Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256433
- eISBN:
- 9780191599170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256438.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter addresses two closely woven issues: that of harmonizing (making compatible) the dual aims of careers and motherhood that most European women now pursue; and that of achieving full gender ...
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This chapter addresses two closely woven issues: that of harmonizing (making compatible) the dual aims of careers and motherhood that most European women now pursue; and that of achieving full gender neutrality (equality) in the allocation of opportunities, life chances, and welfare outcomes. The main aspects addressed in investigating the multi‐dimensional compatibility problem are: the heterogeneity of women's preference sets (family centred, career centred, or dual role), public support for working mothers, the job supply, the role of wages, and motherhood. The main aspects addressed in investigating gender equality across the life course are: gender segregation in the labour markets, gender differences in pay, female life choices, and the extra costs and risks of employing women. It is argued that neither social nor labour‐market policy will solve these gender inequality issues, and the possibility of a domestic solution is discussed.Less
This chapter addresses two closely woven issues: that of harmonizing (making compatible) the dual aims of careers and motherhood that most European women now pursue; and that of achieving full gender neutrality (equality) in the allocation of opportunities, life chances, and welfare outcomes. The main aspects addressed in investigating the multi‐dimensional compatibility problem are: the heterogeneity of women's preference sets (family centred, career centred, or dual role), public support for working mothers, the job supply, the role of wages, and motherhood. The main aspects addressed in investigating gender equality across the life course are: gender segregation in the labour markets, gender differences in pay, female life choices, and the extra costs and risks of employing women. It is argued that neither social nor labour‐market policy will solve these gender inequality issues, and the possibility of a domestic solution is discussed.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111125
- eISBN:
- 9780199854295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111125.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Family History
The case of Leah Nadel is a good example for showing some of the ways the day nurseries operated as a charity during the 1910s and 1920s. Even though she received charity from day nurseries, Leah ...
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The case of Leah Nadel is a good example for showing some of the ways the day nurseries operated as a charity during the 1910s and 1920s. Even though she received charity from day nurseries, Leah still had to struggle to keep up an image of being a respectable mother by working hard and supporting the different needs of her children. This chapter discusses the different problems and solutions faced by single mothers during that time, especially after the efforts of reformers and professional social workers made against working mothers.Less
The case of Leah Nadel is a good example for showing some of the ways the day nurseries operated as a charity during the 1910s and 1920s. Even though she received charity from day nurseries, Leah still had to struggle to keep up an image of being a respectable mother by working hard and supporting the different needs of her children. This chapter discusses the different problems and solutions faced by single mothers during that time, especially after the efforts of reformers and professional social workers made against working mothers.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111125
- eISBN:
- 9780199854295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111125.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Family History
Initially day care centers, which were called day nurseries during the 1890s, were only popular among jobless mothers. However, even then there were conflicting views about day nurseries: some ...
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Initially day care centers, which were called day nurseries during the 1890s, were only popular among jobless mothers. However, even then there were conflicting views about day nurseries: some mothers were grateful, while other mothers fought with the nursery workers for control of their children. This chapter discusses the different situations of working mothers during from the 1890s until the 1930s and how being a working mother affected them.Less
Initially day care centers, which were called day nurseries during the 1890s, were only popular among jobless mothers. However, even then there were conflicting views about day nurseries: some mothers were grateful, while other mothers fought with the nursery workers for control of their children. This chapter discusses the different situations of working mothers during from the 1890s until the 1930s and how being a working mother affected them.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
As more mothers entered the paid workforce, and as the women's movement mobilized, members of Congress proposed building a nationwide system of universally available child care services. Although the ...
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As more mothers entered the paid workforce, and as the women's movement mobilized, members of Congress proposed building a nationwide system of universally available child care services. Although the 1971 child care bill initially had broad support, proponents battled over who would control programs, and conservative opposition to the idea of government‐funded child‐care centers mounted. Ultimately, President Nixon vetoed the bill, slamming shut the window of opportunity for creating a unified public system for child care and early education. The implications of this bill's failure would be far‐reaching, making it politically difficult to act on the issue for years to come. As the demand for child care grew through the 1970s, therefore, it was met largely through the private market. Child care continued to be seen as a responsibility of individual families, not of society as a whole.Less
As more mothers entered the paid workforce, and as the women's movement mobilized, members of Congress proposed building a nationwide system of universally available child care services. Although the 1971 child care bill initially had broad support, proponents battled over who would control programs, and conservative opposition to the idea of government‐funded child‐care centers mounted. Ultimately, President Nixon vetoed the bill, slamming shut the window of opportunity for creating a unified public system for child care and early education. The implications of this bill's failure would be far‐reaching, making it politically difficult to act on the issue for years to come. As the demand for child care grew through the 1970s, therefore, it was met largely through the private market. Child care continued to be seen as a responsibility of individual families, not of society as a whole.
Mary Ann Mason
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310122
- eISBN:
- 9780199865284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310122.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these ...
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The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these strains are experienced by almost all working mothers, they vary and have different implications for college women seeking high-powered professional careers that require extended periods of training and other women with less demanding educational and occupational aspirations. This chapter analyzes the life-long tensions in balancing work and family life encountered by young women on track to professional careers in law, medicine, business, science, and academia from the student/apprentice years (18-30), to the make or break years (30-40), and to the period when they encounter the glass ceiling (40+). Alternatives career patterns are examined, such as moving of the fast-track onto the second tier or “mommy track” of their profession, as an adaptation to the demands of childrearing and professional life.Less
The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these strains are experienced by almost all working mothers, they vary and have different implications for college women seeking high-powered professional careers that require extended periods of training and other women with less demanding educational and occupational aspirations. This chapter analyzes the life-long tensions in balancing work and family life encountered by young women on track to professional careers in law, medicine, business, science, and academia from the student/apprentice years (18-30), to the make or break years (30-40), and to the period when they encounter the glass ceiling (40+). Alternatives career patterns are examined, such as moving of the fast-track onto the second tier or “mommy track” of their profession, as an adaptation to the demands of childrearing and professional life.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111125
- eISBN:
- 9780199854295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111125.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Family History
In the past (1890s to 1920s), working mothers were viewed as “evil”. After 1930 however, changes made in both women's wage work and social welfare began to challenge these assumptions, gradually ...
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In the past (1890s to 1920s), working mothers were viewed as “evil”. After 1930 however, changes made in both women's wage work and social welfare began to challenge these assumptions, gradually altering the meaning of day care. This chapter discusses the different transformations in the meaning and practice of day care due to the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War. The chapter also looks at the responses of all these various actors to the economic crisis of the depression.Less
In the past (1890s to 1920s), working mothers were viewed as “evil”. After 1930 however, changes made in both women's wage work and social welfare began to challenge these assumptions, gradually altering the meaning of day care. This chapter discusses the different transformations in the meaning and practice of day care due to the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War. The chapter also looks at the responses of all these various actors to the economic crisis of the depression.
Jessica L. Martucci
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288031
- eISBN:
- 9780226288178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288178.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter explores the intersections between the breastfeeding movement, environmentalism, and second-wave feminism from the 1950s through the 1980s. Concern over environmental toxins was one of ...
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This chapter explores the intersections between the breastfeeding movement, environmentalism, and second-wave feminism from the 1950s through the 1980s. Concern over environmental toxins was one of the first issues to draw breastfeeding supporters out of the domestic sphere and into the political realm as they advocated publicly and through their daily life-choices as consumers and household managers for a more “natural” life free from the destructive consequences of technological interventions upon the family. As this chapter also shows, however, the widening appeal of this natural ideology by the early 1970s not only helped expose more mothers to the breastfeeding movement, it also led to a polarization in the interests and political leanings of the community. As breastfeeding rates began to noticeably increase by the 1970s, the ideological connection between natural motherhood and breastfeeding became a point of contention as lower-income and working mothers increasingly sought the same kind of maternal experience as their wealthier, stay-at-home peers.Less
This chapter explores the intersections between the breastfeeding movement, environmentalism, and second-wave feminism from the 1950s through the 1980s. Concern over environmental toxins was one of the first issues to draw breastfeeding supporters out of the domestic sphere and into the political realm as they advocated publicly and through their daily life-choices as consumers and household managers for a more “natural” life free from the destructive consequences of technological interventions upon the family. As this chapter also shows, however, the widening appeal of this natural ideology by the early 1970s not only helped expose more mothers to the breastfeeding movement, it also led to a polarization in the interests and political leanings of the community. As breastfeeding rates began to noticeably increase by the 1970s, the ideological connection between natural motherhood and breastfeeding became a point of contention as lower-income and working mothers increasingly sought the same kind of maternal experience as their wealthier, stay-at-home peers.
Emma Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300230062
- eISBN:
- 9780300252095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300230062.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter takes a look at the kind of options which were available to married women without a reliable breadwinner for support, and how they were able to navigate their way through these options. ...
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This chapter takes a look at the kind of options which were available to married women without a reliable breadwinner for support, and how they were able to navigate their way through these options. It emphasises the remarkably stable nature of the married women's participation in the workplace. A wide range of economic measures have indicated that the economy underwent unprecedented growth and restructuring after 1830, yet none of these changes appear to have made much of an impact on the likelihood of married women participating in the labour market. Equally, the nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of the breadwinning family model — the ideological justification for higher male wages, a wage sufficient to support the male breadwinner and his dependent wife and children at home. Yet this too had very little impact on women's experiences, failing to raise male wages to a level at which paid work for married women became unnecessary in most families. Indeed, as the autobiographies in this chapter show, it becomes evident that married women's working patterns do not fit into our usual ways of conceiving work at all.Less
This chapter takes a look at the kind of options which were available to married women without a reliable breadwinner for support, and how they were able to navigate their way through these options. It emphasises the remarkably stable nature of the married women's participation in the workplace. A wide range of economic measures have indicated that the economy underwent unprecedented growth and restructuring after 1830, yet none of these changes appear to have made much of an impact on the likelihood of married women participating in the labour market. Equally, the nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of the breadwinning family model — the ideological justification for higher male wages, a wage sufficient to support the male breadwinner and his dependent wife and children at home. Yet this too had very little impact on women's experiences, failing to raise male wages to a level at which paid work for married women became unnecessary in most families. Indeed, as the autobiographies in this chapter show, it becomes evident that married women's working patterns do not fit into our usual ways of conceiving work at all.
Wendy Luttrell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447352853
- eISBN:
- 9781447353317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447352853.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter discusses how the Park Central School children used their cameras to render “choreographies of care” visible and to acknowledge and affirm its value. “Choreographies of care” is a ...
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This chapter discusses how the Park Central School children used their cameras to render “choreographies of care” visible and to acknowledge and affirm its value. “Choreographies of care” is a concept meant to highlight the constellation of resources, people, rhythms shaped by different occupational demands and shifting schedules, feelings, and intimacies of family living. Amidst prevailing deficit and stigmatizing portrayals of wage-poor households and working mothers' invisibility, the children's photographs and accounts accomplish two things. First, when given the opportunity, the children confirmed their mothers' care work, educational presence, and value. Second, the children, albeit differently for boys and girls, highlighted their own participation in choreographies of family care. The chapter then calls the children's images and accounts counter-narratives of care because they offer an alternative way of seeing care as a concerted, collective activity, not as individualized or unidirectional. Through these interdependent activities (children and adults), the children's gendered identities are forged and emotional relations are structured.Less
This chapter discusses how the Park Central School children used their cameras to render “choreographies of care” visible and to acknowledge and affirm its value. “Choreographies of care” is a concept meant to highlight the constellation of resources, people, rhythms shaped by different occupational demands and shifting schedules, feelings, and intimacies of family living. Amidst prevailing deficit and stigmatizing portrayals of wage-poor households and working mothers' invisibility, the children's photographs and accounts accomplish two things. First, when given the opportunity, the children confirmed their mothers' care work, educational presence, and value. Second, the children, albeit differently for boys and girls, highlighted their own participation in choreographies of family care. The chapter then calls the children's images and accounts counter-narratives of care because they offer an alternative way of seeing care as a concerted, collective activity, not as individualized or unidirectional. Through these interdependent activities (children and adults), the children's gendered identities are forged and emotional relations are structured.
Duncan Lindsey
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136715
- eISBN:
- 9780199894079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136715.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Social Policy
This chapter examines how the child welfare system has adapted to the changing conditions of American families. After World War II mothers began a long steady entry back into the labor force that ...
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This chapter examines how the child welfare system has adapted to the changing conditions of American families. After World War II mothers began a long steady entry back into the labor force that would continue for the next half century. Increasingly, women with preschool children were expected to work outside the home. Although education (and thus child care) was provided for children ages six to eighteen, very little was available for children under six. The failure to provide universal day care placed increasing demands on the mothers of these children.Less
This chapter examines how the child welfare system has adapted to the changing conditions of American families. After World War II mothers began a long steady entry back into the labor force that would continue for the next half century. Increasingly, women with preschool children were expected to work outside the home. Although education (and thus child care) was provided for children ages six to eighteen, very little was available for children under six. The failure to provide universal day care placed increasing demands on the mothers of these children.
Cameron Lynne Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222328
- eISBN:
- 9780520947818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222328.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter examines the contradictory forces shaping the lives of working mothers or employers of nannies. The findings suggest that working mothers experience what is called blanket accountability ...
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This chapter examines the contradictory forces shaping the lives of working mothers or employers of nannies. The findings suggest that working mothers experience what is called blanket accountability or the sense that they are responsible for everything that happens in their children's daily lives, regardless of who provides the actual care. The result also indicates that they are consequently torn between hiring an at-home mother to support them as they pursue their demanding careers and the desire to be at-home mother for their children, and this conflict feeds the mother-employers' deep ambivalence and guides their strategies for managing their child-care workers.Less
This chapter examines the contradictory forces shaping the lives of working mothers or employers of nannies. The findings suggest that working mothers experience what is called blanket accountability or the sense that they are responsible for everything that happens in their children's daily lives, regardless of who provides the actual care. The result also indicates that they are consequently torn between hiring an at-home mother to support them as they pursue their demanding careers and the desire to be at-home mother for their children, and this conflict feeds the mother-employers' deep ambivalence and guides their strategies for managing their child-care workers.
Jocelyn Elise Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451751
- eISBN:
- 9780801467455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451751.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of ...
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This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of whether or not mothers tend to support various workplace flexibility initiatives. It also examines the levels of support that exist for governmental policies promoting workplace flexibility—ranging from educating firms about the benefits of such options, to tax breaks for companies that offer such plans, to mandatory requirements that organizations offer employees processes through which they can receive such arrangements. In doing so, the chapter offers possible parameters for policy makers as they develop reforms to generate the widest levels of public support.Less
This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of whether or not mothers tend to support various workplace flexibility initiatives. It also examines the levels of support that exist for governmental policies promoting workplace flexibility—ranging from educating firms about the benefits of such options, to tax breaks for companies that offer such plans, to mandatory requirements that organizations offer employees processes through which they can receive such arrangements. In doing so, the chapter offers possible parameters for policy makers as they develop reforms to generate the widest levels of public support.
SUSANHA YIMYAM and MARTHA MORROW
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150865
- eISBN:
- 9780199865222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150865.003.005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Reconciling the rights and demands of women's productive and reproductive roles poses an increasing challenge to policy formulation. This chapter reviews existing evidence on the benefits of ...
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Reconciling the rights and demands of women's productive and reproductive roles poses an increasing challenge to policy formulation. This chapter reviews existing evidence on the benefits of breast-feeding for mothers and infants, global breast-feeding prevalence and trends, and the associations between breast-feeding and maternal employment. It presents a study of the experiences of working mothers in Thailand, with a focus on the effects of employment on breast-feeding and women's perceptions of themselves as they attempt to balance their roles. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study for current international discourse and public policy relating women's dual employment and child-rearing responsibilities.Less
Reconciling the rights and demands of women's productive and reproductive roles poses an increasing challenge to policy formulation. This chapter reviews existing evidence on the benefits of breast-feeding for mothers and infants, global breast-feeding prevalence and trends, and the associations between breast-feeding and maternal employment. It presents a study of the experiences of working mothers in Thailand, with a focus on the effects of employment on breast-feeding and women's perceptions of themselves as they attempt to balance their roles. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study for current international discourse and public policy relating women's dual employment and child-rearing responsibilities.
Sarah Cunningham-Burley, Kathryn Backett-Milburn, and Debbie Kemmer
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346438
- eISBN:
- 9781447302292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346438.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter presents data drawn from interviews with lone and partnered mothers in non-professional, non-managerial occupations. This project was funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation as part of ...
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This chapter presents data drawn from interviews with lone and partnered mothers in non-professional, non-managerial occupations. This project was funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation as part of a programme of research on work and family life. Findings reported in the chapter illuminate the range of negotiations and tensions that mothers in paid work outside the home report. Family responsibilities were a top priority for these women as they sought to keep the spheres of home and work separate. This boundary could be maintained as long as a crisis situation or important activities did not suddenly emerge and become imperative. Nevertheless women were keen to be seen as reliable workers who did not need time off. However, there was a clear conclusion that work should not take precedence over mothering.Less
This chapter presents data drawn from interviews with lone and partnered mothers in non-professional, non-managerial occupations. This project was funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation as part of a programme of research on work and family life. Findings reported in the chapter illuminate the range of negotiations and tensions that mothers in paid work outside the home report. Family responsibilities were a top priority for these women as they sought to keep the spheres of home and work separate. This boundary could be maintained as long as a crisis situation or important activities did not suddenly emerge and become imperative. Nevertheless women were keen to be seen as reliable workers who did not need time off. However, there was a clear conclusion that work should not take precedence over mothering.
Jocelyn Elise Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451751
- eISBN:
- 9780801467455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451751.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter discusses whether the supposedly deeply held divisions between stay-at-home mothers and working mothers exist. The media has repeatedly highlighted such divisions under the label “the ...
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This chapter discusses whether the supposedly deeply held divisions between stay-at-home mothers and working mothers exist. The media has repeatedly highlighted such divisions under the label “the Mommy Wars.” Despite widespread coverage of the issue, in most cases, mothers do not judge other mothers. Instead, they empathize with each mother's unique situation. However, in a minority of cases, stereotypes of each group still exist, thus making mutual understanding a top priority of any modern motherhood movement. The chapter examines if Mommy War attitudes may be preventing mothers' groups from promoting a more visible workplace flexibility agenda, or if it is a much overblown problem that group leaders should cast aside in favor of moving forward with their workplace flexibility goals.Less
This chapter discusses whether the supposedly deeply held divisions between stay-at-home mothers and working mothers exist. The media has repeatedly highlighted such divisions under the label “the Mommy Wars.” Despite widespread coverage of the issue, in most cases, mothers do not judge other mothers. Instead, they empathize with each mother's unique situation. However, in a minority of cases, stereotypes of each group still exist, thus making mutual understanding a top priority of any modern motherhood movement. The chapter examines if Mommy War attitudes may be preventing mothers' groups from promoting a more visible workplace flexibility agenda, or if it is a much overblown problem that group leaders should cast aside in favor of moving forward with their workplace flexibility goals.
Nancy Rosenberger
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824836962
- eISBN:
- 9780824870898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824836962.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how working mothers balance their careers and having to raise children who would be cooperative, moral individuals. Drawing on interviews with thirteen employed mothers—six ...
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This chapter examines how working mothers balance their careers and having to raise children who would be cooperative, moral individuals. Drawing on interviews with thirteen employed mothers—six full-timers, six part-timers, and a mother with three children who works full-time running an organic farm with her husband—it asks how the conditions in urban, regional, and rural places intersect with the contradictions between work, family, and children. It also considers how questions of class intertwine with women's work–family tension and these geographical differences. Finally, it analyzes what amplifies and eases tensions for these women and how they cope with particularly high tensions. It shows that these women try to shift the foundation of their marriages so they can value their own work as part of their long-term resistance and selfhood.Less
This chapter examines how working mothers balance their careers and having to raise children who would be cooperative, moral individuals. Drawing on interviews with thirteen employed mothers—six full-timers, six part-timers, and a mother with three children who works full-time running an organic farm with her husband—it asks how the conditions in urban, regional, and rural places intersect with the contradictions between work, family, and children. It also considers how questions of class intertwine with women's work–family tension and these geographical differences. Finally, it analyzes what amplifies and eases tensions for these women and how they cope with particularly high tensions. It shows that these women try to shift the foundation of their marriages so they can value their own work as part of their long-term resistance and selfhood.
Zaharah Sulaiman, Lisa H. Amir, and Pranee Liamputtong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199755059
- eISBN:
- 9780199979479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755059.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
In the past, feeding newborn mammals with breast milk was never a choice but rather a natural way of feeding. Without the influence of culture and beliefs, babies would naturally continue to ...
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In the past, feeding newborn mammals with breast milk was never a choice but rather a natural way of feeding. Without the influence of culture and beliefs, babies would naturally continue to breastfeed until the age of 2.5 to 7 years. As breast milk is recognized as the natural way to feed infants, it is no longer appropriate to talk about the “benefits of breastfeeding.” The chapter presents an overview of the health risks of not breastfeeding taken from five recent reviews regarding short- and long-term risks for preterm infants, term infants, and mothers. The chapter addresses three levels: individual-, group-, and society-level factors. Maternal prenatal intention to breastfeed is a stronger predictor than the combination of other factors in determining the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Working by itself may not be a barrier to breastfeeding, but working conditions and long inflexible working hours are barriers to mothers maintaining breastfeeding.Less
In the past, feeding newborn mammals with breast milk was never a choice but rather a natural way of feeding. Without the influence of culture and beliefs, babies would naturally continue to breastfeed until the age of 2.5 to 7 years. As breast milk is recognized as the natural way to feed infants, it is no longer appropriate to talk about the “benefits of breastfeeding.” The chapter presents an overview of the health risks of not breastfeeding taken from five recent reviews regarding short- and long-term risks for preterm infants, term infants, and mothers. The chapter addresses three levels: individual-, group-, and society-level factors. Maternal prenatal intention to breastfeed is a stronger predictor than the combination of other factors in determining the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Working by itself may not be a barrier to breastfeeding, but working conditions and long inflexible working hours are barriers to mothers maintaining breastfeeding.
Andrew E. Clark, Sarah Flèche, Richard Layard, Nattavudh Powdthavee, and George Ward
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196336
- eISBN:
- 9780691196954
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196336.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter takes a look at how working parents can affect their children, and how. Evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) shows that, other things held constant ...
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This chapter takes a look at how working parents can affect their children, and how. Evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) shows that, other things held constant (including income), mother's work has no marked effect, good or bad, on the emotional health of her children. However, the chapter goes further by exploring the behavioral effects on the child if they have a minder or some form of nursery care. The child's intellectual development is also explored. In addition to these, the chapter takes a look at the effects of unemployed parents on their children. ALSPAC provides clear unemployment data only on the fathers of the children and shows that this can have a critical effect on children's development. There are many channels through which this can work—via the parents' mood, family conflict, reduced aspirations, taunting at school, and simple loss of income.Less
This chapter takes a look at how working parents can affect their children, and how. Evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) shows that, other things held constant (including income), mother's work has no marked effect, good or bad, on the emotional health of her children. However, the chapter goes further by exploring the behavioral effects on the child if they have a minder or some form of nursery care. The child's intellectual development is also explored. In addition to these, the chapter takes a look at the effects of unemployed parents on their children. ALSPAC provides clear unemployment data only on the fathers of the children and shows that this can have a critical effect on children's development. There are many channels through which this can work—via the parents' mood, family conflict, reduced aspirations, taunting at school, and simple loss of income.
Jill Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447334088
- eISBN:
- 9781447334132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447334088.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter examines how the daughters felt about having grown up with a mother mainly working full-time or close to full-time hours. In most cases the daughters felt well mothered. The daughters ...
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This chapter examines how the daughters felt about having grown up with a mother mainly working full-time or close to full-time hours. In most cases the daughters felt well mothered. The daughters demonstrated this view by recalling far fewer events when they felt compromised by the trade-offs their mothers were making than did their mothers. Most revealing was the five key ways many of the daughters offered to explain how their mothers managed the compromises involved in combining work and family life. The chapter discusses five themes: being there for the events where parents (especially mothers) were expected to be, being able to predict their mother's routine, their mother being emotionally present when at home, being cared for at home after school and being taught to be independent.Less
This chapter examines how the daughters felt about having grown up with a mother mainly working full-time or close to full-time hours. In most cases the daughters felt well mothered. The daughters demonstrated this view by recalling far fewer events when they felt compromised by the trade-offs their mothers were making than did their mothers. Most revealing was the five key ways many of the daughters offered to explain how their mothers managed the compromises involved in combining work and family life. The chapter discusses five themes: being there for the events where parents (especially mothers) were expected to be, being able to predict their mother's routine, their mother being emotionally present when at home, being cared for at home after school and being taught to be independent.
Barry L. Friedman and Martin Rein
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198268208
- eISBN:
- 9780191683442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268208.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
Families have changed substantially over the last half-century in the United States, and family policy has evolved in response. Many kinds of policies have emerged over the years that affect ...
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Families have changed substantially over the last half-century in the United States, and family policy has evolved in response. Many kinds of policies have emerged over the years that affect families. Policies in their early stages tend to be directed at specific problems. There are policies relating to marriage and divorce, others concerned with child care, some with work by mothers, and others with income support for families. These policies initially tended to be specialised, each concerned with its own aspect of family behavior. But family behavior itself is not compartmentalised. One aspect of behaviour is interrelated with others. To illustrate the interdependencies in both behaviour and policy as well as the disagreements, single parenting, a behavior in the family structure domain, may increase the risk to family income and the likelihood of poverty. This chapter examines the evolution of family policy in the United States after World War II.Less
Families have changed substantially over the last half-century in the United States, and family policy has evolved in response. Many kinds of policies have emerged over the years that affect families. Policies in their early stages tend to be directed at specific problems. There are policies relating to marriage and divorce, others concerned with child care, some with work by mothers, and others with income support for families. These policies initially tended to be specialised, each concerned with its own aspect of family behavior. But family behavior itself is not compartmentalised. One aspect of behaviour is interrelated with others. To illustrate the interdependencies in both behaviour and policy as well as the disagreements, single parenting, a behavior in the family structure domain, may increase the risk to family income and the likelihood of poverty. This chapter examines the evolution of family policy in the United States after World War II.
