Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296386
- eISBN:
- 9780191599125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829638X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The negotiation of EMU is situated in an historical context, notably the mounting tensions in the post‐war Bretton Woods system, the Hague Summit of 1969, the eventual collapse of Bretton Woods and ...
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The negotiation of EMU is situated in an historical context, notably the mounting tensions in the post‐war Bretton Woods system, the Hague Summit of 1969, the eventual collapse of Bretton Woods and the creation of the European Monetary System in 1978–79. An account is given of the relaunch of EMU in 1988, of the start of the detailed negotiations, of the nature and significance of the Maastricht Agreement, and of the end game in 1991.Less
The negotiation of EMU is situated in an historical context, notably the mounting tensions in the post‐war Bretton Woods system, the Hague Summit of 1969, the eventual collapse of Bretton Woods and the creation of the European Monetary System in 1978–79. An account is given of the relaunch of EMU in 1988, of the start of the detailed negotiations, of the nature and significance of the Maastricht Agreement, and of the end game in 1991.
Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296386
- eISBN:
- 9780191599125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829638X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
De Gaulle's views on EMU are compared with those of his Finance Minister Giscard d’Estaing. French policy towards the Hague Summit and the Werner Report is analysed, in particular the views and ...
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De Gaulle's views on EMU are compared with those of his Finance Minister Giscard d’Estaing. French policy towards the Hague Summit and the Werner Report is analysed, in particular the views and strategy of Pompidou. The Giscard Presidency is explored from the problems of the ‘Snake’ to the idea of a ‘new Bretton Woods for Europe’, beginning with the ERM and leading to EMU by a process of evolution.Less
De Gaulle's views on EMU are compared with those of his Finance Minister Giscard d’Estaing. French policy towards the Hague Summit and the Werner Report is analysed, in particular the views and strategy of Pompidou. The Giscard Presidency is explored from the problems of the ‘Snake’ to the idea of a ‘new Bretton Woods for Europe’, beginning with the ERM and leading to EMU by a process of evolution.
Fritz W. Scharpf and Vivien A. Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Briefly sets the background for the country studies by discussing the economic conditions that supported the rise of the welfare state in the post‐war years and by highlighting the economic changes ...
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Briefly sets the background for the country studies by discussing the economic conditions that supported the rise of the welfare state in the post‐war years and by highlighting the economic changes beginning in the l970s that challenged the achievements of the post‐war welfare state, beginning with the end of the Bretton Woods system and the two oil crises, followed by the increasing competition in the capital and product markets in the l980s and 1990s. It then goes on to outline the three main welfare‐state constellations: Anglo‐Saxon, Continental, and Scandinavian, into which the case studies fall and to discuss the reasons for including additional special studies in the volume.Less
Briefly sets the background for the country studies by discussing the economic conditions that supported the rise of the welfare state in the post‐war years and by highlighting the economic changes beginning in the l970s that challenged the achievements of the post‐war welfare state, beginning with the end of the Bretton Woods system and the two oil crises, followed by the increasing competition in the capital and product markets in the l980s and 1990s. It then goes on to outline the three main welfare‐state constellations: Anglo‐Saxon, Continental, and Scandinavian, into which the case studies fall and to discuss the reasons for including additional special studies in the volume.
Fritz W. Scharpf and Vivien A. Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240883
- eISBN:
- 9780191600173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240884.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter briefly sets the background for the comparative chapters by discussing the common challenges faced by the post‐war welfare state, beginning in the 1970s with the end of the Bretton Woods ...
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This chapter briefly sets the background for the comparative chapters by discussing the common challenges faced by the post‐war welfare state, beginning in the 1970s with the end of the Bretton Woods system and the two oil crises, followed by the increasing competition in the capital and product markets in the l980s and 1990s. It then goes on to outline the differences among welfare states that help explain the differential trajectories of adjustment, including the structure of the formal welfare state and the regulation of employment; the locus of responsibility for caring services – in the family, the state, and/or the market; the organization of the industrial relations through coordinated or uncoordinated bargaining systems; and the nature of economic and political governance institutions.Less
This chapter briefly sets the background for the comparative chapters by discussing the common challenges faced by the post‐war welfare state, beginning in the 1970s with the end of the Bretton Woods system and the two oil crises, followed by the increasing competition in the capital and product markets in the l980s and 1990s. It then goes on to outline the differences among welfare states that help explain the differential trajectories of adjustment, including the structure of the formal welfare state and the regulation of employment; the locus of responsibility for caring services – in the family, the state, and/or the market; the organization of the industrial relations through coordinated or uncoordinated bargaining systems; and the nature of economic and political governance institutions.
John Mullarkey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized ...
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What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized philosopher, but one operating as an outsider), or by some kind of philosopher manqué (a native within the field) being discovered at work there (by this same outsider)? In other words, can something only be deemed “philosophical” in view of an implied subject who thinks in a particular way, discovering thoughts similar to those found in established positions of philosophy? What, alternatively, would it mean to think of a supposedly non‐philosophy realm, such as process organization theory, as immanently philosophical? This chapter explores the conditions by which, far from merely illustrating or applying extant philosophy (“Theory”), Process Organization Theory might actually be seen to create its own novel philosophical thoughts, immanently. By examining the non‐philosophy forwarded by François Laruelle, and the manner in which time and process resist any attempts to theorize them (to make sense out of them), we will outline a way of seeing process as a kind of resistant thinking (an idea first put forward by Henri Bergson) and, therewith, Process Organization Theory as a new form of philosophy. Interdisciplinary thought, on this view, is not about applying philosophy, but consists in philosophy renewing itself (making itself unrecognizable) by acknowledging how non‐philosophical realms (art, technology, science) might be capable of creating new philosophical thoughts. With that, however, must also come a transformation of what we mean by philosophy and even thought itself.Less
What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized philosopher, but one operating as an outsider), or by some kind of philosopher manqué (a native within the field) being discovered at work there (by this same outsider)? In other words, can something only be deemed “philosophical” in view of an implied subject who thinks in a particular way, discovering thoughts similar to those found in established positions of philosophy? What, alternatively, would it mean to think of a supposedly non‐philosophy realm, such as process organization theory, as immanently philosophical? This chapter explores the conditions by which, far from merely illustrating or applying extant philosophy (“Theory”), Process Organization Theory might actually be seen to create its own novel philosophical thoughts, immanently. By examining the non‐philosophy forwarded by François Laruelle, and the manner in which time and process resist any attempts to theorize them (to make sense out of them), we will outline a way of seeing process as a kind of resistant thinking (an idea first put forward by Henri Bergson) and, therewith, Process Organization Theory as a new form of philosophy. Interdisciplinary thought, on this view, is not about applying philosophy, but consists in philosophy renewing itself (making itself unrecognizable) by acknowledging how non‐philosophical realms (art, technology, science) might be capable of creating new philosophical thoughts. With that, however, must also come a transformation of what we mean by philosophy and even thought itself.
Robert James Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.003.0021
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Over time, several different materials have been used for the pendulum rod such as steel, wood, and invar. The best material is quartz because of its proven stability and low thermal expansion. Steel ...
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Over time, several different materials have been used for the pendulum rod such as steel, wood, and invar. The best material is quartz because of its proven stability and low thermal expansion. Steel is used for the pendulum rod in simple ordinary clocks because it is cheap and has relatively low thermal expansion. Wood is sometimes recommended because of its low linear thermal expansion coefficient along the grain, but it is an inherently unstable material. It warps, splits, and exhibits a high mechanical creep under load. Worst of all, wood expands and contracts considerably with relative humidity. Invar is a mixture of 36% nickel and 63% iron. It is magnetic and rusts in a humid environment. A new material of interest for the pendulum rod is carbon fibre, but it may not work too well as a pendulum rod as the epoxy absorbs moisture, changing the rod's length and weight.Less
Over time, several different materials have been used for the pendulum rod such as steel, wood, and invar. The best material is quartz because of its proven stability and low thermal expansion. Steel is used for the pendulum rod in simple ordinary clocks because it is cheap and has relatively low thermal expansion. Wood is sometimes recommended because of its low linear thermal expansion coefficient along the grain, but it is an inherently unstable material. It warps, splits, and exhibits a high mechanical creep under load. Worst of all, wood expands and contracts considerably with relative humidity. Invar is a mixture of 36% nickel and 63% iron. It is magnetic and rusts in a humid environment. A new material of interest for the pendulum rod is carbon fibre, but it may not work too well as a pendulum rod as the epoxy absorbs moisture, changing the rod's length and weight.
Michael Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313871
- eISBN:
- 9780199871964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313871.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Lewis's earliest planetary interest inspired by Mars. Enamoured of Chaucer's knight and the chivalric ideal, Lewis fought in the First World War and addressed troops during the Second. Martial ...
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Lewis's earliest planetary interest inspired by Mars. Enamoured of Chaucer's knight and the chivalric ideal, Lewis fought in the First World War and addressed troops during the Second. Martial imagery of hardness, straightness, and necessity in his poetry, his scholarship, and in Out of the Silent Planet and That Hideous Strength. Mars Gradivus and Mars Silvanus provide the donegality of Prince Caspian, which is a tale of civil war and wakening woods, of discipline, order, and freedom from anxiety.Less
Lewis's earliest planetary interest inspired by Mars. Enamoured of Chaucer's knight and the chivalric ideal, Lewis fought in the First World War and addressed troops during the Second. Martial imagery of hardness, straightness, and necessity in his poetry, his scholarship, and in Out of the Silent Planet and That Hideous Strength. Mars Gradivus and Mars Silvanus provide the donegality of Prince Caspian, which is a tale of civil war and wakening woods, of discipline, order, and freedom from anxiety.
James Pereiro
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230297
- eISBN:
- 9780191710650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230297.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter explores the role ethos played in the genesis of Newman's theory of development. It begins with an analysis of Wood's theory of doctrinal development, and Newman's and Manning's negative ...
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This chapter explores the role ethos played in the genesis of Newman's theory of development. It begins with an analysis of Wood's theory of doctrinal development, and Newman's and Manning's negative response to it. The chapter tries to trace the intellectual difficulties and tensions Newman faced before his acceptance of doctrinal development, and shows how the concept of ethos contributed to the solution of those objections and to the formulation of his theory.Less
This chapter explores the role ethos played in the genesis of Newman's theory of development. It begins with an analysis of Wood's theory of doctrinal development, and Newman's and Manning's negative response to it. The chapter tries to trace the intellectual difficulties and tensions Newman faced before his acceptance of doctrinal development, and shows how the concept of ethos contributed to the solution of those objections and to the formulation of his theory.
Anne Stott
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274888
- eISBN:
- 9780191714962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274888.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter argues, against some other More scholars, that Hannah More remained a significant character into her sixties. She became ever more closely associated with the Evangelical wing of the ...
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This chapter argues, against some other More scholars, that Hannah More remained a significant character into her sixties. She became ever more closely associated with the Evangelical wing of the Church of England and this is seen most clearly in her patronage of the Bible Society. She also supported the Evangelical petitioning campaign to open up British India to Anglican missionary work. She wrote two books in this period, Practical Piety and Christian Morals, both of them attacks on what she saw as Calvinist Antinomianism. Her home at Barley Wood, near Wrington, became a centre of Evangelical activism and sociability.Less
This chapter argues, against some other More scholars, that Hannah More remained a significant character into her sixties. She became ever more closely associated with the Evangelical wing of the Church of England and this is seen most clearly in her patronage of the Bible Society. She also supported the Evangelical petitioning campaign to open up British India to Anglican missionary work. She wrote two books in this period, Practical Piety and Christian Morals, both of them attacks on what she saw as Calvinist Antinomianism. Her home at Barley Wood, near Wrington, became a centre of Evangelical activism and sociability.
Richard Higgins and Robert D. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520294042
- eISBN:
- 9780520967311
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294042.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his ...
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Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.Less
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.
Leah Price
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691114170
- eISBN:
- 9781400842186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691114170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of ...
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This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.Less
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.
Kern Alexander, Rahul Dhumale, and John Eatwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166989.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the nature of systemic risk in the international financial system and the dilemmas that face national regulators who seek to protect their economies from the ravages of ...
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This chapter discusses the nature of systemic risk in the international financial system and the dilemmas that face national regulators who seek to protect their economies from the ravages of financial contagion and payment-system breakdown. It addresses the concept of global governance, along with a history of the recent demise of the Bretton Woods system, which has been followed by lower rates of economic growth in most countries and by increased volatility and risk in the global financial system.Less
This chapter discusses the nature of systemic risk in the international financial system and the dilemmas that face national regulators who seek to protect their economies from the ravages of financial contagion and payment-system breakdown. It addresses the concept of global governance, along with a history of the recent demise of the Bretton Woods system, which has been followed by lower rates of economic growth in most countries and by increased volatility and risk in the global financial system.
Judith N. McArthur and Harold L. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195304862
- eISBN:
- 9780199871537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304862.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines Cunningham's stature in the national suffrage movement. As a result of her success in Texas, Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, ...
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This chapter examines Cunningham's stature in the national suffrage movement. As a result of her success in Texas, Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, called her to Washington, D.C. to join NAWSA's Congressional Committee. Led by Maud Wood Park, its sole function was lobbying Congress to pass a federal suffrage amendment. In addition to lobbying southern congressmen and senators, Cunningham also led a delegation to President Woodrow Wilson. While she was in Washington, the Texas Legislature — against the wishes of the Texas Equal Suffrage Association — passed a constitutional amendment granting women full suffrage; she was forced to return to lead the (unsuccessful) referendum campaign. After Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment and Cunningham ensured its ratification in Texas, NAWSA sent her to work for ratification in other states.Less
This chapter examines Cunningham's stature in the national suffrage movement. As a result of her success in Texas, Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, called her to Washington, D.C. to join NAWSA's Congressional Committee. Led by Maud Wood Park, its sole function was lobbying Congress to pass a federal suffrage amendment. In addition to lobbying southern congressmen and senators, Cunningham also led a delegation to President Woodrow Wilson. While she was in Washington, the Texas Legislature — against the wishes of the Texas Equal Suffrage Association — passed a constitutional amendment granting women full suffrage; she was forced to return to lead the (unsuccessful) referendum campaign. After Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment and Cunningham ensured its ratification in Texas, NAWSA sent her to work for ratification in other states.
Judith N. McArthur and Harold L. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195304862
- eISBN:
- 9780199871537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304862.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Having won the ballot, the former suffragists organized the nonpartisan League of Women Voters, through which women could continue to work as a pressure group for a female reform agenda. Minnie ...
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Having won the ballot, the former suffragists organized the nonpartisan League of Women Voters, through which women could continue to work as a pressure group for a female reform agenda. Minnie Fisher Cunningham helped found both the Texas and the national LWVs; from 1921-23 she served in Washington, D.C. as the national organization's first executive secretary, working closely with President Maud Wood Park. She helped the LWV, as part of the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, lobby through Congress two signature achievements: the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act (1921) and the Cable Act (1922). Cunningham oversaw the planning for the LWV's Pan American Congress of Women in 1922, and she quietly and persistently worked to keep the LWV's Negro Problems Committee from dying of neglect. After becoming chair of the committee in 1924, she advocated that the LWV encourage and assist African-American women to vote.Less
Having won the ballot, the former suffragists organized the nonpartisan League of Women Voters, through which women could continue to work as a pressure group for a female reform agenda. Minnie Fisher Cunningham helped found both the Texas and the national LWVs; from 1921-23 she served in Washington, D.C. as the national organization's first executive secretary, working closely with President Maud Wood Park. She helped the LWV, as part of the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, lobby through Congress two signature achievements: the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act (1921) and the Cable Act (1922). Cunningham oversaw the planning for the LWV's Pan American Congress of Women in 1922, and she quietly and persistently worked to keep the LWV's Negro Problems Committee from dying of neglect. After becoming chair of the committee in 1924, she advocated that the LWV encourage and assist African-American women to vote.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Conventional understandings of U.S. foreign policy see Congress as an obstacle to multilateral cooperation. Kathryn Lavelle challenges the traditional view by considering Congress within the three ...
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Conventional understandings of U.S. foreign policy see Congress as an obstacle to multilateral cooperation. Kathryn Lavelle challenges the traditional view by considering Congress within the three branches of American government, as well as within networks of global politics. Using the notion of “Congressional advocacy” to refer to the process wherein American legislators use the institutional mechanisms of Congress to influence public policy and resource allocation decisions in international organizations, Legislating International Organization shows how members of Congress attach policy prescriptions to legislation to build support for measures related to the IMF and World Bank. It demonstrates that despite delays and unwelcome demands, Congress has always provided requisite funding. Each chapter asks how this result has been possible in the face of considerable apathy and opposition? Based on direct experience, observations, interviews, and extensive archival research, the book argues that in each historical stage, exogenous changes in the international political economy combined with endogenous procedural change in the legislature to create and erode constituencies for the work of the IMF and World Bank. As a result of the Cold War, financial crises, and related developments in international lending, the efforts of members of Congress and interest groups have gradually intermingled with that of transnational groups. The relationship between Congress and the IMF and World Bank is particularly important today where the collapse of the traditional constituencies in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis poses a serious challenge to the future of multilateralism in American politics.Less
Conventional understandings of U.S. foreign policy see Congress as an obstacle to multilateral cooperation. Kathryn Lavelle challenges the traditional view by considering Congress within the three branches of American government, as well as within networks of global politics. Using the notion of “Congressional advocacy” to refer to the process wherein American legislators use the institutional mechanisms of Congress to influence public policy and resource allocation decisions in international organizations, Legislating International Organization shows how members of Congress attach policy prescriptions to legislation to build support for measures related to the IMF and World Bank. It demonstrates that despite delays and unwelcome demands, Congress has always provided requisite funding. Each chapter asks how this result has been possible in the face of considerable apathy and opposition? Based on direct experience, observations, interviews, and extensive archival research, the book argues that in each historical stage, exogenous changes in the international political economy combined with endogenous procedural change in the legislature to create and erode constituencies for the work of the IMF and World Bank. As a result of the Cold War, financial crises, and related developments in international lending, the efforts of members of Congress and interest groups have gradually intermingled with that of transnational groups. The relationship between Congress and the IMF and World Bank is particularly important today where the collapse of the traditional constituencies in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis poses a serious challenge to the future of multilateralism in American politics.
Charles Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195375190
- eISBN:
- 9780199871377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375190.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Recent interpreters of Kant, such as Wood and Korsgaard, have identified several powerful arguments that purport to refute all ethical theories other than Kant’s own. But Buddhists have the resources ...
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Recent interpreters of Kant, such as Wood and Korsgaard, have identified several powerful arguments that purport to refute all ethical theories other than Kant’s own. But Buddhists have the resources to respond to these arguments. They can block the regress to humanity as an end by rejecting Kant’s criticisms of the intrinsic value of happiness. Kant argues that autonomous self-legislation is the only possible source of moral obligation. But Kant’s views depend on regarding the rational mind as an autonomous self, an indefensible attitude. Buddhists present an ethical perspective that does not involve autonomy or a self. Wood’s transcendental argument for the necessity of seeing ourselves as free is a failure. And Korsgaard’s arguments for the practical necessity of the idea of freedom apply only to ordinary people, and not to advanced spiritual practitioners, who have access to a better state that doesn’t involve constructing an identity.Less
Recent interpreters of Kant, such as Wood and Korsgaard, have identified several powerful arguments that purport to refute all ethical theories other than Kant’s own. But Buddhists have the resources to respond to these arguments. They can block the regress to humanity as an end by rejecting Kant’s criticisms of the intrinsic value of happiness. Kant argues that autonomous self-legislation is the only possible source of moral obligation. But Kant’s views depend on regarding the rational mind as an autonomous self, an indefensible attitude. Buddhists present an ethical perspective that does not involve autonomy or a self. Wood’s transcendental argument for the necessity of seeing ourselves as free is a failure. And Korsgaard’s arguments for the practical necessity of the idea of freedom apply only to ordinary people, and not to advanced spiritual practitioners, who have access to a better state that doesn’t involve constructing an identity.
Steve Reich
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195151152
- eISBN:
- 9780199850044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151152.003.0016
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter presents Reich's thoughts about Music for Pieces of Wood. The piece grows out of the same roots as Clapping Music: a desire to make music with the simplest possible instruments. The ...
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This chapter presents Reich's thoughts about Music for Pieces of Wood. The piece grows out of the same roots as Clapping Music: a desire to make music with the simplest possible instruments. The claves, or cylindrical pieces of hard wood, used here were selected for their particular pitches (A, B, C♯, D♯, and D♯ an octave above), and for their resonant timbre. This piece is one of the loudest Reich has ever composed, but uses no amplification whatsoever.Less
This chapter presents Reich's thoughts about Music for Pieces of Wood. The piece grows out of the same roots as Clapping Music: a desire to make music with the simplest possible instruments. The claves, or cylindrical pieces of hard wood, used here were selected for their particular pitches (A, B, C♯, D♯, and D♯ an octave above), and for their resonant timbre. This piece is one of the loudest Reich has ever composed, but uses no amplification whatsoever.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0000
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter lays out the rationale for the study of the relationship between Congress and the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. It proposes the concept of congressional ...
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This introductory chapter lays out the rationale for the study of the relationship between Congress and the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. It proposes the concept of congressional advocacy as a means wherein lawmakers use the institutional levers of the legislature to influence policy outcomes in international organizations. The introduction then outlines the chapters of the book. Each empirical chapter presents the history of a stage in the relationship that resulted from the combination of internal change in the institution of Congress with external changes in the international political economy. Congress has been the most supportive of the Bretton Woods institutions when their work advances that of the financial services industry and multinational corporations. It has been the least supportive when the IMF and World Bank lack a domestic constituency working on their behalf. The collapse of traditional support thus poses a challenge to the future of economic multilateralism in domestic American politics.Less
This introductory chapter lays out the rationale for the study of the relationship between Congress and the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. It proposes the concept of congressional advocacy as a means wherein lawmakers use the institutional levers of the legislature to influence policy outcomes in international organizations. The introduction then outlines the chapters of the book. Each empirical chapter presents the history of a stage in the relationship that resulted from the combination of internal change in the institution of Congress with external changes in the international political economy. Congress has been the most supportive of the Bretton Woods institutions when their work advances that of the financial services industry and multinational corporations. It has been the least supportive when the IMF and World Bank lack a domestic constituency working on their behalf. The collapse of traditional support thus poses a challenge to the future of economic multilateralism in domestic American politics.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter compares the ratification struggle over the Treaty of Versailles with the passage of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act to demonstrate the legislature’s concern with how multilateralism ...
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This chapter compares the ratification struggle over the Treaty of Versailles with the passage of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act to demonstrate the legislature’s concern with how multilateralism would alter the checks and balances of American government, and how the institution of Congress was initially able to shape outcomes in international organizations through procedural maneuvers. The chapter argues that in order to surmount the challenges that the Covenant of the League of Nations met in the Senate, the Roosevelt administration included representatives of both political parties and key interest groups early in the process of planning the IMF and World Bank. The administration worked through the National Foreign Trade Council to mobilize a wide-ranging constituency in American civil society. As the act moved through the House and Senate, compromise with powerful committee chairs and the American Bankers Association secured passage. Compromises reached created mechanisms through which initial efforts at congressional advocacy could occur, primarily the National Advisory Council. Nonetheless, during the enactment stage, the Treasury Department organized interest groups with the goal of US membership. Ongoing effort would be required for them to play a major role in the world economy.Less
This chapter compares the ratification struggle over the Treaty of Versailles with the passage of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act to demonstrate the legislature’s concern with how multilateralism would alter the checks and balances of American government, and how the institution of Congress was initially able to shape outcomes in international organizations through procedural maneuvers. The chapter argues that in order to surmount the challenges that the Covenant of the League of Nations met in the Senate, the Roosevelt administration included representatives of both political parties and key interest groups early in the process of planning the IMF and World Bank. The administration worked through the National Foreign Trade Council to mobilize a wide-ranging constituency in American civil society. As the act moved through the House and Senate, compromise with powerful committee chairs and the American Bankers Association secured passage. Compromises reached created mechanisms through which initial efforts at congressional advocacy could occur, primarily the National Advisory Council. Nonetheless, during the enactment stage, the Treasury Department organized interest groups with the goal of US membership. Ongoing effort would be required for them to play a major role in the world economy.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0019
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
One hears much of the noble work that Henry Wood did for young British composers; the list of “first performances” at the “Promenade Concerts” by British composers, usually young and unknown, ...
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One hears much of the noble work that Henry Wood did for young British composers; the list of “first performances” at the “Promenade Concerts” by British composers, usually young and unknown, occupies several pages. Henry went out into the highways and hedges and invited all and sundry to the banquet, in the hopes that occasionally a guest would appear wearing the wedding garment—then the Woodian policy was justified. A scheme that was responsible for the first appearance of such works as Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance marches, Arnold Bax's In the Faery Hills, Roger Quilter's Children's Overture, and, in England, of Balfour Gardiner's Shepherd Fennel's Dance would justify itself even if all the other novelties had been still-born. A publisher who had to show a balance sheet would be quite satisfied if he had as many good sellers on his catalogue as appear in the list of “Prom Premières.”Less
One hears much of the noble work that Henry Wood did for young British composers; the list of “first performances” at the “Promenade Concerts” by British composers, usually young and unknown, occupies several pages. Henry went out into the highways and hedges and invited all and sundry to the banquet, in the hopes that occasionally a guest would appear wearing the wedding garment—then the Woodian policy was justified. A scheme that was responsible for the first appearance of such works as Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance marches, Arnold Bax's In the Faery Hills, Roger Quilter's Children's Overture, and, in England, of Balfour Gardiner's Shepherd Fennel's Dance would justify itself even if all the other novelties had been still-born. A publisher who had to show a balance sheet would be quite satisfied if he had as many good sellers on his catalogue as appear in the list of “Prom Premières.”
