William R Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This ...
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Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This effort jumped ahead at warp speed following the horrendous World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks of September, 2001, followed by the postal anthrax scares a few weeks later that killed five people. By the end of 2008, the US will have spent nearly fifty billion dollars upgrading almost every conceivable aspect of our ability to respond defensively to a bioterrorism attack. How likely is it that America will experience a future bioterrorist attack that could bring this country to its knees? What would it take to mount such an attack? Who could do it, and what weapons would they use? How would bioterrorism compare with the damage America would suffer from other forms of terrorism, or from a natural biocatastrophe like avian influenza? No nation has infinite resources, and we must accept that we may never be able to make ourselves completely safe from every threat we face. We will have to make rational assessments of those threats we can identify, and apportion our resources as intelligently as we can to deal with them. This book looks at the scientific, political, legal and social facets of bioterrorism that can guide us as we attempt to bring this particular threat into a realistic perspective for the 21st century.Less
Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This effort jumped ahead at warp speed following the horrendous World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks of September, 2001, followed by the postal anthrax scares a few weeks later that killed five people. By the end of 2008, the US will have spent nearly fifty billion dollars upgrading almost every conceivable aspect of our ability to respond defensively to a bioterrorism attack. How likely is it that America will experience a future bioterrorist attack that could bring this country to its knees? What would it take to mount such an attack? Who could do it, and what weapons would they use? How would bioterrorism compare with the damage America would suffer from other forms of terrorism, or from a natural biocatastrophe like avian influenza? No nation has infinite resources, and we must accept that we may never be able to make ourselves completely safe from every threat we face. We will have to make rational assessments of those threats we can identify, and apportion our resources as intelligently as we can to deal with them. This book looks at the scientific, political, legal and social facets of bioterrorism that can guide us as we attempt to bring this particular threat into a realistic perspective for the 21st century.
Roger Warren
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128779
- eISBN:
- 9780191671692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128779.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
In the autumn of 1984, Peter Hall, the then Director of the National Theatre, publicized that Shakespeare's late plays – Pericles, Cymbeline, and The Winter's Tale – would be staged at the smallest ...
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In the autumn of 1984, Peter Hall, the then Director of the National Theatre, publicized that Shakespeare's late plays – Pericles, Cymbeline, and The Winter's Tale – would be staged at the smallest of the three houses of the National Theatre, the Cottesloe. Although this may have been the perfect venue for staging these plays, and staging these plays would present an opportunity to explore the theatrical issues within the play, these were hindered because the National Theatre experienced a financial crisis. During the delay leading up to the production, Peter Hall contemplated about replacing Pericles with The Tempest for two reasons. Firstly, he did not want to leave out the most challenging of Shakespeare's late plays; and secondly, Hall's method of construing Shakespeare relies on a meticulous textual investigation and is not without a strict observation of the verse. This book, therefore, attempts to look further into the rehearsals and shows of this particular play season.Less
In the autumn of 1984, Peter Hall, the then Director of the National Theatre, publicized that Shakespeare's late plays – Pericles, Cymbeline, and The Winter's Tale – would be staged at the smallest of the three houses of the National Theatre, the Cottesloe. Although this may have been the perfect venue for staging these plays, and staging these plays would present an opportunity to explore the theatrical issues within the play, these were hindered because the National Theatre experienced a financial crisis. During the delay leading up to the production, Peter Hall contemplated about replacing Pericles with The Tempest for two reasons. Firstly, he did not want to leave out the most challenging of Shakespeare's late plays; and secondly, Hall's method of construing Shakespeare relies on a meticulous textual investigation and is not without a strict observation of the verse. This book, therefore, attempts to look further into the rehearsals and shows of this particular play season.
Carl Sagan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310726
- eISBN:
- 9780199785179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310726.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human ...
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Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, and many other books. His science fiction novel, Contact, was made into a popular, major motion picture in 1997. Sagan is well known for his interests in extra-terrestrial life and is closely linked to the SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence). As a scientist, Sagan educated the public about “Nuclear Winter”, the idea that a nuclear war could precipitate an unprecedented ice age that might render the Earth largely uninhabitable. Sagan became notorious in certain circles for his forays into religion, which he viewed with skepticism.Less
Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, and many other books. His science fiction novel, Contact, was made into a popular, major motion picture in 1997. Sagan is well known for his interests in extra-terrestrial life and is closely linked to the SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence). As a scientist, Sagan educated the public about “Nuclear Winter”, the idea that a nuclear war could precipitate an unprecedented ice age that might render the Earth largely uninhabitable. Sagan became notorious in certain circles for his forays into religion, which he viewed with skepticism.
Michael Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313871
- eISBN:
- 9780199871964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313871.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Jupiter the best of the planets, Fortuna Major, and Lewis's favourite. ‘Who does not need to be reminded of Jove?’ The planet of festal kingship, oaks, red faces, thrones, jocundity, blood, ...
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Jupiter the best of the planets, Fortuna Major, and Lewis's favourite. ‘Who does not need to be reminded of Jove?’ The planet of festal kingship, oaks, red faces, thrones, jocundity, blood, merriment, mighty waves, Christmas and the passing of winter. Present in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, and Ransom Trilogy, and present in a new and ingenious way in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, secretly helping to make the heart and imagination Royalist. ‘Donegality’ the term for this implicit, governing, enjoyable, literary quality.Less
Jupiter the best of the planets, Fortuna Major, and Lewis's favourite. ‘Who does not need to be reminded of Jove?’ The planet of festal kingship, oaks, red faces, thrones, jocundity, blood, merriment, mighty waves, Christmas and the passing of winter. Present in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, and Ransom Trilogy, and present in a new and ingenious way in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, secretly helping to make the heart and imagination Royalist. ‘Donegality’ the term for this implicit, governing, enjoyable, literary quality.
Tony D. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139821
- eISBN:
- 9781400842797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter first reviews the evidence for interactions between life-history stages, centering this around reproduction itself: the intention is to put reproduction in the context of the complete ...
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This chapter first reviews the evidence for interactions between life-history stages, centering this around reproduction itself: the intention is to put reproduction in the context of the complete life-cycle. It considers how the wintering and pre-breeding period, including spring migration, can influence reproductive decisions, and in turn how reproductive decisions can influence subsequent post-breeding life stages such as molt, fall migration, and over-winter survival. It looks at the costs of reproduction, simply as a more specific example of general carry-over effects, especially from a mechanistic point of view, with potentially common underlying mechanisms. The chapter argues that short-term energy or nutrient “debts” and resource-allocation trade-offs provide unsatisfactory models for long-term carry-over effects or costs of reproduction; instead, it emphasizes potential “non-resource based” mechanisms.Less
This chapter first reviews the evidence for interactions between life-history stages, centering this around reproduction itself: the intention is to put reproduction in the context of the complete life-cycle. It considers how the wintering and pre-breeding period, including spring migration, can influence reproductive decisions, and in turn how reproductive decisions can influence subsequent post-breeding life stages such as molt, fall migration, and over-winter survival. It looks at the costs of reproduction, simply as a more specific example of general carry-over effects, especially from a mechanistic point of view, with potentially common underlying mechanisms. The chapter argues that short-term energy or nutrient “debts” and resource-allocation trade-offs provide unsatisfactory models for long-term carry-over effects or costs of reproduction; instead, it emphasizes potential “non-resource based” mechanisms.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines one of the many war games-like exercises carried out beginning in the 1990s to test the reaction of government officials to a hypothetical bioterrorist attack. In this exercise, ...
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This chapter examines one of the many war games-like exercises carried out beginning in the 1990s to test the reaction of government officials to a hypothetical bioterrorist attack. In this exercise, smallpox virus is released simultaneously at three sites across America. Experienced government officials played the roles of the president, his cabinet, and members of the National Security Council in formulating responses to information fed them by exercise planners. As the players stumble through their roles, the situation rapidly spins out of control, and hundreds of thousands of hypothetical deaths occur. This exercise contributed to a sense of panic among government officials, and contributed to the commitments of enormous sums of money to try to remedy perceived shortcomings in our ability to respond to a real bioterrorist attack.Less
This chapter examines one of the many war games-like exercises carried out beginning in the 1990s to test the reaction of government officials to a hypothetical bioterrorist attack. In this exercise, smallpox virus is released simultaneously at three sites across America. Experienced government officials played the roles of the president, his cabinet, and members of the National Security Council in formulating responses to information fed them by exercise planners. As the players stumble through their roles, the situation rapidly spins out of control, and hundreds of thousands of hypothetical deaths occur. This exercise contributed to a sense of panic among government officials, and contributed to the commitments of enormous sums of money to try to remedy perceived shortcomings in our ability to respond to a real bioterrorist attack.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
How did we arrive at our current national posture regarding bioterrorism, especially in the context of other challenges our nation faces in the 21st century? Part of what has driven the near-hysteria ...
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How did we arrive at our current national posture regarding bioterrorism, especially in the context of other challenges our nation faces in the 21st century? Part of what has driven the near-hysteria about bioterrorism is its conflation with a larger “war on terror”. And part of the terror of bioterrorism is that it is based on things we cannot see, and few of us understand. We rely on scientific experts to explain them to us, but scientific experts themselves have differing points of view – political points of view – about bioterrorism, just as they have differing points of view about global warming, or stem cell research, or the beginnings of life. This chapter traces the events, fears, and political maneuverings that have made bioterrorism into a multi-billion dollar per year industry in the US.Less
How did we arrive at our current national posture regarding bioterrorism, especially in the context of other challenges our nation faces in the 21st century? Part of what has driven the near-hysteria about bioterrorism is its conflation with a larger “war on terror”. And part of the terror of bioterrorism is that it is based on things we cannot see, and few of us understand. We rely on scientific experts to explain them to us, but scientific experts themselves have differing points of view – political points of view – about bioterrorism, just as they have differing points of view about global warming, or stem cell research, or the beginnings of life. This chapter traces the events, fears, and political maneuverings that have made bioterrorism into a multi-billion dollar per year industry in the US.
Jordi Bosch, Fabio Sgolastra, and William P. Kemp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195316957
- eISBN:
- 9780199871575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have ...
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Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.Less
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.
Jennifer R. Olson and Thomas C. Grubb
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Many North American parids have ranges that expose them to temperate winter seasons. Chickadees and titmice possess several physiological and behavioural adaptations that allow them to manage the ...
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Many North American parids have ranges that expose them to temperate winter seasons. Chickadees and titmice possess several physiological and behavioural adaptations that allow them to manage the reduced food supply and high thermoregulatory demands of this environment. Yet, increased habitat fragmentation posed by agricultural and urban expansion also presents a further stress to these populations. This chapter reviews research on physiological adaptations to reduced temperatures, and then addresses how microclimate change induced by habitat fragmentation can affect the response potential of over-wintering birds. These evolved responses have been investigated in chickadees and tufted titmice in isolated woodlots in agricultural landscapes, where fragmentation and patch size greatly alter the microclimate to which species are exposed.Less
Many North American parids have ranges that expose them to temperate winter seasons. Chickadees and titmice possess several physiological and behavioural adaptations that allow them to manage the reduced food supply and high thermoregulatory demands of this environment. Yet, increased habitat fragmentation posed by agricultural and urban expansion also presents a further stress to these populations. This chapter reviews research on physiological adaptations to reduced temperatures, and then addresses how microclimate change induced by habitat fragmentation can affect the response potential of over-wintering birds. These evolved responses have been investigated in chickadees and tufted titmice in isolated woodlots in agricultural landscapes, where fragmentation and patch size greatly alter the microclimate to which species are exposed.
THELMA WILLS FOOTE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195165371
- eISBN:
- 9780199871735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165371.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling ...
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This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling elite and its binary racial division of society. It explains that with the additional threat of an impending Spanish invasion, the aggravation of an unsolved crime wave, and the outbreak of a mysterious rash of fire during the winter of 1741-42, fear of the city's dangerous classes crystallized in the discovery of the “plot of 1741-42,” an alleged conspiracy among enslaved blacks and several white outsiders accused of plotting together in secret to overthrow English rule, murder the city's white male settler population, enslave white females in harems, and establish a “Negro regime” under the protection of Catholic Spain.Less
This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling elite and its binary racial division of society. It explains that with the additional threat of an impending Spanish invasion, the aggravation of an unsolved crime wave, and the outbreak of a mysterious rash of fire during the winter of 1741-42, fear of the city's dangerous classes crystallized in the discovery of the “plot of 1741-42,” an alleged conspiracy among enslaved blacks and several white outsiders accused of plotting together in secret to overthrow English rule, murder the city's white male settler population, enslave white females in harems, and establish a “Negro regime” under the protection of Catholic Spain.
Tony Crook
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264003
- eISBN:
- 9780191734151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264003.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory ...
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This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory Bateson. It also looks as much to the anthropologists as to their ethnographies to suggest that a view of one is available in the view of the other. The chapter furthermore presents an interest in how Stocking makes economy of exposition – just ‘one sentence’ – speak so much, and in what he does not need to say; whereas saying it any other way involves a long story to make the same point. Additionally, it intends to use the events instead to look at the commentary and contemporary practices in order to explore continuities in anthropological quasi-scientism sensitivities concerning the proximity between social relations, analytical relations, and ethnography. Mead's art is one of extraordinary clarity, giving hard edges to what it depicts. When the three anthropologists met up in Kankanamun, they did so acting with a number of others in mind. Blackberry Winter recalls as ‘compass points’.Less
This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory Bateson. It also looks as much to the anthropologists as to their ethnographies to suggest that a view of one is available in the view of the other. The chapter furthermore presents an interest in how Stocking makes economy of exposition – just ‘one sentence’ – speak so much, and in what he does not need to say; whereas saying it any other way involves a long story to make the same point. Additionally, it intends to use the events instead to look at the commentary and contemporary practices in order to explore continuities in anthropological quasi-scientism sensitivities concerning the proximity between social relations, analytical relations, and ethnography. Mead's art is one of extraordinary clarity, giving hard edges to what it depicts. When the three anthropologists met up in Kankanamun, they did so acting with a number of others in mind. Blackberry Winter recalls as ‘compass points’.
Maurice FitzGerald Scott
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287421
- eISBN:
- 9780191596872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287429.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, ...
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Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, Arrow, Eltis, Kennedy, Nelson, and Winter are briefly reviewed. Some provide no growth model, and the models provided by others are unsatisfactory. Importantly, none appears to have been used in any substantial empirical work. But their ideas are drawn on in the model put forward in the book.Less
Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, Arrow, Eltis, Kennedy, Nelson, and Winter are briefly reviewed. Some provide no growth model, and the models provided by others are unsatisfactory. Importantly, none appears to have been used in any substantial empirical work. But their ideas are drawn on in the model put forward in the book.
Ira A. Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126470
- eISBN:
- 9780813135656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126470.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The division captured an enemy document in January 1969 that indicated that the fourth phase of the General Offensive and General Uprising, the Dong Xuan, a Winter-Spring Offensive, was imminent. Its ...
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The division captured an enemy document in January 1969 that indicated that the fourth phase of the General Offensive and General Uprising, the Dong Xuan, a Winter-Spring Offensive, was imminent. Its objectives were to annihilate 60 percent of the enemy troops and destroy 50 percent of the enemy outposts. It was always the main Communist objective to defeat the GVN pacification program and to gain control of land and the population. The U.S. Army established a maintenance program to ensure that the maximum number of aircraft were operationally ready on a daily basis, and greatly increased aircraft utilization and operational flexibility. An important element in successful day and night operations was the capability of the commanders to utilize all of the division's available assets in the conduct of combined area operations, including artillery, gunships, and organic weapons.Less
The division captured an enemy document in January 1969 that indicated that the fourth phase of the General Offensive and General Uprising, the Dong Xuan, a Winter-Spring Offensive, was imminent. Its objectives were to annihilate 60 percent of the enemy troops and destroy 50 percent of the enemy outposts. It was always the main Communist objective to defeat the GVN pacification program and to gain control of land and the population. The U.S. Army established a maintenance program to ensure that the maximum number of aircraft were operationally ready on a daily basis, and greatly increased aircraft utilization and operational flexibility. An important element in successful day and night operations was the capability of the commanders to utilize all of the division's available assets in the conduct of combined area operations, including artillery, gunships, and organic weapons.
Dietland Müller-Schwarze
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450105
- eISBN:
- 9780801460869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450105.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
This chapter explains how beavers spend their time on a typical day. Three factors determine when a beaver is active and when it rests: exposure to the natural light cycle, air temperature, and ...
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This chapter explains how beavers spend their time on a typical day. Three factors determine when a beaver is active and when it rests: exposure to the natural light cycle, air temperature, and season. Beavers stay in their lodge during the day, from about 0800 to 2000 hours in the summer in northern latitudes. During the first part of the night they feed, and during the second half they construct dams and lodges. The beaver can decouple its daily activity rhythm from the natural 24-hour light cycle. It shows a free-running activity period that is much longer than 24 hours. In summer, beavers are synchronized with the 24-hour day. In winter, above-ice activity ceases at certain critical low temperatures.Less
This chapter explains how beavers spend their time on a typical day. Three factors determine when a beaver is active and when it rests: exposure to the natural light cycle, air temperature, and season. Beavers stay in their lodge during the day, from about 0800 to 2000 hours in the summer in northern latitudes. During the first part of the night they feed, and during the second half they construct dams and lodges. The beaver can decouple its daily activity rhythm from the natural 24-hour light cycle. It shows a free-running activity period that is much longer than 24 hours. In summer, beavers are synchronized with the 24-hour day. In winter, above-ice activity ceases at certain critical low temperatures.
Richard Higgins and Richard Higgins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520294042
- eISBN:
- 9780520967311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294042.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Thoreau loved trees in all seasons but had a special fondness for trees transformed by snow. Winter made the familiar trees he saw all year look new. After a winter storm, Thoreau went to see them as ...
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Thoreau loved trees in all seasons but had a special fondness for trees transformed by snow. Winter made the familiar trees he saw all year look new. After a winter storm, Thoreau went to see them as excited as a child on Christmas morning. He saw surreal and poetic forms in trees covered in snow. They were statues draped in white in a gigantic sculptor’s studio. Trees glistening with ice or clad in a coat of white quickened his pulse and stirred his pen. They stirred some of his best writing about trees.Less
Thoreau loved trees in all seasons but had a special fondness for trees transformed by snow. Winter made the familiar trees he saw all year look new. After a winter storm, Thoreau went to see them as excited as a child on Christmas morning. He saw surreal and poetic forms in trees covered in snow. They were statues draped in white in a gigantic sculptor’s studio. Trees glistening with ice or clad in a coat of white quickened his pulse and stirred his pen. They stirred some of his best writing about trees.
Anthony Brueckner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199585861
- eISBN:
- 9780191595332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585861.003.0025
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter considers the notion of an epistemic universalizability principle, a principle which might well underwrite an epistemic closure principle. It is argued that closure cannot be derived ...
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This chapter considers the notion of an epistemic universalizability principle, a principle which might well underwrite an epistemic closure principle. It is argued that closure cannot be derived from any plausibly true such principle.Less
This chapter considers the notion of an epistemic universalizability principle, a principle which might well underwrite an epistemic closure principle. It is argued that closure cannot be derived from any plausibly true such principle.
Helen Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248865
- eISBN:
- 9780191719394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248865.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
An emblem for the history of romance motifs might be the hypothetical history of the stage bearsuit used in plays from the lost Valentine and Orson to The Winter’s Tale: once it was in the property ...
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An emblem for the history of romance motifs might be the hypothetical history of the stage bearsuit used in plays from the lost Valentine and Orson to The Winter’s Tale: once it was in the property cupboard, it invited more reworkings of traditional motifs to fill it, to give it continuing life on stage. Romances start out as stories that give resonance and meaning to their conventions; over time, their conventions and resonances seek stories and meanings to fill them. The chapter also includes a working definition of romance, and brief histories of the genre in England (across all its languages, and in relation to continental European romance) and of the knight.Less
An emblem for the history of romance motifs might be the hypothetical history of the stage bearsuit used in plays from the lost Valentine and Orson to The Winter’s Tale: once it was in the property cupboard, it invited more reworkings of traditional motifs to fill it, to give it continuing life on stage. Romances start out as stories that give resonance and meaning to their conventions; over time, their conventions and resonances seek stories and meanings to fill them. The chapter also includes a working definition of romance, and brief histories of the genre in England (across all its languages, and in relation to continental European romance) and of the knight.
Hiroyuki Odagiri and Akira Goto
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288022
- eISBN:
- 9780191684555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288022.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This introductory chapter discusess the issue that will be addressed in the book. It enumerates the reasons that could explain how the economy, industry, and business developed in the past decade. ...
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This introductory chapter discusess the issue that will be addressed in the book. It enumerates the reasons that could explain how the economy, industry, and business developed in the past decade. One of these is the new growth theory or the endogenous growth theory, which states that technological progress is a major force in economic development. The second reason is the evolutionary theory proposed by Nelson and Winter. This suggests that capabilities and decision rules determine the performance of a firm and the performance of the industry. The chapter also discusses the technological situation of the Japanese and how they acquired their technology and capabilities.Less
This introductory chapter discusess the issue that will be addressed in the book. It enumerates the reasons that could explain how the economy, industry, and business developed in the past decade. One of these is the new growth theory or the endogenous growth theory, which states that technological progress is a major force in economic development. The second reason is the evolutionary theory proposed by Nelson and Winter. This suggests that capabilities and decision rules determine the performance of a firm and the performance of the industry. The chapter also discusses the technological situation of the Japanese and how they acquired their technology and capabilities.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This section argues that the Thirty Years War was not inevitable and that it was fundamentally a struggle over the German constitution; ultimately, all German rulers including the emperor had a ...
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This section argues that the Thirty Years War was not inevitable and that it was fundamentally a struggle over the German constitution; ultimately, all German rulers including the emperor had a vested interest in reaching a compromise. Germany was dragged into war by the Bohemian uprising against Habsburg rule. The conflict was prolonged by the inability of either Ferdinand II or Ferdinand III or the German princes to prevail and by the interventions of Denmark, Sweden and France. However, neither the Emperor, nor Denmark, Sweden or France were able to prevail and impose their will on the Reich. The war wrought huge destruction but it also resulted in the Peace of Westphalia, a new constitutional law that endured until 1806. Key figures in this section are Frederick the ‘Winter King’, Wallenstein, Gustavus Adolphus, Bernhard of Weimar, Maximilian of Bavaria.Less
This section argues that the Thirty Years War was not inevitable and that it was fundamentally a struggle over the German constitution; ultimately, all German rulers including the emperor had a vested interest in reaching a compromise. Germany was dragged into war by the Bohemian uprising against Habsburg rule. The conflict was prolonged by the inability of either Ferdinand II or Ferdinand III or the German princes to prevail and by the interventions of Denmark, Sweden and France. However, neither the Emperor, nor Denmark, Sweden or France were able to prevail and impose their will on the Reich. The war wrought huge destruction but it also resulted in the Peace of Westphalia, a new constitutional law that endured until 1806. Key figures in this section are Frederick the ‘Winter King’, Wallenstein, Gustavus Adolphus, Bernhard of Weimar, Maximilian of Bavaria.
Gerard O'Daly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199263950
- eISBN:
- 9780191741364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263950.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: its relation to Ambrose's Christmas hymn (Hymn 5); God/Christ as creative Word; Christ as Wisdom; the winter solstice as the time of Christ's birth; ...
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This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: its relation to Ambrose's Christmas hymn (Hymn 5); God/Christ as creative Word; Christ as Wisdom; the winter solstice as the time of Christ's birth; humanity's decline and the divine plan of salvation; the virgin birth; Christ's incarnation, the beginning of an new age; the earth's idyllic springtime; the influence of Virgil's Eclogue 4; Christ in the manger, worshiped by the animals; Christ as king and judge at the final judgement; and anti-Jewish polemic.Less
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: its relation to Ambrose's Christmas hymn (Hymn 5); God/Christ as creative Word; Christ as Wisdom; the winter solstice as the time of Christ's birth; humanity's decline and the divine plan of salvation; the virgin birth; Christ's incarnation, the beginning of an new age; the earth's idyllic springtime; the influence of Virgil's Eclogue 4; Christ in the manger, worshiped by the animals; Christ as king and judge at the final judgement; and anti-Jewish polemic.
