Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter traces the help extended by the Left to weomen's liberation movements. The term “Old Left” is used for describing Marxist-inspired parties and individuals and the term “New Left” refers ...
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This chapter traces the help extended by the Left to weomen's liberation movements. The term “Old Left” is used for describing Marxist-inspired parties and individuals and the term “New Left” refers to the modernization of the group. The New Left gave much help and support to the Women's Liberation Movement. The women who commenced the Women's Liberation Movement were influenced by Old Left parties. The chapter brings together examples from lives of radical women and discusses how the Left parties affected their thought flow. The chapter also talks about the organizational help extended by the Old Left parties to the women's liberation movements. Next the chapter studies the presence of Women's Liberation pioneers in the New Left parties and the institutional help extended by the New Left to women liberation groups. Men on the Left front who extended their full support to women during the movement also get a mention in the chapter.Less
This chapter traces the help extended by the Left to weomen's liberation movements. The term “Old Left” is used for describing Marxist-inspired parties and individuals and the term “New Left” refers to the modernization of the group. The New Left gave much help and support to the Women's Liberation Movement. The women who commenced the Women's Liberation Movement were influenced by Old Left parties. The chapter brings together examples from lives of radical women and discusses how the Left parties affected their thought flow. The chapter also talks about the organizational help extended by the Old Left parties to the women's liberation movements. Next the chapter studies the presence of Women's Liberation pioneers in the New Left parties and the institutional help extended by the New Left to women liberation groups. Men on the Left front who extended their full support to women during the movement also get a mention in the chapter.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This concluding chapter joyfully traces the establishment of the Women's Liberation Movement in the year 1970. Black women collaborated with white women to give rise to the movement and even ...
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This concluding chapter joyfully traces the establishment of the Women's Liberation Movement in the year 1970. Black women collaborated with white women to give rise to the movement and even succeeded in doing so. The chapter describes the Women's Liberation movement as it turned to become a mass radical movement. Thanks to the efforts of women activists the Women's Liberation Movement became the liveliest conversational topic throughout the nation. Even the media was forced to turn in the favor of Women's Liberation and feminist literature flooded the markets. The Women's Liberation Movement gave rise to the view that women were a class in themselves and should not be just viewed as mere victims of capitalism, racism, and male chauvinism.Less
This concluding chapter joyfully traces the establishment of the Women's Liberation Movement in the year 1970. Black women collaborated with white women to give rise to the movement and even succeeded in doing so. The chapter describes the Women's Liberation movement as it turned to become a mass radical movement. Thanks to the efforts of women activists the Women's Liberation Movement became the liveliest conversational topic throughout the nation. Even the media was forced to turn in the favor of Women's Liberation and feminist literature flooded the markets. The Women's Liberation Movement gave rise to the view that women were a class in themselves and should not be just viewed as mere victims of capitalism, racism, and male chauvinism.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This introductory chapter investigates how the pioneers of the Women's Liberation Movement gained the courage and consciousness to make a movement against male supremacy in the United States in the ...
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This introductory chapter investigates how the pioneers of the Women's Liberation Movement gained the courage and consciousness to make a movement against male supremacy in the United States in the 1960s. The Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) against male supremacy in the United States has been thought from time to time to be a result of frustrations at male chauvinism faced by women in past movements such as the Black Freedom Movement. In fact, the WLM was rather the consequence of experiences, ideas resources, and skills acquired by women activists during the movements prior to the existence of the WLM. The introductory chapter explains this fact quite thoroughly. The chapter also brings forth the sources instrumental to activists in such women's liberation movements. Feminist ideas and aspects responsible for the success of these movements are also an important part of this chapter.Less
This introductory chapter investigates how the pioneers of the Women's Liberation Movement gained the courage and consciousness to make a movement against male supremacy in the United States in the 1960s. The Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) against male supremacy in the United States has been thought from time to time to be a result of frustrations at male chauvinism faced by women in past movements such as the Black Freedom Movement. In fact, the WLM was rather the consequence of experiences, ideas resources, and skills acquired by women activists during the movements prior to the existence of the WLM. The introductory chapter explains this fact quite thoroughly. The chapter also brings forth the sources instrumental to activists in such women's liberation movements. Feminist ideas and aspects responsible for the success of these movements are also an important part of this chapter.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter focuses on the strong influence of Black Power on the growth of women's liberation. “Black Power” refers to the winning of sufficient political power by poor black people. The chapter ...
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This chapter focuses on the strong influence of Black Power on the growth of women's liberation. “Black Power” refers to the winning of sufficient political power by poor black people. The chapter outlines the effect of Black Power on the liberation of black feminism. The chapter also tells about a different type of male chauvinism in the form of the black nationalist Left. The chapter states Black Power to be the basis for challenging male chauvinism. As stated in this chapter black feminism appears to have been produced by Black Power. Black Power also provided black women with training for organizing the Women's Liberation Movement. The chapter also discusses the effect of Black Power on white feminists.Less
This chapter focuses on the strong influence of Black Power on the growth of women's liberation. “Black Power” refers to the winning of sufficient political power by poor black people. The chapter outlines the effect of Black Power on the liberation of black feminism. The chapter also tells about a different type of male chauvinism in the form of the black nationalist Left. The chapter states Black Power to be the basis for challenging male chauvinism. As stated in this chapter black feminism appears to have been produced by Black Power. Black Power also provided black women with training for organizing the Women's Liberation Movement. The chapter also discusses the effect of Black Power on white feminists.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The chapter outlines the growth of the Women's Liberation Movement from being confined to one small room to nationwide and then international coverage. The lawmakers rushed to catch up with the ...
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The chapter outlines the growth of the Women's Liberation Movement from being confined to one small room to nationwide and then international coverage. The lawmakers rushed to catch up with the Women's Liberation and this led to many laws being formed in favor of women. Several unions were also formed for union women who demanded liberation for themselves. Zapping the Miss America Beauty Pageant was another achievement of the women's movement. The chapter also gives details about the first national conference which indicated the growth of the new women's movement. With the rise of the movement between 1968–1970 women all over the nation rose up and fought against male chauvinism with much passion and unity.Less
The chapter outlines the growth of the Women's Liberation Movement from being confined to one small room to nationwide and then international coverage. The lawmakers rushed to catch up with the Women's Liberation and this led to many laws being formed in favor of women. Several unions were also formed for union women who demanded liberation for themselves. Zapping the Miss America Beauty Pageant was another achievement of the women's movement. The chapter also gives details about the first national conference which indicated the growth of the new women's movement. With the rise of the movement between 1968–1970 women all over the nation rose up and fought against male chauvinism with much passion and unity.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Male domination in the early 1960s limited women's participation in important spheres of life. Few women were even aware of the fact that they were being oppressed in any way. Then by the close of ...
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Male domination in the early 1960s limited women's participation in important spheres of life. Few women were even aware of the fact that they were being oppressed in any way. Then by the close of the decade, a movement was initiated, challenging male chauvinism in every field. This chapter pays attention to the emergence of the feminist movement for fighting against injustice committed against women by their counterparts. The chapter throws light on the oppressive conditions of women from which they were entirely unconscious. Then slowly conditions changed the Women's Liberation Movements which started in the 1960s. The chapter views the changes that were brought about by the liberation movement. Further, the chapter charts the journey of women activists involved in women's liberation movements.Less
Male domination in the early 1960s limited women's participation in important spheres of life. Few women were even aware of the fact that they were being oppressed in any way. Then by the close of the decade, a movement was initiated, challenging male chauvinism in every field. This chapter pays attention to the emergence of the feminist movement for fighting against injustice committed against women by their counterparts. The chapter throws light on the oppressive conditions of women from which they were entirely unconscious. Then slowly conditions changed the Women's Liberation Movements which started in the 1960s. The chapter views the changes that were brought about by the liberation movement. Further, the chapter charts the journey of women activists involved in women's liberation movements.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The chapter brings forth the debate which was initiated in black Women's Liberation groups as well as white groups over men being regarded as being the oppressors of women. Groups were formed among ...
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The chapter brings forth the debate which was initiated in black Women's Liberation groups as well as white groups over men being regarded as being the oppressors of women. Groups were formed among radical women over the reasons responsible for the oppression of women. Some declared capitalism to be the sole oppressor of women while others held the culpability of men to be responsible. These debates among radical women helped to give rise to ideas upon which the Women's Liberation Movement was built. The chapter also traces the formation of the Women's Liberation Movement which demanded women's representation in every walk of life be it in education or employment.Less
The chapter brings forth the debate which was initiated in black Women's Liberation groups as well as white groups over men being regarded as being the oppressors of women. Groups were formed among radical women over the reasons responsible for the oppression of women. Some declared capitalism to be the sole oppressor of women while others held the culpability of men to be responsible. These debates among radical women helped to give rise to ideas upon which the Women's Liberation Movement was built. The chapter also traces the formation of the Women's Liberation Movement which demanded women's representation in every walk of life be it in education or employment.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The chapter traces the journey of the formation of the Women's Liberation Movement. When the movement was initiated many questions arose such as whether men should be included in the revolt or ...
More
The chapter traces the journey of the formation of the Women's Liberation Movement. When the movement was initiated many questions arose such as whether men should be included in the revolt or whether they should be categorized as women's oppressors. “Sisterhood is Powerful” and “Consciousness-Raising” were some of the major ideas influencing the movement. The debate over the need for a political program for the movement gave rise to the program for feminist consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising and black women's liberation are closely knitted together. The ideas of “Sisterhood is Powerful” and “Consciousness-Raising” found many favorable social conditions for stirring and organizing a Women's Liberation Movement.Less
The chapter traces the journey of the formation of the Women's Liberation Movement. When the movement was initiated many questions arose such as whether men should be included in the revolt or whether they should be categorized as women's oppressors. “Sisterhood is Powerful” and “Consciousness-Raising” were some of the major ideas influencing the movement. The debate over the need for a political program for the movement gave rise to the program for feminist consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising and black women's liberation are closely knitted together. The ideas of “Sisterhood is Powerful” and “Consciousness-Raising” found many favorable social conditions for stirring and organizing a Women's Liberation Movement.
Frances C. Galt
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781529206296
- eISBN:
- 9781529214475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529206296.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter analyses the relationship between women and the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) between 1960 and 1975 to identify the catalysts for the ...
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This chapter analyses the relationship between women and the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) between 1960 and 1975 to identify the catalysts for the establishment of the Committee on Equality (COE) in 1973 and the demand for an investigation into gender discrimination in the film and television industries, which culminated in the publication of the Patterns of Discrimination Against Women in the Film and Television Industries report in 1975. Firstly, this chapter considers whether the ‘roots’ of women’s militancy evident in the labour movement during the 1960s (Boston, 2015) can be identified within the ACTT between 1960 and 1968. Secondly, this chapter argues that the emergence of the New Left and women’s liberation movement and industrial militancy in Britain between 1968 and 1973 encouraged women to challenge the gendered union structure of the ACTT. This section particularly highlights the significance of the London Women’s Film Group to women’s activity within the ACTT. Finally, this chapter investigates the activity of the COE between 1973 and 1975, considering: the demands advanced by women activists at the ACTT’s 1973 Annual Conference, the logistics of the investigation, the obstacles to women’s activity, and the function of women’s separate self-organisation.Less
This chapter analyses the relationship between women and the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) between 1960 and 1975 to identify the catalysts for the establishment of the Committee on Equality (COE) in 1973 and the demand for an investigation into gender discrimination in the film and television industries, which culminated in the publication of the Patterns of Discrimination Against Women in the Film and Television Industries report in 1975. Firstly, this chapter considers whether the ‘roots’ of women’s militancy evident in the labour movement during the 1960s (Boston, 2015) can be identified within the ACTT between 1960 and 1968. Secondly, this chapter argues that the emergence of the New Left and women’s liberation movement and industrial militancy in Britain between 1968 and 1973 encouraged women to challenge the gendered union structure of the ACTT. This section particularly highlights the significance of the London Women’s Film Group to women’s activity within the ACTT. Finally, this chapter investigates the activity of the COE between 1973 and 1975, considering: the demands advanced by women activists at the ACTT’s 1973 Annual Conference, the logistics of the investigation, the obstacles to women’s activity, and the function of women’s separate self-organisation.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
In this first-hand history of the contemporary Women's Liberation Movement (WLM), the book argues against the prevalent belief that the movement grew out of frustrations over the male chauvinism ...
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In this first-hand history of the contemporary Women's Liberation Movement (WLM), the book argues against the prevalent belief that the movement grew out of frustrations over the male chauvinism experienced by WLM founders active in the Black Freedom Movement and the New Left. Instead, it contends, it was the ideas, resources, and skills that women gained in these movements that were the new and necessary catalysts for forging the WLM in the 1960s. The book uses a focused study of the WLM in Florida to tap into the common theory and history shared by a relatively small band of Women's Liberation founders across the country. Drawing on a wealth of interviews, autobiographical essays, organizational records, and published writings, the book brings to light information that has been previously ignored in other secondary accounts about the leadership of African American women in the movement. It also explores activists' roots in other movements on the left. It is a vivid portrait of the people and events that shaped radical feminism.Less
In this first-hand history of the contemporary Women's Liberation Movement (WLM), the book argues against the prevalent belief that the movement grew out of frustrations over the male chauvinism experienced by WLM founders active in the Black Freedom Movement and the New Left. Instead, it contends, it was the ideas, resources, and skills that women gained in these movements that were the new and necessary catalysts for forging the WLM in the 1960s. The book uses a focused study of the WLM in Florida to tap into the common theory and history shared by a relatively small band of Women's Liberation founders across the country. Drawing on a wealth of interviews, autobiographical essays, organizational records, and published writings, the book brings to light information that has been previously ignored in other secondary accounts about the leadership of African American women in the movement. It also explores activists' roots in other movements on the left. It is a vivid portrait of the people and events that shaped radical feminism.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804773997
- eISBN:
- 9780804777834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804773997.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter reviews the transatlantic nature of both the ideology and the practice of feminism in a period that needs to be re-assessed as a special moment rather than a prelude to failure. The ...
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This chapter reviews the transatlantic nature of both the ideology and the practice of feminism in a period that needs to be re-assessed as a special moment rather than a prelude to failure. The “electric shock” of self-awareness that galvanized renascent feminism into a Women's Liberation Movement rested on much of its rhetoric and something of its practice to American Black Power. As in the United States, Women's Lib in Britain is often mocked as an anomaly whereby angry white mostly middle-class young women used a rhetoric of exploitation somewhat at odds with their privileged social condition. American feminism may have contributed on the personal and fanatical separatism that was unappealing to many British activist women. The women's press had closely adopted formulas and material from the United States. Furthermore, lesbian feminism was simply a minority fringe of the Anglo-American woman's movement.Less
This chapter reviews the transatlantic nature of both the ideology and the practice of feminism in a period that needs to be re-assessed as a special moment rather than a prelude to failure. The “electric shock” of self-awareness that galvanized renascent feminism into a Women's Liberation Movement rested on much of its rhetoric and something of its practice to American Black Power. As in the United States, Women's Lib in Britain is often mocked as an anomaly whereby angry white mostly middle-class young women used a rhetoric of exploitation somewhat at odds with their privileged social condition. American feminism may have contributed on the personal and fanatical separatism that was unappealing to many British activist women. The women's press had closely adopted formulas and material from the United States. Furthermore, lesbian feminism was simply a minority fringe of the Anglo-American woman's movement.
Sherie M. Randolph
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623917
- eISBN:
- 9781469625119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623917.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter looks at Flo Kennedy’s activities as a leader of the burgeoning women’s liberation movement. Her actions as a lawyer, fundraiser, and organizer in the Black Power movement enhanced her ...
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This chapter looks at Flo Kennedy’s activities as a leader of the burgeoning women’s liberation movement. Her actions as a lawyer, fundraiser, and organizer in the Black Power movement enhanced her contribution to the feminist movement. Kennedy’s work not only drew on the parallels she saw between Black Power and feminism but was aimed at creating an expansive radical coalition to challenge the intersections of oppression. Kennedy’s inspiration and organizing skills were central to the important early demonstrations, such as the Miss America protest in Atlantic City, which drew new participants to the women’s movement. Kennedy was a media savant who critiqued both sexism and racism in the press and on TV, particularly concerning how media outlets inculcated sexism and political passivity. She understood how press coverage might broaden a movement’s reach and attract more members. As Kennedy later told an interviewer, she was “the force of them.” The force that was Flo galvanized protest actions and inspired participation. She expanded the movement’s base, found supportive movement allies, and carried out actions that gained traction in the media.Less
This chapter looks at Flo Kennedy’s activities as a leader of the burgeoning women’s liberation movement. Her actions as a lawyer, fundraiser, and organizer in the Black Power movement enhanced her contribution to the feminist movement. Kennedy’s work not only drew on the parallels she saw between Black Power and feminism but was aimed at creating an expansive radical coalition to challenge the intersections of oppression. Kennedy’s inspiration and organizing skills were central to the important early demonstrations, such as the Miss America protest in Atlantic City, which drew new participants to the women’s movement. Kennedy was a media savant who critiqued both sexism and racism in the press and on TV, particularly concerning how media outlets inculcated sexism and political passivity. She understood how press coverage might broaden a movement’s reach and attract more members. As Kennedy later told an interviewer, she was “the force of them.” The force that was Flo galvanized protest actions and inspired participation. She expanded the movement’s base, found supportive movement allies, and carried out actions that gained traction in the media.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The Civil Rights Movement, especially the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), was renowned for being a breeding ground for feminists. The chapter looks closely at the SNCC and its ...
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The Civil Rights Movement, especially the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), was renowned for being a breeding ground for feminists. The chapter looks closely at the SNCC and its influence on the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM). The positive ideas emerging out of the Civil Rights Movement were the major influencing factors of rise of the WLM. The Civil Rights Movement gave the WLM the experience of a new leadership. This chapter begins with discussing the controversial topics of black gender conventions and white gender conventions. The chapter also brings into the picture different female leaders who fought hard for women's liberation. Ella Baker, Diane Nash, and Ruby Doris Robinson get a special mention in the chapter for their leadership roles in the SNCC. Finally, the chapter talks about the transformation of women's liberation pioneers.Less
The Civil Rights Movement, especially the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), was renowned for being a breeding ground for feminists. The chapter looks closely at the SNCC and its influence on the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM). The positive ideas emerging out of the Civil Rights Movement were the major influencing factors of rise of the WLM. The Civil Rights Movement gave the WLM the experience of a new leadership. This chapter begins with discussing the controversial topics of black gender conventions and white gender conventions. The chapter also brings into the picture different female leaders who fought hard for women's liberation. Ella Baker, Diane Nash, and Ruby Doris Robinson get a special mention in the chapter for their leadership roles in the SNCC. Finally, the chapter talks about the transformation of women's liberation pioneers.
Setsu Shigematsu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816667581
- eISBN:
- 9781452946931
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816667581.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
More than forty years ago a women’s liberation movement called man ribu was born in Japan amid conditions of radicalism, violence, and imperialist aggression. This book presents a sustained history ...
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More than forty years ago a women’s liberation movement called man ribu was born in Japan amid conditions of radicalism, violence, and imperialist aggression. This book presents a sustained history of man ribu’s formation, its political philosophy, and its contributions to feminist politics across and beyond Japan. Through an in-depth analysis of man ribu, this book furthers our understanding of Japan’s gender-based modernity and imperialism and expands our perspective on transnational liberation and feminist movements worldwide. This book engages with political philosophy while also contextualizing the movement in relation to the Japanese left and New Left as well as the anti-Vietnam War and radical student movements. It examines the controversial figure Tanaka Mitsu, man ribu’s most influential activist, and the movement’s internal dynamics. The book highlights man ribu’s distinctive approach to the relationship of women—and women’s liberation—to violence: specifically, the movement’s embrace of violent women who were often at the margins of society and its recognition of women’s complicity in violence against other women.Less
More than forty years ago a women’s liberation movement called man ribu was born in Japan amid conditions of radicalism, violence, and imperialist aggression. This book presents a sustained history of man ribu’s formation, its political philosophy, and its contributions to feminist politics across and beyond Japan. Through an in-depth analysis of man ribu, this book furthers our understanding of Japan’s gender-based modernity and imperialism and expands our perspective on transnational liberation and feminist movements worldwide. This book engages with political philosophy while also contextualizing the movement in relation to the Japanese left and New Left as well as the anti-Vietnam War and radical student movements. It examines the controversial figure Tanaka Mitsu, man ribu’s most influential activist, and the movement’s internal dynamics. The book highlights man ribu’s distinctive approach to the relationship of women—and women’s liberation—to violence: specifically, the movement’s embrace of violent women who were often at the margins of society and its recognition of women’s complicity in violence against other women.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The feminism of women activists working with women's liberation movements has been framed by powerful forces. All these feminist activists shared common life experiences. This chapter aims to give ...
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The feminism of women activists working with women's liberation movements has been framed by powerful forces. All these feminist activists shared common life experiences. This chapter aims to give insight on these common features prevalent in the lives of women activists. The common feature was the presence of an Old Left family background for these feminists. The chapter provides an account of the presence of radical feminism in the lives of major activists. The activists talked about in the chapter include Judith Brown, Pam Allen, Pauli Murray, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Ella Baker, and Patricia Robinson. These women activists had an idea about the woman question much before they became Women's Liberation pioneers. This can be attributed to their radical feminist families.Less
The feminism of women activists working with women's liberation movements has been framed by powerful forces. All these feminist activists shared common life experiences. This chapter aims to give insight on these common features prevalent in the lives of women activists. The common feature was the presence of an Old Left family background for these feminists. The chapter provides an account of the presence of radical feminism in the lives of major activists. The activists talked about in the chapter include Judith Brown, Pam Allen, Pauli Murray, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Ella Baker, and Patricia Robinson. These women activists had an idea about the woman question much before they became Women's Liberation pioneers. This can be attributed to their radical feminist families.
Christina Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064117
- eISBN:
- 9780199869565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064117.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, Social History
The Introduction discusses the purpose of the book, which is to explain the fierce debates among whites and African Americans about American women's sexuality in the early 20th century that set an ...
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The Introduction discusses the purpose of the book, which is to explain the fierce debates among whites and African Americans about American women's sexuality in the early 20th century that set an older motherhood-centered ideal against a modern female style and produced a new conception of marriage that prevailed until the challenges of the Women's Liberation Movement. The Introduction also summarizes the chapters that follow.Less
The Introduction discusses the purpose of the book, which is to explain the fierce debates among whites and African Americans about American women's sexuality in the early 20th century that set an older motherhood-centered ideal against a modern female style and produced a new conception of marriage that prevailed until the challenges of the Women's Liberation Movement. The Introduction also summarizes the chapters that follow.
Carol Giardina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034560
- eISBN:
- 9780813039329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034560.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Simone de Beauvoir has played a major role in raising Women's Liberation founders' understanding that male ascendancy has imposed limitations on women's achievement of human potential. Many leading ...
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Simone de Beauvoir has played a major role in raising Women's Liberation founders' understanding that male ascendancy has imposed limitations on women's achievement of human potential. Many leading Women's Liberation organizers have adopted feminist consciousness, ideology, and an example from Beauvoir. The chapter brings into light the influences of Simone de Beauvoir on different women activists and their thinking patterns. “The Second Sex”, written by Beauvoir, managed to manipulate many women's thinking and raised their consciousness towards a need for a women's liberation movement. The chapter provides an accounts of different activists and how they were affected by reading Beauvoir's views in her book.Less
Simone de Beauvoir has played a major role in raising Women's Liberation founders' understanding that male ascendancy has imposed limitations on women's achievement of human potential. Many leading Women's Liberation organizers have adopted feminist consciousness, ideology, and an example from Beauvoir. The chapter brings into light the influences of Simone de Beauvoir on different women activists and their thinking patterns. “The Second Sex”, written by Beauvoir, managed to manipulate many women's thinking and raised their consciousness towards a need for a women's liberation movement. The chapter provides an accounts of different activists and how they were affected by reading Beauvoir's views in her book.
Julie Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231149211
- eISBN:
- 9780231520560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231149211.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
In contrast to the previous chapter’s concern with the collective forgetting of the “nurturing mother” in reminiscences of feminists about their own mothers, this chapter focuses on questions of ...
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In contrast to the previous chapter’s concern with the collective forgetting of the “nurturing mother” in reminiscences of feminists about their own mothers, this chapter focuses on questions of individual memory and whether a forgotten maternalist ethos can be detected in the early women’s liberation movement. It examines a series of recorded oral testimonies that look retrospectively at mid-twentieth-century feminism. It suggests that interpretative approaches from oral history and memory studies can work against fixed versions of feminism’s history and allow more ambivalent dialogues to emerge. These dialogues challenge some of the dominant public memories of second-wave feminism and reveal a maternalist ethos that has been overlooked in the way much of feminism has been remembered.Less
In contrast to the previous chapter’s concern with the collective forgetting of the “nurturing mother” in reminiscences of feminists about their own mothers, this chapter focuses on questions of individual memory and whether a forgotten maternalist ethos can be detected in the early women’s liberation movement. It examines a series of recorded oral testimonies that look retrospectively at mid-twentieth-century feminism. It suggests that interpretative approaches from oral history and memory studies can work against fixed versions of feminism’s history and allow more ambivalent dialogues to emerge. These dialogues challenge some of the dominant public memories of second-wave feminism and reveal a maternalist ethos that has been overlooked in the way much of feminism has been remembered.
Jaime Harker and Cecilia Konchar Farr
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039805
- eISBN:
- 9780252097904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039805.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to frame and investigate the distinctive feminist culture of letters that emerged with the reawakened women's movement in the late ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to frame and investigate the distinctive feminist culture of letters that emerged with the reawakened women's movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Chapters reflect on the conditions of that culture, its “particularized mechanisms,” and on its specific literary artifacts—a sampling of the diverse range of feminist literary production. Together, the chapters make a case for the importance of the writings of the women's movement, not just as political and cultural artifacts but also as the texts of an influential and inventive American literary renaissance. The remainder of the chapter discusses the literary roots of Women's Liberation, the explosion of feminist print culture, and activist aesthetics. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to frame and investigate the distinctive feminist culture of letters that emerged with the reawakened women's movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Chapters reflect on the conditions of that culture, its “particularized mechanisms,” and on its specific literary artifacts—a sampling of the diverse range of feminist literary production. Together, the chapters make a case for the importance of the writings of the women's movement, not just as political and cultural artifacts but also as the texts of an influential and inventive American literary renaissance. The remainder of the chapter discusses the literary roots of Women's Liberation, the explosion of feminist print culture, and activist aesthetics. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Catherine O. Jacquet
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781469653860
- eISBN:
- 9781469653884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653860.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter introduces early 1970s feminist antirape theorizing and organizing. The feminist antirape movement emerged within the context of the larger women’s liberation movement, sometimes also ...
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This chapter introduces early 1970s feminist antirape theorizing and organizing. The feminist antirape movement emerged within the context of the larger women’s liberation movement, sometimes also referred to as second wave feminism. Feminist antirape activists critiqued the failings of the law, medicine, and society at large in responding to rape. Initially a mostly white group, feminist antirape activists pursued a variety of organizing strategies—from demonstrations and speak-outs to creating rape crisis centers and hotlines to support victims. Over the course of the decade the movement diversified and black feminists pushed the broader movement to incorporate an intersectional analysis into their antirape agenda. Feminists of all racial and ethnic backgrounds held particular contempt for the legal system which, from local police to the state courts, dramatically failed to meet the needs of rape victims. In law journals nationwide, feminist legal scholars exposed the inadequacies of rape law, argued that the legal system was totally ineffectual in stopping rape, and advocated for significant law reform.Less
This chapter introduces early 1970s feminist antirape theorizing and organizing. The feminist antirape movement emerged within the context of the larger women’s liberation movement, sometimes also referred to as second wave feminism. Feminist antirape activists critiqued the failings of the law, medicine, and society at large in responding to rape. Initially a mostly white group, feminist antirape activists pursued a variety of organizing strategies—from demonstrations and speak-outs to creating rape crisis centers and hotlines to support victims. Over the course of the decade the movement diversified and black feminists pushed the broader movement to incorporate an intersectional analysis into their antirape agenda. Feminists of all racial and ethnic backgrounds held particular contempt for the legal system which, from local police to the state courts, dramatically failed to meet the needs of rape victims. In law journals nationwide, feminist legal scholars exposed the inadequacies of rape law, argued that the legal system was totally ineffectual in stopping rape, and advocated for significant law reform.