Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226245
- eISBN:
- 9780191710360
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226245.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book introduces the reader to the basic methods for the study of the internal structure of words, and to the theoretical issues raised by analyses of word structure concerning the organization ...
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This book introduces the reader to the basic methods for the study of the internal structure of words, and to the theoretical issues raised by analyses of word structure concerning the organization of the grammars of natural languages. Data from more than sixty languages are used to illustrate these descriptive and theoretical issues. The book is structured into three main parts. In the first part the basic notions of morphology and morphological analysis are introduced, and attention is given to word formation (derivation and compounding), the basics of inflection, and inflectional systems. The second part, reflecting an important characteristic of this book, is the discussion of the interface between morphology and other modules of the grammar such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. It is shown that the formal structure of complex words is not necessarily isomorphic to their phonological or semantic structure. This book is comprehensive since it also deals, in its third part, with the relation between morphology and mind. Facts concerning the processing of complex words are used as a window on the human mind. Language change in the domain of word structure is also approached from that perspective. In a final summarizing chapter, it is shown how the book has taught a theoretically sophisticated notion ‘word’ and that there are different notions ‘word’ that should be recognized in a proper linguistic analysis. An index and glossary of terms, exercises (with answers), a language index, and advice for further reading are also provided.Less
This book introduces the reader to the basic methods for the study of the internal structure of words, and to the theoretical issues raised by analyses of word structure concerning the organization of the grammars of natural languages. Data from more than sixty languages are used to illustrate these descriptive and theoretical issues. The book is structured into three main parts. In the first part the basic notions of morphology and morphological analysis are introduced, and attention is given to word formation (derivation and compounding), the basics of inflection, and inflectional systems. The second part, reflecting an important characteristic of this book, is the discussion of the interface between morphology and other modules of the grammar such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. It is shown that the formal structure of complex words is not necessarily isomorphic to their phonological or semantic structure. This book is comprehensive since it also deals, in its third part, with the relation between morphology and mind. Facts concerning the processing of complex words are used as a window on the human mind. Language change in the domain of word structure is also approached from that perspective. In a final summarizing chapter, it is shown how the book has taught a theoretically sophisticated notion ‘word’ and that there are different notions ‘word’ that should be recognized in a proper linguistic analysis. An index and glossary of terms, exercises (with answers), a language index, and advice for further reading are also provided.
Torsten Meissner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280087
- eISBN:
- 9780191707100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem formations. As a result of this investigation, a number of traditional views will be challenged. In particular, it will emerge that the conventional notion of ‘Caland's Law’ is inadequate, at least for Greek and quite possibly for the parent language as well. It is also shown that these morphological and semantic characteristics of the individual types and their historical development can be defined more closely.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem formations. As a result of this investigation, a number of traditional views will be challenged. In particular, it will emerge that the conventional notion of ‘Caland's Law’ is inadequate, at least for Greek and quite possibly for the parent language as well. It is also shown that these morphological and semantic characteristics of the individual types and their historical development can be defined more closely.
Torsten Meissner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280087
- eISBN:
- 9780191707100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The neuter s-stem nouns constitute one of the best established word formation categories in the Indo-European languages and it is certain that they are deep-rooted in the parent language itself. The ...
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The neuter s-stem nouns constitute one of the best established word formation categories in the Indo-European languages and it is certain that they are deep-rooted in the parent language itself. The Proto-Indo-European background of these nouns is briefly assessed in this chapter, giving due regard to problems concerning their inflection and derivation. The conditions under which new s-stem neuter nouns could be formed will then be determined. In keeping with the aim of his book of looking at morphologically and semantically closely defined classes of words in the context of the language system as a whole, the most important suffixes competing with the formations in -εσ/-οζ are examined here.Less
The neuter s-stem nouns constitute one of the best established word formation categories in the Indo-European languages and it is certain that they are deep-rooted in the parent language itself. The Proto-Indo-European background of these nouns is briefly assessed in this chapter, giving due regard to problems concerning their inflection and derivation. The conditions under which new s-stem neuter nouns could be formed will then be determined. In keeping with the aim of his book of looking at morphologically and semantically closely defined classes of words in the context of the language system as a whole, the most important suffixes competing with the formations in -εσ/-οζ are examined here.
Lorraine McCune
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177879
- eISBN:
- 9780199870202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177879.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter addresses characteristics of the single-word period, including definitions applied in this book and some areas of current controversy in lexical development. Topics covered include ...
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This chapter addresses characteristics of the single-word period, including definitions applied in this book and some areas of current controversy in lexical development. Topics covered include methods for studying children's entry into language, when a word is a word, the formation of patterns that represent objects and events, learning words, the holistic nature of single-word utterances, context-limited words, the nature of referential words, the rate of lexical development, and an analysis of Vihman and McCune data.Less
This chapter addresses characteristics of the single-word period, including definitions applied in this book and some areas of current controversy in lexical development. Topics covered include methods for studying children's entry into language, when a word is a word, the formation of patterns that represent objects and events, learning words, the holistic nature of single-word utterances, context-limited words, the nature of referential words, the rate of lexical development, and an analysis of Vihman and McCune data.
Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226245
- eISBN:
- 9780191710360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226245.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Morphology deals with the internal structure of words. Morphological rules specify how new words and word forms are formed and function as redundancy rules with respect to existing complex words in ...
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Morphology deals with the internal structure of words. Morphological rules specify how new words and word forms are formed and function as redundancy rules with respect to existing complex words in the lexicon. Morphology is therefore important for the description of languages and the theory of grammar.Less
Morphology deals with the internal structure of words. Morphological rules specify how new words and word forms are formed and function as redundancy rules with respect to existing complex words in the lexicon. Morphology is therefore important for the description of languages and the theory of grammar.
Gennady Estraikh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184799
- eISBN:
- 9780191674365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter analyses some significant features and types of Soviet Yiddish word-formation. Under the influence of Russian, Soviet Yiddish widely utilized univerbalization, that is, compressing a ...
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This chapter analyses some significant features and types of Soviet Yiddish word-formation. Under the influence of Russian, Soviet Yiddish widely utilized univerbalization, that is, compressing a phrase into one word. Four types of univerbalization are described: stump-compounds, semi-abbreviations, acronyms, and univerbs with the suffix -ke. Adjectivalization in Soviet Yiddish — a process which is, in a sense, contrary to compounding — is also discussed. As for affixation in Soviet Yiddish lexical innovations, neither new prefixes nor new affixes were created. However, the old Yiddish affixes frequently were part of new types of derivation processes or gained new semantic features. This chapter concludes by examining word-formation with the suffix -nik and verb-forms with the prefix der-.Less
This chapter analyses some significant features and types of Soviet Yiddish word-formation. Under the influence of Russian, Soviet Yiddish widely utilized univerbalization, that is, compressing a phrase into one word. Four types of univerbalization are described: stump-compounds, semi-abbreviations, acronyms, and univerbs with the suffix -ke. Adjectivalization in Soviet Yiddish — a process which is, in a sense, contrary to compounding — is also discussed. As for affixation in Soviet Yiddish lexical innovations, neither new prefixes nor new affixes were created. However, the old Yiddish affixes frequently were part of new types of derivation processes or gained new semantic features. This chapter concludes by examining word-formation with the suffix -nik and verb-forms with the prefix der-.
Andrew Koontz-Garboden
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693498
- eISBN:
- 9780191741715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693498.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter addresses the issue of what are possible and impossible word formation operations from a semantic perspective, exploring the Monotonicity Hypothesis, the idea, itself a consequence of ...
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This chapter addresses the issue of what are possible and impossible word formation operations from a semantic perspective, exploring the Monotonicity Hypothesis, the idea, itself a consequence of compositionality, that word formation operations do not remove operators from lexical semantic representations. The nature of morphology in the evaluation of this hypothesis is discussed, followed by the presentation of a case study that examines the derivational relationship of state-denoting words (red, broken) to their change-of-state counterparts (redden, broken). Potential counterexamples to the predictions of the hypothesis are discussed and shown ultimately to provide support for the hypothesis, when properly understood. Finally, additional empirical domains worth exploring are discussed.Less
This chapter addresses the issue of what are possible and impossible word formation operations from a semantic perspective, exploring the Monotonicity Hypothesis, the idea, itself a consequence of compositionality, that word formation operations do not remove operators from lexical semantic representations. The nature of morphology in the evaluation of this hypothesis is discussed, followed by the presentation of a case study that examines the derivational relationship of state-denoting words (red, broken) to their change-of-state counterparts (redden, broken). Potential counterexamples to the predictions of the hypothesis are discussed and shown ultimately to provide support for the hypothesis, when properly understood. Finally, additional empirical domains worth exploring are discussed.
Hagit Borer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602513
- eISBN:
- 9780191739200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602513.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Semantics and Pragmatics
This paper undertakes a detailed comparison of the properties of derived nominals with –ing with the properties of –ing Synthetic Compounds. Focusing on the presence of event structure and obligatory ...
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This paper undertakes a detailed comparison of the properties of derived nominals with –ing with the properties of –ing Synthetic Compounds. Focusing on the presence of event structure and obligatory compositionality for the former, vs. the absence of both for the latter, it shows that an adequate account for these surprising contrasts may only be obtained by adopting a syntactic approach to the derivation of complex words.Less
This paper undertakes a detailed comparison of the properties of derived nominals with –ing with the properties of –ing Synthetic Compounds. Focusing on the presence of event structure and obligatory compositionality for the former, vs. the absence of both for the latter, it shows that an adequate account for these surprising contrasts may only be obtained by adopting a syntactic approach to the derivation of complex words.
Piusten Hacken
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748689606
- eISBN:
- 9780748695232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689606.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
In the discussion of morphology in his Parallel Architecture, Jackendoff (2002, 2010) does not distinguish between inflection and derivation, but only between productive and non-productive rules. In ...
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In the discussion of morphology in his Parallel Architecture, Jackendoff (2002, 2010) does not distinguish between inflection and derivation, but only between productive and non-productive rules. In terms of Corbin’s (1987) analysis of productivity, Jackendoff’s notion of productivity is based on regularity and rentabilité (‘profitability’), rather than on disponibilité (‘availability’). This causes problems when we consider processes that are available, but not entirely automatic in their application, a phenomenon which Jackendoff calls semiproductivity. As I argue here, partial regularity and partial profitability can be explained as a result of the need for a new name. A new word is not produced because the rule is available, but because a new concept is to be named. This concept then contributes decisively to the resulting meaning. The crucial point is whether a word formation process is available for the formation of new lexical entries or not. This cannot be expressed propertly in Jackendoff’s system unless a separate word formation components is added to his Parallel Architecture. As a consequence, semiproductivity is reduced to an epiphenomenon, emerging from the interaction of the word formation component with naming needs.Less
In the discussion of morphology in his Parallel Architecture, Jackendoff (2002, 2010) does not distinguish between inflection and derivation, but only between productive and non-productive rules. In terms of Corbin’s (1987) analysis of productivity, Jackendoff’s notion of productivity is based on regularity and rentabilité (‘profitability’), rather than on disponibilité (‘availability’). This causes problems when we consider processes that are available, but not entirely automatic in their application, a phenomenon which Jackendoff calls semiproductivity. As I argue here, partial regularity and partial profitability can be explained as a result of the need for a new name. A new word is not produced because the rule is available, but because a new concept is to be named. This concept then contributes decisively to the resulting meaning. The crucial point is whether a word formation process is available for the formation of new lexical entries or not. This cannot be expressed propertly in Jackendoff’s system unless a separate word formation components is added to his Parallel Architecture. As a consequence, semiproductivity is reduced to an epiphenomenon, emerging from the interaction of the word formation component with naming needs.
Gabriele Stein
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198807377
- eISBN:
- 9780191844997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography
The comprehensive nature of John Palsgrave’s endeavour to analyse and describe the French language in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) also encompasses the formation of words. Whereas ...
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The comprehensive nature of John Palsgrave’s endeavour to analyse and describe the French language in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) also encompasses the formation of words. Whereas Chapter 6 focused on his pioneering achievement as a grammarian and lexicographer, this chapter describes his most impressive work as a sixteenth-century lexicologist analysing the word-structures of a vernacular. The coining of words is embedded in a word class-based grammatical framework. For each word class, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc., he discusses the formative processes (derivation and composition), specifies the formal patterns (with their changes to the base), paraphrases the meaning of each formation, and then provides a good number of examples. Exceptions are also pointed out.Less
The comprehensive nature of John Palsgrave’s endeavour to analyse and describe the French language in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) also encompasses the formation of words. Whereas Chapter 6 focused on his pioneering achievement as a grammarian and lexicographer, this chapter describes his most impressive work as a sixteenth-century lexicologist analysing the word-structures of a vernacular. The coining of words is embedded in a word class-based grammatical framework. For each word class, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc., he discusses the formative processes (derivation and composition), specifies the formal patterns (with their changes to the base), paraphrases the meaning of each formation, and then provides a good number of examples. Exceptions are also pointed out.
Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Graeme Trousdale
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679898
- eISBN:
- 9780191760075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679898.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter presents the proposal that, like grammatical constructionalization, the development of lexical or contentful constructions involves both expansion and reduction. Expansion is illustrated ...
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This chapter presents the proposal that, like grammatical constructionalization, the development of lexical or contentful constructions involves both expansion and reduction. Expansion is illustrated by the development of word-formation patterns, such as the nominal word-formations with nouns for ‘status’ in Old English (e.g. -dom, as in kingdom). Such developments may be followed by expansion or obsolescence of subschemas and of members. Individual members may undergo phonological reduction (e.g. gar ‘spear’ + leac ‘leek’ 〉 garlic). The development of ‘snowclones’ (e.g. Fake is the new real) is shown to be an instance of lexical constructionalization. The question whether ‘extragrammatical’ word-formation processes, such as clippings (e.g. ism) and acronyms (e.g. NASA), constitute constructionalizations, is also addressed.Less
This chapter presents the proposal that, like grammatical constructionalization, the development of lexical or contentful constructions involves both expansion and reduction. Expansion is illustrated by the development of word-formation patterns, such as the nominal word-formations with nouns for ‘status’ in Old English (e.g. -dom, as in kingdom). Such developments may be followed by expansion or obsolescence of subschemas and of members. Individual members may undergo phonological reduction (e.g. gar ‘spear’ + leac ‘leek’ 〉 garlic). The development of ‘snowclones’ (e.g. Fake is the new real) is shown to be an instance of lexical constructionalization. The question whether ‘extragrammatical’ word-formation processes, such as clippings (e.g. ism) and acronyms (e.g. NASA), constitute constructionalizations, is also addressed.
Hagit Borer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199263936
- eISBN:
- 9780191759017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263936.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter provides an introduction to the book as a whole. It begins with a detailed critical review of historical approaches to Words, focusing, in particular, on the rationale for listedness and ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the book as a whole. It begins with a detailed critical review of historical approaches to Words, focusing, in particular, on the rationale for listedness and lexical word formation, and attempting to show that from both a phonological and syntactic perspective, that move is conceptually and theoretically problematic. This is followed by a preliminary presentation of the specifics of the system to be used throughout the book, eventually to be justified in detail in Chapters 6–10. Specifically, roots are introduced as a phonological index, and two distinct functors are introduced—a categorial functor (C-functor), responsible for the division of the categorial space, and a semantic functor (S-functor) responsible for valuing otherwise null terminals to project — once valued and thus categorized — as segments of Extended Projections. Extended Projections are likewise defined as a universally fixed set of segments of Extended Projections dominating a categorial core (C-core). The chapter ends with an outline and discussion of the general organization of the book.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the book as a whole. It begins with a detailed critical review of historical approaches to Words, focusing, in particular, on the rationale for listedness and lexical word formation, and attempting to show that from both a phonological and syntactic perspective, that move is conceptually and theoretically problematic. This is followed by a preliminary presentation of the specifics of the system to be used throughout the book, eventually to be justified in detail in Chapters 6–10. Specifically, roots are introduced as a phonological index, and two distinct functors are introduced—a categorial functor (C-functor), responsible for the division of the categorial space, and a semantic functor (S-functor) responsible for valuing otherwise null terminals to project — once valued and thus categorized — as segments of Extended Projections. Extended Projections are likewise defined as a universally fixed set of segments of Extended Projections dominating a categorial core (C-core). The chapter ends with an outline and discussion of the general organization of the book.
Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198712329
- eISBN:
- 9780191780882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This ...
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The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This framework, developed in Booij (2010), assumes a hierarchical lexicon with both abstract morphological schemas and stored complex words that instantiate these schemas. The lexicon of a language can be modelled in such a way that the abstract word formation schemas dominate their individual instantiations. Thus, the lexicon is partially conceived of as a hierarchical network in which lower nodes, the existing complex words, can be assumed to inherit information from dominating higher nodes. Advantages of a full-entry theory over an impoverished entry theory are outlined, and the chapter includes discussion of polysemy, allomorphy, and the class of items that fall between derivatives and compounds using ‘affixoids’.Less
The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This framework, developed in Booij (2010), assumes a hierarchical lexicon with both abstract morphological schemas and stored complex words that instantiate these schemas. The lexicon of a language can be modelled in such a way that the abstract word formation schemas dominate their individual instantiations. Thus, the lexicon is partially conceived of as a hierarchical network in which lower nodes, the existing complex words, can be assumed to inherit information from dominating higher nodes. Advantages of a full-entry theory over an impoverished entry theory are outlined, and the chapter includes discussion of polysemy, allomorphy, and the class of items that fall between derivatives and compounds using ‘affixoids’.
Gennady Estraikh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184799
- eISBN:
- 9780191674365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
The zeal displayed by Soviet Jewish authorities and those involved in language planning to combine the development of Yiddish culture with the objectives of Soviet totalitarian ideology, led, in the ...
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The zeal displayed by Soviet Jewish authorities and those involved in language planning to combine the development of Yiddish culture with the objectives of Soviet totalitarian ideology, led, in the 1920s and 1930s, to an ambivalent result. On the one hand, the Bolshevik revolution paved the way for an unprecedented flowering of Yiddish printing, schooling, and creative activity. On the other hand, ideologization and insipidity, which infested all forms of work among Soviet Jews, repelled and eventually reduced the clientele of Yiddish culture. It was Russian that became the principal force bearing on the restructuring of the Yiddish vocabulary and its morpho-syntactic and semantic make-up. Under the influence of Russian, Soviet Yiddish adopted a number of peculiar word-formation models. The experience of the Soviet Yiddish spelling reforms demonstrates a particular fragility of such world-wide dispersed languages as Yiddish. All in all, the general decline of Soviet Yiddish during the post-war period was characterized by the further Russification of the spoken language.Less
The zeal displayed by Soviet Jewish authorities and those involved in language planning to combine the development of Yiddish culture with the objectives of Soviet totalitarian ideology, led, in the 1920s and 1930s, to an ambivalent result. On the one hand, the Bolshevik revolution paved the way for an unprecedented flowering of Yiddish printing, schooling, and creative activity. On the other hand, ideologization and insipidity, which infested all forms of work among Soviet Jews, repelled and eventually reduced the clientele of Yiddish culture. It was Russian that became the principal force bearing on the restructuring of the Yiddish vocabulary and its morpho-syntactic and semantic make-up. Under the influence of Russian, Soviet Yiddish adopted a number of peculiar word-formation models. The experience of the Soviet Yiddish spelling reforms demonstrates a particular fragility of such world-wide dispersed languages as Yiddish. All in all, the general decline of Soviet Yiddish during the post-war period was characterized by the further Russification of the spoken language.
Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748689606
- eISBN:
- 9780748695232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689606.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The article deals with the development of scientific vocabulary for botany in 19th century Finland. The first Finnish-language flora was published in 1860, and because of this a large number of new ...
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The article deals with the development of scientific vocabulary for botany in 19th century Finland. The first Finnish-language flora was published in 1860, and because of this a large number of new terms for plant systematics had to be formed at this point. The purpose was to come up with vocabulary that could be understood by Finnish, mainly agricultural, people. Instead of loanwords, terms were formed from the material available in the language by methods of word formation: derivation and compounding. The article describes the analysis of the semantics and origin of a set of 1500 terms coined for plant morphology, and demonstrates that the scientific vocabulary does not arise ex nihilo. Instead, the structures and meanings of terms have a motivation from many directions: various parts of the language itself, other languages and the traditions in the domain. The basic terminology formed for Finnish plant morphology in the 19th century is still used in Finnish-language botany, and the later terms have mainly been formed by the same methods and principles too.Less
The article deals with the development of scientific vocabulary for botany in 19th century Finland. The first Finnish-language flora was published in 1860, and because of this a large number of new terms for plant systematics had to be formed at this point. The purpose was to come up with vocabulary that could be understood by Finnish, mainly agricultural, people. Instead of loanwords, terms were formed from the material available in the language by methods of word formation: derivation and compounding. The article describes the analysis of the semantics and origin of a set of 1500 terms coined for plant morphology, and demonstrates that the scientific vocabulary does not arise ex nihilo. Instead, the structures and meanings of terms have a motivation from many directions: various parts of the language itself, other languages and the traditions in the domain. The basic terminology formed for Finnish plant morphology in the 19th century is still used in Finnish-language botany, and the later terms have mainly been formed by the same methods and principles too.
Tomas Riad
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199543571
- eISBN:
- 9780191747168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543571.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Language Families
A major theme of this book is the lexcial specification of prosodic information, and the consequences that this has for the understanding of word formation and the shape of the lexicon in Swedish. It ...
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A major theme of this book is the lexcial specification of prosodic information, and the consequences that this has for the understanding of word formation and the shape of the lexicon in Swedish. It also help for the understanding of the stress system as such. Thus, there are four types of morphemes: tonic (i.e. stressed), pretonic, posttonic and unspecified. Given the previously introduced constraints on Culminativity within the minimal prosodic word, this system now predicts that certain combinations of morphemes should be better formed than others, and those predictions are shown to be borne out. Where no stress is in place, a phonological routine will provide stress at the right edge of the word, where however a posttonic morpheme can steer stress to the preceding syllable. This system explains the pattern of how “Germanic” and “foreign” morphemes combine or don’t combine in Swedish, as a purely prosodic phenomenon.Less
A major theme of this book is the lexcial specification of prosodic information, and the consequences that this has for the understanding of word formation and the shape of the lexicon in Swedish. It also help for the understanding of the stress system as such. Thus, there are four types of morphemes: tonic (i.e. stressed), pretonic, posttonic and unspecified. Given the previously introduced constraints on Culminativity within the minimal prosodic word, this system now predicts that certain combinations of morphemes should be better formed than others, and those predictions are shown to be borne out. Where no stress is in place, a phonological routine will provide stress at the right edge of the word, where however a posttonic morpheme can steer stress to the preceding syllable. This system explains the pattern of how “Germanic” and “foreign” morphemes combine or don’t combine in Swedish, as a purely prosodic phenomenon.
Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748689606
- eISBN:
- 9780748695232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689606.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word ...
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In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word formation rules and of lexicalization. Each chapter concentrates on a specific question about a theoretical concept or word formation process in a particular language and adopts a theoretical framework that is appropriate to the study of this question. From general theoretical concepts of productivity and lexicalization, the focus moves to terminology, compounding and derivation. The theoretical frameworks that are used include Jackendoff’s Conceptual Structure, Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, Lieber’s lexical semantic approach to word formation, Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon, Beard’s Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology and the onomasiological approach to terminology and word formation. An extensive introduction gives a historical overview of the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization, explaining how the different theoretical frameworks used in the contributions relate to each other.Less
In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word formation rules and of lexicalization. Each chapter concentrates on a specific question about a theoretical concept or word formation process in a particular language and adopts a theoretical framework that is appropriate to the study of this question. From general theoretical concepts of productivity and lexicalization, the focus moves to terminology, compounding and derivation. The theoretical frameworks that are used include Jackendoff’s Conceptual Structure, Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, Lieber’s lexical semantic approach to word formation, Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon, Beard’s Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology and the onomasiological approach to terminology and word formation. An extensive introduction gives a historical overview of the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization, explaining how the different theoretical frameworks used in the contributions relate to each other.
Gabriele Stein
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198807377
- eISBN:
- 9780191844997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography
One of the most original English lexicographical ventures in the sixteenth century was Peter Levins’ Manipulus vocabulorum (1570). This is the first English rhyming dictionary. Some nine thousand ...
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One of the most original English lexicographical ventures in the sixteenth century was Peter Levins’ Manipulus vocabulorum (1570). This is the first English rhyming dictionary. Some nine thousand English words were arranged in the alphabetical order of their last syllable and then translated into Latin. Levins’ word selection will thus have been largely based on the sound structure of the lexical items. The long years spent by Levins on assembling and arranging the dictionary material inevitably drew his attention to English suffixes like -able, -er, -ish, -less, and -ness and such second elements in compounds as fold, garth, house, man, and yard. The column arrangement of the dictionary is thus often interrupted by explicit specifications of synchronic English word-formation patterns (and Latin correspondences).Less
One of the most original English lexicographical ventures in the sixteenth century was Peter Levins’ Manipulus vocabulorum (1570). This is the first English rhyming dictionary. Some nine thousand English words were arranged in the alphabetical order of their last syllable and then translated into Latin. Levins’ word selection will thus have been largely based on the sound structure of the lexical items. The long years spent by Levins on assembling and arranging the dictionary material inevitably drew his attention to English suffixes like -able, -er, -ish, -less, and -ness and such second elements in compounds as fold, garth, house, man, and yard. The column arrangement of the dictionary is thus often interrupted by explicit specifications of synchronic English word-formation patterns (and Latin correspondences).
Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198838852
- eISBN:
- 9780191874833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198838852.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter introduces a number of core concepts for morphology: the nature of morphological generalizations, paradigmatic word formation, productivity, the nature of the lexicon and lexicalization. ...
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This chapter introduces a number of core concepts for morphology: the nature of morphological generalizations, paradigmatic word formation, productivity, the nature of the lexicon and lexicalization. It also specifies the sources of information on the morphology of Dutch, and gives a survey of the rest of the book.Less
This chapter introduces a number of core concepts for morphology: the nature of morphological generalizations, paradigmatic word formation, productivity, the nature of the lexicon and lexicalization. It also specifies the sources of information on the morphology of Dutch, and gives a survey of the rest of the book.
Alexandra Soares Rodrigues and Graça Rio-Torto
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748689606
- eISBN:
- 9780748695232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689606.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This paper tries to shed light on the following questions: How do words formed by word formation get their meaning? What are the factors involved and what is the balance between them? In accordance ...
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This paper tries to shed light on the following questions: How do words formed by word formation get their meaning? What are the factors involved and what is the balance between them? In accordance with Jackendoff’s (2002) Parallel Architecture (PA), we sustain that a word is an interface between Phonology, Syntax and Semantics, and that these structures are independent from each other. We intend to demonstrate that this is visible in word formation. We believe that the formation of meaning in the word is independent of syntax, and that the syntactic structure of the word is constructed in a parallel domain. We base our findings on the analysis of Portuguese affixation and compounding. Empirical data show that word formation mechanisms align semantic structuring independently of syntactic structuring. Only semantic features are responsible for the meaning of the coined word. Following Jackendoff (2002) we believe that those semantic structures that are responsible for meaning in word formation are not segments, but features.Less
This paper tries to shed light on the following questions: How do words formed by word formation get their meaning? What are the factors involved and what is the balance between them? In accordance with Jackendoff’s (2002) Parallel Architecture (PA), we sustain that a word is an interface between Phonology, Syntax and Semantics, and that these structures are independent from each other. We intend to demonstrate that this is visible in word formation. We believe that the formation of meaning in the word is independent of syntax, and that the syntactic structure of the word is constructed in a parallel domain. We base our findings on the analysis of Portuguese affixation and compounding. Empirical data show that word formation mechanisms align semantic structuring independently of syntactic structuring. Only semantic features are responsible for the meaning of the coined word. Following Jackendoff (2002) we believe that those semantic structures that are responsible for meaning in word formation are not segments, but features.
