Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This book brings social movements into the study of market formation and industry growth. It starts from the observation that while wind power stands out as a renewable energy success story in some ...
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This book brings social movements into the study of market formation and industry growth. It starts from the observation that while wind power stands out as a renewable energy success story in some countries and regions, it has failed to reach its true potential in many countries and has had an uneven global development. The book offers an interpretation that differs from the dominant technological and economic perspectives. It develops a model that argues that the development of the wind energy industry is influenced by interactions between the environmental movement, the social context, and natural resources. The model identifies three main pathways through which the environmental movement influences the development of the wind energy industry. The first pathway is the influence that environmental activists and organizations have on energy policymakers' decisions to adopt and implement pro‐renewable energy policies. The second pathway is the influence that environmental groups and activists have on energy consumers. The third pathway is the influence of the environmental movement on energy professionals. The empirical study combines quantitative and qualitative analyses. Case studies focus on Canada, Denmark, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The conclusion argues that environmentalist “global winds of change” are almost as important as the atmospheric winds for the development of the wind energy industry around the world. It also presents a few implications for future studies of industry creation and energy sector growth.Less
This book brings social movements into the study of market formation and industry growth. It starts from the observation that while wind power stands out as a renewable energy success story in some countries and regions, it has failed to reach its true potential in many countries and has had an uneven global development. The book offers an interpretation that differs from the dominant technological and economic perspectives. It develops a model that argues that the development of the wind energy industry is influenced by interactions between the environmental movement, the social context, and natural resources. The model identifies three main pathways through which the environmental movement influences the development of the wind energy industry. The first pathway is the influence that environmental activists and organizations have on energy policymakers' decisions to adopt and implement pro‐renewable energy policies. The second pathway is the influence that environmental groups and activists have on energy consumers. The third pathway is the influence of the environmental movement on energy professionals. The empirical study combines quantitative and qualitative analyses. Case studies focus on Canada, Denmark, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The conclusion argues that environmentalist “global winds of change” are almost as important as the atmospheric winds for the development of the wind energy industry around the world. It also presents a few implications for future studies of industry creation and energy sector growth.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter shows that the electricity sector has undergone two transformations since the 1990s. First, small, traditional wind turbine manufacturers have become industrial heavyweights, and ...
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This chapter shows that the electricity sector has undergone two transformations since the 1990s. First, small, traditional wind turbine manufacturers have become industrial heavyweights, and traditional power plant manufacturers have recognized that wind turbine manufacturing is big business. Second, new companies specializing in wind‐farm development and operation have emerged, while growing numbers of electric utilities have invested in wind farms. This chapter demonstrates that the environmental movement contributed to these transformations when environmental activists gained control of energy companies and professional societies, criticized the traditional logic of energy production, and offered practical solutions. By becoming entrepreneurs, innovators, advocates, and champions, environmental movement activists and sympathizers made an essential contribution to wind turbine manufacturing. By forming wind turbine cooperatives, founding wind‐farm development companies, and constantly pressuring utility companies to invest in renewable energy, environmental organizations and activists also had a major impact on wind‐farm development.Less
This chapter shows that the electricity sector has undergone two transformations since the 1990s. First, small, traditional wind turbine manufacturers have become industrial heavyweights, and traditional power plant manufacturers have recognized that wind turbine manufacturing is big business. Second, new companies specializing in wind‐farm development and operation have emerged, while growing numbers of electric utilities have invested in wind farms. This chapter demonstrates that the environmental movement contributed to these transformations when environmental activists gained control of energy companies and professional societies, criticized the traditional logic of energy production, and offered practical solutions. By becoming entrepreneurs, innovators, advocates, and champions, environmental movement activists and sympathizers made an essential contribution to wind turbine manufacturing. By forming wind turbine cooperatives, founding wind‐farm development companies, and constantly pressuring utility companies to invest in renewable energy, environmental organizations and activists also had a major impact on wind‐farm development.
Martin Schöneld
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195132182
- eISBN:
- 9780199786336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132181.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores Kant’s studies from 1754 to 1757, the application of his dynamic perspectives to fire, tides, the Earth’s rotation, climate, winds, and earthquakes. Section 1 surveys the ...
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This chapter explores Kant’s studies from 1754 to 1757, the application of his dynamic perspectives to fire, tides, the Earth’s rotation, climate, winds, and earthquakes. Section 1 surveys the background of Kant’s efforts in the 1750s, such as how his earthquake papers relate to the Lisbon tsunami (1755), and describes his co-discovery of sea wind patterns and his discovery of the monsoon dynamics. Section 2 examines Kant’s study of the fate of Earth’s rotation (1754) and its correct determination of the dynamic interplay among lunar period, tidal forces, oceanic friction, and the long-term slowdown of Earth’s rotation. Section 3 discusses Kant’s Master’s Thesis (1755), his chemical conjectures on fire, and his attempt to clarify the spatial energy field, the ether. Section 4 examines Kant’s qualitative approach to cosmological questions and his heuristic reliance on analogical reasoning.Less
This chapter explores Kant’s studies from 1754 to 1757, the application of his dynamic perspectives to fire, tides, the Earth’s rotation, climate, winds, and earthquakes. Section 1 surveys the background of Kant’s efforts in the 1750s, such as how his earthquake papers relate to the Lisbon tsunami (1755), and describes his co-discovery of sea wind patterns and his discovery of the monsoon dynamics. Section 2 examines Kant’s study of the fate of Earth’s rotation (1754) and its correct determination of the dynamic interplay among lunar period, tidal forces, oceanic friction, and the long-term slowdown of Earth’s rotation. Section 3 discusses Kant’s Master’s Thesis (1755), his chemical conjectures on fire, and his attempt to clarify the spatial energy field, the ether. Section 4 examines Kant’s qualitative approach to cosmological questions and his heuristic reliance on analogical reasoning.
Richard English
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208075
- eISBN:
- 9780191677908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208075.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Ernie O'Malley (1897–1957) was one of the most talented and colourful of modern Irish republicans. An important IRA leader in the 1916–1923 Irish Revolution, this ...
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Ernie O'Malley (1897–1957) was one of the most talented and colourful of modern Irish republicans. An important IRA leader in the 1916–1923 Irish Revolution, this bookish gunman subsequently became a distinguished intellectual, and the author of two classic autobiographical accounts of the revolutionary period: On Another Man's Wound and The Singing Flame. His post-revolutionary life took on a bohemian flavour. Travelling extensively in Europe and America, he mixed with a wide range of artistic and literary figures, and devoted himself to a variety of writing projects. In his IRA career he mixed with revolutionaries such as Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera; in his post-IRA years his friends included Samuel Beckett, Louis MacNeice, John Wayne, and John Ford. This thematic biography draws on previously unseen archival sources, and introduces O'Malley to both scholarly and general readers. O'Malley's post-revolutionary life was as turbulent as his IRA years, and illuminates many persistent themes of Irish history, ranging from the origins and culture of militant republicanism and the complexities of Anglo–Irish relations to the development of intellectual and artistic life in twentieth-century Ireland.Less
Ernie O'Malley (1897–1957) was one of the most talented and colourful of modern Irish republicans. An important IRA leader in the 1916–1923 Irish Revolution, this bookish gunman subsequently became a distinguished intellectual, and the author of two classic autobiographical accounts of the revolutionary period: On Another Man's Wound and The Singing Flame. His post-revolutionary life took on a bohemian flavour. Travelling extensively in Europe and America, he mixed with a wide range of artistic and literary figures, and devoted himself to a variety of writing projects. In his IRA career he mixed with revolutionaries such as Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera; in his post-IRA years his friends included Samuel Beckett, Louis MacNeice, John Wayne, and John Ford. This thematic biography draws on previously unseen archival sources, and introduces O'Malley to both scholarly and general readers. O'Malley's post-revolutionary life was as turbulent as his IRA years, and illuminates many persistent themes of Irish history, ranging from the origins and culture of militant republicanism and the complexities of Anglo–Irish relations to the development of intellectual and artistic life in twentieth-century Ireland.
Andreas Osiander
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198294511
- eISBN:
- 9780191717048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294511.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In the late pre-Reformation period, re-urbanization and increasing monetization impacting on what had become a profoundly rural civilization gave rise to political structures markedly different from ...
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In the late pre-Reformation period, re-urbanization and increasing monetization impacting on what had become a profoundly rural civilization gave rise to political structures markedly different from those of the pre-Christian Mediterranean world. The increasing availability of energy from water power and wind power was one important (and much underestimated) factor enabling economic growth. Another was the expansion of the monetary mass as a result of the establishment of a supralocal financial system (unknown to the ancient world) and the easy availability of credit. This helped to give the more important princes an increasing edge over lesser actors, at the same time that development was both furthered and impeded by conflicting cultural and ideological currents — as reflected in the thinking of such authors as Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Nicolaus Cusanus, Jean Bodin, Johannes Althusius, and Thomas Hobbes. Even 18th-century ‘absolute’ monarchies like the French or Prussian ones remained closer to the ‘heteronomous’ political structures of the pre-Reformation period than to today's state.Less
In the late pre-Reformation period, re-urbanization and increasing monetization impacting on what had become a profoundly rural civilization gave rise to political structures markedly different from those of the pre-Christian Mediterranean world. The increasing availability of energy from water power and wind power was one important (and much underestimated) factor enabling economic growth. Another was the expansion of the monetary mass as a result of the establishment of a supralocal financial system (unknown to the ancient world) and the easy availability of credit. This helped to give the more important princes an increasing edge over lesser actors, at the same time that development was both furthered and impeded by conflicting cultural and ideological currents — as reflected in the thinking of such authors as Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Nicolaus Cusanus, Jean Bodin, Johannes Althusius, and Thomas Hobbes. Even 18th-century ‘absolute’ monarchies like the French or Prussian ones remained closer to the ‘heteronomous’ political structures of the pre-Reformation period than to today's state.
Martin Schöneld
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195132182
- eISBN:
- 9780199786336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132181.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores Kant’s third book, The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of God’s Existence (1764). Section 1 surveys Kant’s development after his professorial thesis (1756): ...
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This chapter explores Kant’s third book, The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of God’s Existence (1764). Section 1 surveys Kant’s development after his professorial thesis (1756): the West Winds essay (1757); Motion and Rest (1758) and its sequel Directions in Space (1768); the Optimism essay (1759), the project of a “Children’s Physics” (1759), and the False Subtlety treatise (1762). Section 2 explains the organization of Kant’s third book and how the two arguments for God’s existence derive from a joint demonstrative basis. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s conceptual proof for God’s existence and the rigor of its logical structure.Less
This chapter explores Kant’s third book, The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of God’s Existence (1764). Section 1 surveys Kant’s development after his professorial thesis (1756): the West Winds essay (1757); Motion and Rest (1758) and its sequel Directions in Space (1768); the Optimism essay (1759), the project of a “Children’s Physics” (1759), and the False Subtlety treatise (1762). Section 2 explains the organization of Kant’s third book and how the two arguments for God’s existence derive from a joint demonstrative basis. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s conceptual proof for God’s existence and the rigor of its logical structure.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter deals with the effects of polar conditions on living systems in general, the ways in which microorganisms, plants, and animals are able to adapt to the stresses imposed, and how they ...
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This chapter deals with the effects of polar conditions on living systems in general, the ways in which microorganisms, plants, and animals are able to adapt to the stresses imposed, and how they come to be in these habitats. Topics covered include effects of low temperature on cell physiology, effects of freezing and freeze resistance, avoidance of chill and keeping warm, wind chill, desiccation, effects of radiation, and biological rhythms in the polar environment.Less
This chapter deals with the effects of polar conditions on living systems in general, the ways in which microorganisms, plants, and animals are able to adapt to the stresses imposed, and how they come to be in these habitats. Topics covered include effects of low temperature on cell physiology, effects of freezing and freeze resistance, avoidance of chill and keeping warm, wind chill, desiccation, effects of radiation, and biological rhythms in the polar environment.
Roger Cousens, Calvin Dytham, and Richard Law
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299126
- eISBN:
- 9780191715006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299126.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter discusses the main types of dispersal vector, the characteristics of their behaviour relevant to dispersal, their effects on the trajectory of single propagules, and the final distances ...
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This chapter discusses the main types of dispersal vector, the characteristics of their behaviour relevant to dispersal, their effects on the trajectory of single propagules, and the final distances moved under their influence. The development of models to predict the trajectories of individual propagules in air and water is reviewed: the key to success has been the development of a mechanistic understanding of the behaviour of the dispersal vector. This is contrasted with models of movement by animals, which are based largely on descriptive data from tracked animals. Approaches for achieving more mechanistic models of animal dispersal are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the main types of dispersal vector, the characteristics of their behaviour relevant to dispersal, their effects on the trajectory of single propagules, and the final distances moved under their influence. The development of models to predict the trajectories of individual propagules in air and water is reviewed: the key to success has been the development of a mechanistic understanding of the behaviour of the dispersal vector. This is contrasted with models of movement by animals, which are based largely on descriptive data from tracked animals. Approaches for achieving more mechanistic models of animal dispersal are discussed.
Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The ...
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This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The contributors to the book have substantial hands-on experience in the reorganization and liquidation of businesses, the sale of business assets, and management of commercial litigation. They share their approach to maximizing and creating value in the deteriorating and chaotic business environment that so often leads to a company going out of business. The legal forums for liquidation — bankruptcy, state receivership, federal receivership, and assignment for the benefit of creditors — are explained. The liquidator's role, powers, duties, oversight, and compensation are outlined and the special rules for bankruptcy trustees are set forth. The chapters also cover the major tasks of liquidation including investigation of the company, termination of employees, disposition of assets, evaluation of litigation, resolution of claim, distributions and ultimately, and the dissolution or “winding down” of the company.Less
This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The contributors to the book have substantial hands-on experience in the reorganization and liquidation of businesses, the sale of business assets, and management of commercial litigation. They share their approach to maximizing and creating value in the deteriorating and chaotic business environment that so often leads to a company going out of business. The legal forums for liquidation — bankruptcy, state receivership, federal receivership, and assignment for the benefit of creditors — are explained. The liquidator's role, powers, duties, oversight, and compensation are outlined and the special rules for bankruptcy trustees are set forth. The chapters also cover the major tasks of liquidation including investigation of the company, termination of employees, disposition of assets, evaluation of litigation, resolution of claim, distributions and ultimately, and the dissolution or “winding down” of the company.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on the liquidator's final tasks — winding up the business. Record retention requirements under federal and state law, dissolution of the business entity under applicable state ...
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This chapter focuses on the liquidator's final tasks — winding up the business. Record retention requirements under federal and state law, dissolution of the business entity under applicable state law, and final reporting by the liquidator are discussed. Selected federal regulations addressing document retention are also included.Less
This chapter focuses on the liquidator's final tasks — winding up the business. Record retention requirements under federal and state law, dissolution of the business entity under applicable state law, and final reporting by the liquidator are discussed. Selected federal regulations addressing document retention are also included.
Carol Laderman
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520069169
- eISBN:
- 9780520913707
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520069169.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Charged with restoring harmony and relieving pain, the Malay shaman places his patients in a trance and encourages them to express their talents, drives, personality traits—the “Inner Winds” of Malay ...
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Charged with restoring harmony and relieving pain, the Malay shaman places his patients in a trance and encourages them to express their talents, drives, personality traits—the “Inner Winds” of Malay medical lore—in a kind of performance. These healing ceremonies, formerly viewed by Western anthropologists as exotic curiosities, actually reveal complex multicultural origins and a unique indigenous medical tradition whose psychological content is remarkably relevant to contemporary Western concerns. Accepted as apprentice to a Malay shaman, the author of this book learned and recorded every aspect of the healing séance, and found it comparable in many ways to the traditional dramas of Southeast Asia and of other cultures such as ancient Greece, Japan, and India. The Malay séance is a total performance, complete with audience, stage, props, plot, music, and dance, and the players include the patient along with the shaman and his troupe. At the center of the drama are pivotal relationships—among people, between humans and spirits, and within the self. The best of the Malay shamans are superb poets, dramatists, and performers as well as effective healers of body and soul.Less
Charged with restoring harmony and relieving pain, the Malay shaman places his patients in a trance and encourages them to express their talents, drives, personality traits—the “Inner Winds” of Malay medical lore—in a kind of performance. These healing ceremonies, formerly viewed by Western anthropologists as exotic curiosities, actually reveal complex multicultural origins and a unique indigenous medical tradition whose psychological content is remarkably relevant to contemporary Western concerns. Accepted as apprentice to a Malay shaman, the author of this book learned and recorded every aspect of the healing séance, and found it comparable in many ways to the traditional dramas of Southeast Asia and of other cultures such as ancient Greece, Japan, and India. The Malay séance is a total performance, complete with audience, stage, props, plot, music, and dance, and the players include the patient along with the shaman and his troupe. At the center of the drama are pivotal relationships—among people, between humans and spirits, and within the self. The best of the Malay shamans are superb poets, dramatists, and performers as well as effective healers of body and soul.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter combines insight from the literature on industry creation and social movement outcomes to identify the main factors that shape the global development of the wind power industry. It ...
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This chapter combines insight from the literature on industry creation and social movement outcomes to identify the main factors that shape the global development of the wind power industry. It builds a model that illustrates the pathways through which environmental activists, organizations, and research institutes contribute to the growth of this industry. The model's fundamental assumption is that the environmental movement's influence is mediated by social context and natural resources. The chapter also tests the model using quantitative analysis. Results from regression analysis offer support for the theoretical model and are consistent with previous studies on industry emergence and social movement outcomes. These results advance research on industry creation and social movement outcomes by showing that the effect of the variable that measures the strength of environmental organizations is mediated by the natural resources and social context variables. The findings are also consistent with the argument advanced by many energy analysts—that renewable energy feed‐in tariffs (FITs) are essential for the rapid growth of the industry. Taken together, results from the quantitative analysis show that the wind energy industry grows faster in countries that have strong environmental organizations, as well as high‐quality wind and pro‐environment political allies aligned with environmental organizations.Less
This chapter combines insight from the literature on industry creation and social movement outcomes to identify the main factors that shape the global development of the wind power industry. It builds a model that illustrates the pathways through which environmental activists, organizations, and research institutes contribute to the growth of this industry. The model's fundamental assumption is that the environmental movement's influence is mediated by social context and natural resources. The chapter also tests the model using quantitative analysis. Results from regression analysis offer support for the theoretical model and are consistent with previous studies on industry emergence and social movement outcomes. These results advance research on industry creation and social movement outcomes by showing that the effect of the variable that measures the strength of environmental organizations is mediated by the natural resources and social context variables. The findings are also consistent with the argument advanced by many energy analysts—that renewable energy feed‐in tariffs (FITs) are essential for the rapid growth of the industry. Taken together, results from the quantitative analysis show that the wind energy industry grows faster in countries that have strong environmental organizations, as well as high‐quality wind and pro‐environment political allies aligned with environmental organizations.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff ...
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This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff (FIT) policies—Germany, Denmark, and Spain—it shows that the environmental movement contributes to both the adoption and implementation of those policies through campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. The chapter also shows that environmental groups' ability to influence the adoption of pro–renewable energy policies depends on their ability to mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions, to take advantage of favorable political contexts and an unbiased mass media, and to instill positive public opinion. Environmental groups vigorously defended the implementation of feed‐in tariffs whenever they were threatened by the fossil‐fuel, nuclear power, or utility lobbies. Environmental groups fighting for strong policies have been successful, particularly when they could build large pro–renewable energy coalitions with unions, farmers, and civic associations; when they had allies among political elites; and when mass media's coverage of environmental issues was favorable and public opinion was positive.Less
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff (FIT) policies—Germany, Denmark, and Spain—it shows that the environmental movement contributes to both the adoption and implementation of those policies through campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. The chapter also shows that environmental groups' ability to influence the adoption of pro–renewable energy policies depends on their ability to mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions, to take advantage of favorable political contexts and an unbiased mass media, and to instill positive public opinion. Environmental groups vigorously defended the implementation of feed‐in tariffs whenever they were threatened by the fossil‐fuel, nuclear power, or utility lobbies. Environmental groups fighting for strong policies have been successful, particularly when they could build large pro–renewable energy coalitions with unions, farmers, and civic associations; when they had allies among political elites; and when mass media's coverage of environmental issues was favorable and public opinion was positive.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less ...
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This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less favorable to the environmental movement. It shows that the environmental movement can contribute to the adoption and implementation of policies such as a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) through its campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. However, while environmental groups mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions to shape the adoption and implementation of pro–renewable energy policies, their ability to reach their goals is severely limited when they lack influential political allies and when they face a biased mass media and less‐favorable public opinion. The environmental movement in the United Kingdom influenced the revision of the Renewables Obligation (RO) policy and the adoption of a feed‐in tariff. In the United States and Canada, environmental groups had little impact on the federal policymaking process but contributed to state and provincial governments' decisions to adopt renewable portfolio standards and feed‐in tariffs.Less
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less favorable to the environmental movement. It shows that the environmental movement can contribute to the adoption and implementation of policies such as a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) through its campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. However, while environmental groups mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions to shape the adoption and implementation of pro–renewable energy policies, their ability to reach their goals is severely limited when they lack influential political allies and when they face a biased mass media and less‐favorable public opinion. The environmental movement in the United Kingdom influenced the revision of the Renewables Obligation (RO) policy and the adoption of a feed‐in tariff. In the United States and Canada, environmental groups had little impact on the federal policymaking process but contributed to state and provincial governments' decisions to adopt renewable portfolio standards and feed‐in tariffs.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter shows that although American environmental groups had little success in influencing federal energy policies, they contributed to a significant increase in local demand for renewable ...
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This chapter shows that although American environmental groups had little success in influencing federal energy policies, they contributed to a significant increase in local demand for renewable energy. The chapter shows how environmental groups shape organizations' decisions to purchase green power. Many environmental groups offer crucial mobilizing resources for green‐power champions. Others act as brokers who connect organizations with renewable energy developers or utilities, as certification agents who verify the purchase of renewable energy certificates (RECs), or as organizers of protests, boycotts, or shareholder activism. The analysis demonstrates that, while environmental groups and activists can sometimes pressure organizations to change “from the outside” through protests, boycotts, and lawsuits, their most significant impact is through creating change “from the inside.” In the case of colleges and universities, national and local environmental groups have pushed for green‐power purchases both bottom‐up, by organizing student campaigns for clean energy, and top‐down, by coordinating a network of college and university presidents who are committed to addressing climate change. In the case of companies, environmental groups have pushed for green‐power purchases mostly from the center by offering resources to mid‐level employees and environmental managers.Less
This chapter shows that although American environmental groups had little success in influencing federal energy policies, they contributed to a significant increase in local demand for renewable energy. The chapter shows how environmental groups shape organizations' decisions to purchase green power. Many environmental groups offer crucial mobilizing resources for green‐power champions. Others act as brokers who connect organizations with renewable energy developers or utilities, as certification agents who verify the purchase of renewable energy certificates (RECs), or as organizers of protests, boycotts, or shareholder activism. The analysis demonstrates that, while environmental groups and activists can sometimes pressure organizations to change “from the outside” through protests, boycotts, and lawsuits, their most significant impact is through creating change “from the inside.” In the case of colleges and universities, national and local environmental groups have pushed for green‐power purchases both bottom‐up, by organizing student campaigns for clean energy, and top‐down, by coordinating a network of college and university presidents who are committed to addressing climate change. In the case of companies, environmental groups have pushed for green‐power purchases mostly from the center by offering resources to mid‐level employees and environmental managers.
Joanna D. Haigh and Peter Cargill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153834
- eISBN:
- 9781400866540
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153834.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
The Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating ...
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The Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating across the planet produces global wind patterns and contributes to the formation of clouds, storms, and rainfall. This book provides an unparalleled introduction to this vitally important relationship. The book covers the basic properties of the Earth's climate system, the structure and behavior of the Sun, and the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. It explains how solar activity varies and how these variations affect the Earth's environment, from long-term paleoclimate effects to century timescales in the context of human-induced climate change, and from signals of the 11-year sunspot cycle to the impacts of solar emissions on space weather in our planet's upper atmosphere.Less
The Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating across the planet produces global wind patterns and contributes to the formation of clouds, storms, and rainfall. This book provides an unparalleled introduction to this vitally important relationship. The book covers the basic properties of the Earth's climate system, the structure and behavior of the Sun, and the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. It explains how solar activity varies and how these variations affect the Earth's environment, from long-term paleoclimate effects to century timescales in the context of human-induced climate change, and from signals of the 11-year sunspot cycle to the impacts of solar emissions on space weather in our planet's upper atmosphere.
J. Eduardo P. W. Bicudo, William A. Buttemer, Mark A. Chappell, James T. Pearson, and Claus Bech
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228447
- eISBN:
- 9780191711305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228447.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The emergence of new techniques, methods, and analytical approaches is hard to predict. Research on avian biology has greatly benefitted from technical advances (for example tracking technology), and ...
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The emergence of new techniques, methods, and analytical approaches is hard to predict. Research on avian biology has greatly benefitted from technical advances (for example tracking technology), and it should continue to do so in the coming decades. From that perspective, this chapter briefly discusses several new areas of research that it is believed will profoundly influence our understanding of avian biology in general and evolutionary physiology in particular. These range from molecular and genomic methods, to new technical approaches addressing longstanding physiological questions.Less
The emergence of new techniques, methods, and analytical approaches is hard to predict. Research on avian biology has greatly benefitted from technical advances (for example tracking technology), and it should continue to do so in the coming decades. From that perspective, this chapter briefly discusses several new areas of research that it is believed will profoundly influence our understanding of avian biology in general and evolutionary physiology in particular. These range from molecular and genomic methods, to new technical approaches addressing longstanding physiological questions.
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The metabolic costs of flapping flight were measured in 37 species using a variety of techniques. Data included free flight and wind tunnel studies. The loss of body mass after long distance flights ...
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The metabolic costs of flapping flight were measured in 37 species using a variety of techniques. Data included free flight and wind tunnel studies. The loss of body mass after long distance flights and food balance experiments under controlled conditions provided reliable figures. Flight costs were also derived from measurements of the exchange of respiratory gasses, and from changes in the concentrations of stable heavy isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen injected in the blood. Heart rate telemetry is another indirect way to detect oxygen consumption. To determine flight costs, knowledge of the substance burnt is required — a condition which is difficult to meet. The decay of the concentration of a stable carbon isotope also yields reliable figures. Eleven reliable metabolic costs studies using respirometry of hovering flight include ten hummingbirds and one sunbird.Less
The metabolic costs of flapping flight were measured in 37 species using a variety of techniques. Data included free flight and wind tunnel studies. The loss of body mass after long distance flights and food balance experiments under controlled conditions provided reliable figures. Flight costs were also derived from measurements of the exchange of respiratory gasses, and from changes in the concentrations of stable heavy isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen injected in the blood. Heart rate telemetry is another indirect way to detect oxygen consumption. To determine flight costs, knowledge of the substance burnt is required — a condition which is difficult to meet. The decay of the concentration of a stable carbon isotope also yields reliable figures. Eleven reliable metabolic costs studies using respirometry of hovering flight include ten hummingbirds and one sunbird.
Ernest H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
The central theme in this chapter on the reproduction of flowering plants is the tremendous diversity of reproductive mechanisms that exists to achieve pollination and to disperse seeds. The floral ...
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The central theme in this chapter on the reproduction of flowering plants is the tremendous diversity of reproductive mechanisms that exists to achieve pollination and to disperse seeds. The floral features that attract visual pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds are appealing to the eye, but not all flowers are visually attractive. For many, wind is an alternative mechanism for the transfer of pollen; for some, odor is more important than appearance; and for those that open at night, visual patterns are decidedly secondary. Further steps are needed after pollen has been transported from one flower to another and each egg in the flower's ovary has been fertilized by one of the two sperm nuclei from each pollen grain. Reproduction is not complete until dispersal of the developed seeds, and plants offer a surprising array of mechanisms to achieve that goal.Less
The central theme in this chapter on the reproduction of flowering plants is the tremendous diversity of reproductive mechanisms that exists to achieve pollination and to disperse seeds. The floral features that attract visual pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds are appealing to the eye, but not all flowers are visually attractive. For many, wind is an alternative mechanism for the transfer of pollen; for some, odor is more important than appearance; and for those that open at night, visual patterns are decidedly secondary. Further steps are needed after pollen has been transported from one flower to another and each egg in the flower's ovary has been fertilized by one of the two sperm nuclei from each pollen grain. Reproduction is not complete until dispersal of the developed seeds, and plants offer a surprising array of mechanisms to achieve that goal.
Marc Redfield
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231232
- eISBN:
- 9780823241118
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231232.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, did symbolic as well as literal damage. A trace of this cultural shock echoes in the American idiom 9/11: a bare name-date conveying both a trauma (the ...
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The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, did symbolic as well as literal damage. A trace of this cultural shock echoes in the American idiom 9/11: a bare name-date conveying both a trauma (the unspeakable happened then) and a claim on our knowledge. In the first of the two interlinked essays of this book, the author proposes the notion of virtual trauma to describe the cultural wound that this name-date both deflects and relays. Virtual trauma describes the shock of an event at once terribly real and utterly mediated. In consequence, a tormented self-reflexivity has tended to characterize representations of 9/11 in texts, discussions, and films, such as World Trade Center and United 93. In the second half of the book, the author examines the historical and philosophical infrastructure of the notion of war on terror. He argues that the declaration of war on terror is the exemplary postmodern sovereign speech act: it unleashes war as terror and terror as war, while remaining a crazed, even in a certain sense fictional performative utterance. Only a pseudosovereign—the executive officer of the world's superpower—could have declared this absolute, phantasmatic, yet terribly damaging war. Though politicized terror and absolute war have their roots in the French Revolution and the emergence of the modern nation-state, the author suggests that the idea of a war on terror relays the complex, spectral afterlife of sovereignty in an era of biopower, global capital, and telecommunication.Less
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, did symbolic as well as literal damage. A trace of this cultural shock echoes in the American idiom 9/11: a bare name-date conveying both a trauma (the unspeakable happened then) and a claim on our knowledge. In the first of the two interlinked essays of this book, the author proposes the notion of virtual trauma to describe the cultural wound that this name-date both deflects and relays. Virtual trauma describes the shock of an event at once terribly real and utterly mediated. In consequence, a tormented self-reflexivity has tended to characterize representations of 9/11 in texts, discussions, and films, such as World Trade Center and United 93. In the second half of the book, the author examines the historical and philosophical infrastructure of the notion of war on terror. He argues that the declaration of war on terror is the exemplary postmodern sovereign speech act: it unleashes war as terror and terror as war, while remaining a crazed, even in a certain sense fictional performative utterance. Only a pseudosovereign—the executive officer of the world's superpower—could have declared this absolute, phantasmatic, yet terribly damaging war. Though politicized terror and absolute war have their roots in the French Revolution and the emergence of the modern nation-state, the author suggests that the idea of a war on terror relays the complex, spectral afterlife of sovereignty in an era of biopower, global capital, and telecommunication.
