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The book concludes with a brief summary of the approach to modelling speech production and perception. The relationship between linguistic and biological modelling is emphasized. Focus is given to the wrapper model and the way in which speech production and perception are probably tightly integrated in the human being, and certainly usefully modelled as such.

This chapter proposes a speech production architecture in which all speech occurs within two larger frameworks called wrappers. The overall wrapper is expression; the next wrapper is prosody. Expression and prosody are defined as used in this book. Within a prosodic framework, planning and rendering (carrying out the plan to speak by moving the articulators) is presented. Cognitive and physical processes and their phonological and phonetic correlates are discussed.

This chapter emphasizes the notion that human speech is listener-centred; speech is intended to be heard and understood. Adding expressive and emotive content provides the listener with information about the speaker’s identity (gender, age, education, etc.), the speaker’s attitude and feelings toward the listener, and the nature of what is being said. Adding this to synthesis presents problems, including determining the most useful type of synthesizer, incorporating a proposed prosodic wrapper for speech, linking parameters of emotive content with acoustic parameters, and with underlying theory constructs such as category labels or parameters for driving the synthesizer. The relationship between high- and low-level synthesis, and how to incorporate a range of emotive content and voice quality are discussed.

This chapter defines expressive speech as used in this book. The concept of a composite acoustic waveform is presented, consisting of two components: the basic message and expression. The speaker plans an utterance, a listener assigns labels to that utterance, and arrives at a percept which recovers the intended message. This differs from other models which do not emphasize the assignment of labels or symbolic representation to the waveform. Another difference is the proposal that speaking occurs within an overall expressive wrapper. Short term and long term expression is discussed and the role of the listener is emphasized.

This chapter discusses neutral speech and expressive speech. A model is presented which proposes that all speech is expressive, and that speaking occurs within an expression wrapper. Neutral speech is a type of speaking which has the expressive content set to ‘neutral’, i.e., the parameters of expressive speech are set to near zero. The concept of an expression envelop is explained — a message is modulated onto a prosodic carrier. The possibility of relating emotion expression to the acoustic waveform is presented.

Chapter 9 discusses the idea that performance persistence can either be enhanced or mitigated by financial regulation. An analysis of data from 48 countries spanning determines that international and time-series differences in hedge fund regulation exist for minimum capitalization requirements, restrictions on the location of key service providers, and permissible distribution channels. Overall, the analysis within this chapter supports for the idea that minimum capitalization enhances performance persistence, while restrictions on location mitigate performance persistence.

The Dead Sea Scrolls are one of the most important archaeological finds ever made. They are usually understood to have been hidden away quickly ahead of a Roman advance in 68 ce. However, the archaeological evidence testifying to the method of their containment in jars in caves indicates that they were carefully wrapped up in quality scroll wrappers and placed in sealed jars, with bitumen plugs, and this would have taken a long time to do. In addition, the remaining Dead Sea Scrolls are a tiny remainder of an original vast cache of manuscripts placed in caves. The scrolls make better sense if they are seen as purposeful burials, the final resting places of multiple genizahs — collections of old or heterodox scrolls. They were buried by the Essenes in order to preserve them till the End, in order to show reverence for the name of God or other holy references they contained. The reasons why some Essenes were living beside the Dead Sea must have something to do with the processes they needed to bury sacred scrolls in the caves along the north-western coast.

This chapter focuses on the Torah wrapper and the Torah binder. The wrapper, the piece of fabric rolled up with the parchment scroll, is an item used in the wrapping of the Torah scroll in Italy and the Sephardi diaspora of exiles from Spain and Portugal. In Italy, the wrapper is known as the mapah, indicating that it evolved from the first ceremonial object connected to the Torah scroll in antiquity, inheriting its name. Meanwhile, the binder is a long, thin piece of cloth bound around the Torah scroll. In Italy and in Sephardi diaspora congregations, it is bound over the wrapper, while in other communities it is placed directly next to the parchment scroll. What makes the Italian binders unique is that they are rooted in the embroidery and lace-work traditions of the Italian Renaissance and baroque period.

Derrida insisted on the importance of Melanie Klein to the work of cultural graphology. For it is the circumstanced temporality of writing, which includes human affect and the sexual impulses that determine it, that gives rise to our experience of ideality and objectivity. The theory of object relations initiated by Klein and developed by the British school of psychoanalysis illuminates the experience of deferred meaning that, for Derrida, constitutes the archive. This chapter uses Klein’s thought to extend Derrida’s own attention to the mystery that is paper as the receptive surface for writing. Examining the mourning wrappers and black pages produced by sixteenth-century English printers to estrange the phenomenon of the page, it considers the fact that writing, as it is usually conceived, must be supported at or by a surface. It proposes, as an alternative thought, that writing is diffused through the depths of everything.