailored interventions. This chapter explores the balance between rules and discretion in MAPPA, the significance of informal practice, and some of the factors influencing decision making. It raises some important questions about the current MAPPA framework that should prompt further consideration of ways in which it could be developed so as to be more appropriate not only for young people but also for practitioners and managers in youth justice. It notes how discretion is able to peep through the cracks of public protection and in some places can be widely exercised by those operating on the front line of practice. The chapter argues that risk aversion (based on ‘othering’) may lead to exclusionary practices, but on the other hand, risk-based practice can potentially encompass more inclusive and rehabilitative approaches if staff have the appropriate skills to exercise professional discretion in their choice of interventions.Less
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) are a fascinating example of ‘risk in action’, combining elements of the new penology with a more traditional (or perhaps clinical) focus on individualised assessment and tailored interventions. This chapter explores the balance between rules and discretion in MAPPA, the significance of informal practice, and some of the factors influencing decision making. It raises some important questions about the current MAPPA framework that should prompt further consideration of ways in which it could be developed so as to be more appropriate not only for young people but also for practitioners and managers in youth justice. It notes how discretion is able to peep through the cracks of public protection and in some places can be widely exercised by those operating on the front line of practice. The chapter argues that risk aversion (based on ‘othering’) may lead to exclusionary practices, but on the other hand, risk-based practice can potentially encompass more inclusive and rehabilitative approaches if staff have the appropriate skills to exercise professional discretion in their choice of interventions.
Maggie Blyth, Chris Wright, and Robert Newman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422613
- eISBN:
- 9781447301752
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422613.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Over the last decade, the reformed youth justice system has seen increases in the numbers of children and young people in custody, a sharp rise in indeterminate sentences and the continuing deaths of ...
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Over the last decade, the reformed youth justice system has seen increases in the numbers of children and young people in custody, a sharp rise in indeterminate sentences and the continuing deaths of young prisoners. The largest proportion of funding in youth justice at the national level is spent on providing places for children and young people remanded and sentenced to custody. The publication of the Youth Crime Action Plan during 2008 and the increasing emphasis on early intervention provides a framework to consider again the interface between local services and secure residential placements. This report brings together contributions from leading experts on young people and criminal justice to critically examine current policy and practice. There are vital questions for both policy and practice on whether the use of custody reduces re-offending or whether other forms of residential placements are more effective long-term. The report looks at current approaches to the sentencing and custody of children and young people, prevention of re-offending and a range of alternative regimes.Less
Over the last decade, the reformed youth justice system has seen increases in the numbers of children and young people in custody, a sharp rise in indeterminate sentences and the continuing deaths of young prisoners. The largest proportion of funding in youth justice at the national level is spent on providing places for children and young people remanded and sentenced to custody. The publication of the Youth Crime Action Plan during 2008 and the increasing emphasis on early intervention provides a framework to consider again the interface between local services and secure residential placements. This report brings together contributions from leading experts on young people and criminal justice to critically examine current policy and practice. There are vital questions for both policy and practice on whether the use of custody reduces re-offending or whether other forms of residential placements are more effective long-term. The report looks at current approaches to the sentencing and custody of children and young people, prevention of re-offending and a range of alternative regimes.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226770048
- eISBN:
- 9780226770062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226770062.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In 1894, the federal government of Canada legislated its first separate juvenile court. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, separate courts were beginning to be developed in the country. ...
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In 1894, the federal government of Canada legislated its first separate juvenile court. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, separate courts were beginning to be developed in the country. Another focus was on reforming youths who committed criminal offenses and perhaps an early articulation of status offenders, although this covered only girls under 13 and boys under 12 in Ontario. The most well-known and comprehensive legislation — designed to bring youths in youth court not only for federal (criminal) offenses, but also for violation of provincial and municipal by-laws — was passed in 1908. This was the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Youth justice reforms were more seriously entertained by the government during the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter discusses juvenile justice reform in Canada aimed at preventing delinquency among adolescent girls. It looks at various laws passed to achieve this objective, including the Young Offenders Act (1984–2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002). It also, compares legislative developments related to youth justice in Canada and the United States.Less
In 1894, the federal government of Canada legislated its first separate juvenile court. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, separate courts were beginning to be developed in the country. Another focus was on reforming youths who committed criminal offenses and perhaps an early articulation of status offenders, although this covered only girls under 13 and boys under 12 in Ontario. The most well-known and comprehensive legislation — designed to bring youths in youth court not only for federal (criminal) offenses, but also for violation of provincial and municipal by-laws — was passed in 1908. This was the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Youth justice reforms were more seriously entertained by the government during the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter discusses juvenile justice reform in Canada aimed at preventing delinquency among adolescent girls. It looks at various laws passed to achieve this objective, including the Young Offenders Act (1984–2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002). It also, compares legislative developments related to youth justice in Canada and the United States.
Maggie Blyth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420008
- eISBN:
- 9781447304364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420008.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Public opinion tends consistently to overestimate the scale and trend in offending as recorded official crime data. This applies to offending among young people as well as to offending among adults. ...
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Public opinion tends consistently to overestimate the scale and trend in offending as recorded official crime data. This applies to offending among young people as well as to offending among adults. Over the last decades, youth crime has become highly politicised, resulting in the increased custodial figures and increasingly tough posturing by the ministers over approaches to dealing with young people who committed crime. While there has been a downward trend in offending by young people, the concern and view on the criminal behaviour of children remains high. This high concern on the criminality of children was spurred by cases that have caused a moral outcry and public disturbance that led to the perception that violence is out of control. This view was further reinforced by the re-categorisation of children and young people in the youth system as ‘offenders’ rather than as children with complex needs. This chapter focuses on a category of cases known as ‘serious incidents’ in the youth justice system. It focuses on the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales (YBJ) which outlined the definition of serious incidents that covers both children and young people who commit grave crimes, and captures those children and young people who attempt to commit suicide while under the supervision of the Youth Offending Team (YOT). This chapter examines the definition and purpose of the YBJ's serious incident guidelines. It also outlines the process itself and considers the characteristics of the young people involved in serious incidents in the youth system justice. The chapter ends with some recommendations of the author who was a former serious incident manager for the YBJ and relevant reports from the inspections of YOTs.Less
Public opinion tends consistently to overestimate the scale and trend in offending as recorded official crime data. This applies to offending among young people as well as to offending among adults. Over the last decades, youth crime has become highly politicised, resulting in the increased custodial figures and increasingly tough posturing by the ministers over approaches to dealing with young people who committed crime. While there has been a downward trend in offending by young people, the concern and view on the criminal behaviour of children remains high. This high concern on the criminality of children was spurred by cases that have caused a moral outcry and public disturbance that led to the perception that violence is out of control. This view was further reinforced by the re-categorisation of children and young people in the youth system as ‘offenders’ rather than as children with complex needs. This chapter focuses on a category of cases known as ‘serious incidents’ in the youth justice system. It focuses on the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales (YBJ) which outlined the definition of serious incidents that covers both children and young people who commit grave crimes, and captures those children and young people who attempt to commit suicide while under the supervision of the Youth Offending Team (YOT). This chapter examines the definition and purpose of the YBJ's serious incident guidelines. It also outlines the process itself and considers the characteristics of the young people involved in serious incidents in the youth system justice. The chapter ends with some recommendations of the author who was a former serious incident manager for the YBJ and relevant reports from the inspections of YOTs.