Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0020
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the ...
More
Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the 1990s, and despite newly emerging diseases like SARS in 2003 and the fearsome prospect of human-to-human avian flu, it is nevertheless a time of some excitement over prospects for effective control of much of infectious disease. Funded by national and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and even popular entertainers, like Bono, large-scale new efforts are under way to address global killers like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, among others. This “marvelous momentum” can be seen as part of a continuing effort from the time of Jenner on. Extrapolating from this, we “think big” in order to explore the notion of a comprehensive global effort. Five tracks are identified: 1) national and international organizations and the development of collective will; 2) epidemiologic and healthcare infrastructure; 3) scientific development; 4) religious, social, and cultural considerations; 5) legal and social protections for individuals and groups.Less
Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the 1990s, and despite newly emerging diseases like SARS in 2003 and the fearsome prospect of human-to-human avian flu, it is nevertheless a time of some excitement over prospects for effective control of much of infectious disease. Funded by national and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and even popular entertainers, like Bono, large-scale new efforts are under way to address global killers like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, among others. This “marvelous momentum” can be seen as part of a continuing effort from the time of Jenner on. Extrapolating from this, we “think big” in order to explore the notion of a comprehensive global effort. Five tracks are identified: 1) national and international organizations and the development of collective will; 2) epidemiologic and healthcare infrastructure; 3) scientific development; 4) religious, social, and cultural considerations; 5) legal and social protections for individuals and groups.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter considers the who, what, where, when, why, and how of agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS).
This chapter considers the who, what, where, when, why, and how of agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS).
Jacques Werner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578184.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private ...
More
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.Less
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.
George M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies ...
More
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.Less
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.
Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the ...
More
The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the organization to innovate and adapt effectively. This chapter discusses how the knowing organization model relates to other models of organizational learning. The chapter also summarizes the practical implications of the model, drawing examples from new cases and cases presented earlier in the book.Less
The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the organization to innovate and adapt effectively. This chapter discusses how the knowing organization model relates to other models of organizational learning. The chapter also summarizes the practical implications of the model, drawing examples from new cases and cases presented earlier in the book.
Philip Waller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541201
- eISBN:
- 9780191717284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541201.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter considers how people became professional writers is one subject of this chapter, looking at new schools of journalism as well help and advice given to novices by the more established. A ...
More
This chapter considers how people became professional writers is one subject of this chapter, looking at new schools of journalism as well help and advice given to novices by the more established. A clear refrain is writers' insecurity and impecuniousness. Relatively few lived by the pen and fewer still lived well. Yet most ordinary occupations were hazardous and ill-paid, and writing as a career continued to attract because of the romance associated with the exercise of imagination and the creation of literature of lasting significance. While the vast majority failed to become independent writers, many thousands were proud to be part-time authors and to find outlets for their poetry and stories in the expanding newspaper and periodicals market. The chapter also examines writers' mutual assistance in manipulatiing publicity media — interviewing or writing about each other, or planting items in gossip columns — as the fashion for personal journalism, another facet of the New Journalism, developed. Douglas Sladen, initiator of a remodelled Who's Who, was a key figure in this promotion of writers to celebrity status and, while satirised by Pinero and others, most were pleased to have their names in the public eye.Less
This chapter considers how people became professional writers is one subject of this chapter, looking at new schools of journalism as well help and advice given to novices by the more established. A clear refrain is writers' insecurity and impecuniousness. Relatively few lived by the pen and fewer still lived well. Yet most ordinary occupations were hazardous and ill-paid, and writing as a career continued to attract because of the romance associated with the exercise of imagination and the creation of literature of lasting significance. While the vast majority failed to become independent writers, many thousands were proud to be part-time authors and to find outlets for their poetry and stories in the expanding newspaper and periodicals market. The chapter also examines writers' mutual assistance in manipulatiing publicity media — interviewing or writing about each other, or planting items in gossip columns — as the fashion for personal journalism, another facet of the New Journalism, developed. Douglas Sladen, initiator of a remodelled Who's Who, was a key figure in this promotion of writers to celebrity status and, while satirised by Pinero and others, most were pleased to have their names in the public eye.
Paul Borgman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331608.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
“Who is David?” asks a wealthy and churlish land‐owner, Nabal, in a belittling manner (I Samuel, 25:2). “Whose son is this man?” asks Israel's first king, Saul, as David goes out to fight Goliath—in ...
More
“Who is David?” asks a wealthy and churlish land‐owner, Nabal, in a belittling manner (I Samuel, 25:2). “Whose son is this man?” asks Israel's first king, Saul, as David goes out to fight Goliath—in spite of the narrative fact that David has already been introduced to Saul. “Who am I, O Lord God?” asks David later in the story, after Saul's death and his own rise to power: “who am I….that you have brought me this far?” (II, 7:18). Uncovering and solving this story's implicit questions—and explicit, as above—depends on close attention to the dozen or so broad patterns of repetition governing the narrative's progress. The ancient storyteller relied on techniques of repetition geared for skilled listeners, and within these various kinds of repetition were discovered the story's embedded meaning, its mysteries of character, action, and moral vision.Less
“Who is David?” asks a wealthy and churlish land‐owner, Nabal, in a belittling manner (I Samuel, 25:2). “Whose son is this man?” asks Israel's first king, Saul, as David goes out to fight Goliath—in spite of the narrative fact that David has already been introduced to Saul. “Who am I, O Lord God?” asks David later in the story, after Saul's death and his own rise to power: “who am I….that you have brought me this far?” (II, 7:18). Uncovering and solving this story's implicit questions—and explicit, as above—depends on close attention to the dozen or so broad patterns of repetition governing the narrative's progress. The ancient storyteller relied on techniques of repetition geared for skilled listeners, and within these various kinds of repetition were discovered the story's embedded meaning, its mysteries of character, action, and moral vision.
Fiona Randall and R S Downie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567363
- eISBN:
- 9780191730535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. ...
More
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.Less
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.
Kimberley Christine Patton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195091069
- eISBN:
- 9780199871568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195091069.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
In many of the world's religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, a seemingly enigmatic and paradoxical image is found—that of the god who worships. Various interpretations of this seeming ...
More
In many of the world's religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, a seemingly enigmatic and paradoxical image is found—that of the god who worships. Various interpretations of this seeming paradox have been advanced. Some suggest that it represents sacrifice to a higher deity. Proponents of anthropomorphic projection say that the gods are just “big people” and that images of human religious action are simply projected onto the deities. However, such explanations do not do justice to the complexity and diversity of this phenomenon. This book takes up anew a longstanding challenge in ancient Greek religious iconography: why are the Olympian gods depicted on classical pottery making libations? The sacrificing gods in ancient Greece are compared to gods who perform rituals in six other religious traditions: the Vedic gods, the heterodox god Zurvan of early Zoroastrianism, the Old Norse god Odin, the Christian God and Christ, the God of Judaism, and Islam's Allah. The book examines the comparative evidence from a cultural and historical perspective, uncovering deep structural resonances while also revealing crucial differences. Instead of looking for invisible recipients or lost myths, the book proposes the new category of “divine reflexivity.” Divinely performed ritual is a self-reflexive, self-expressive action that signals the origin of ritual in the divine and not the human realm. Above all, divine ritual is generative, both instigating and inspiring human religious activity. The religion practiced by the gods is both like and unlike human religious action. Seen from within the religious tradition, gods are not “big people,” but other than human. Human ritual is directed outward to a divine being, but the gods practice ritual on their own behalf. “Cultic time,” the symbiotic performance of ritual both in heaven and on earth, collapses the distinction between cult and theology each time ritual is performed.Less
In many of the world's religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, a seemingly enigmatic and paradoxical image is found—that of the god who worships. Various interpretations of this seeming paradox have been advanced. Some suggest that it represents sacrifice to a higher deity. Proponents of anthropomorphic projection say that the gods are just “big people” and that images of human religious action are simply projected onto the deities. However, such explanations do not do justice to the complexity and diversity of this phenomenon. This book takes up anew a longstanding challenge in ancient Greek religious iconography: why are the Olympian gods depicted on classical pottery making libations? The sacrificing gods in ancient Greece are compared to gods who perform rituals in six other religious traditions: the Vedic gods, the heterodox god Zurvan of early Zoroastrianism, the Old Norse god Odin, the Christian God and Christ, the God of Judaism, and Islam's Allah. The book examines the comparative evidence from a cultural and historical perspective, uncovering deep structural resonances while also revealing crucial differences. Instead of looking for invisible recipients or lost myths, the book proposes the new category of “divine reflexivity.” Divinely performed ritual is a self-reflexive, self-expressive action that signals the origin of ritual in the divine and not the human realm. Above all, divine ritual is generative, both instigating and inspiring human religious activity. The religion practiced by the gods is both like and unlike human religious action. Seen from within the religious tradition, gods are not “big people,” but other than human. Human ritual is directed outward to a divine being, but the gods practice ritual on their own behalf. “Cultic time,” the symbiotic performance of ritual both in heaven and on earth, collapses the distinction between cult and theology each time ritual is performed.
Louis Niebur
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195368406
- eISBN:
- 9780199863853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368406.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Popular
Throughout the 1970s, synthesizers continually dropped in price while improving in design and ease of use; consequently, electronic music was no longer only within the financial range of universities ...
More
Throughout the 1970s, synthesizers continually dropped in price while improving in design and ease of use; consequently, electronic music was no longer only within the financial range of universities and government‐funded institutions such as the BBC. In particular, the success of popular artists such as Pink Floyd (who earlier had actually used the equipment at the Workshop), Vangelis, and Jean‐Michel Jarre forced the composers at the Radiophonic Workshop to adapt their compositional style. Especially with the addition of pop musician Paddy Kingsland, the general tone of the Workshop's output changed: a distinctly commercial pop sound was combined with a tech‐heavy emphasis on electronic production.Less
Throughout the 1970s, synthesizers continually dropped in price while improving in design and ease of use; consequently, electronic music was no longer only within the financial range of universities and government‐funded institutions such as the BBC. In particular, the success of popular artists such as Pink Floyd (who earlier had actually used the equipment at the Workshop), Vangelis, and Jean‐Michel Jarre forced the composers at the Radiophonic Workshop to adapt their compositional style. Especially with the addition of pop musician Paddy Kingsland, the general tone of the Workshop's output changed: a distinctly commercial pop sound was combined with a tech‐heavy emphasis on electronic production.
Louis Niebur
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195368406
- eISBN:
- 9780199863853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368406.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Popular
In the 1980s, the Workshop composed hundreds of pop electronic incidental scores for successful, influential television programs such as Doctor Who, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the ...
More
In the 1980s, the Workshop composed hundreds of pop electronic incidental scores for successful, influential television programs such as Doctor Who, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the ongoing BBC Schools production Look and Read. And with the adoption of the Mac computer, the Workshop became one of the most sophisticated MIDI‐controlled studios in Europe. Ultimately, however, as popular music continued to adopt electronic techniques, the lack of a unique sound at the Workshop led to its gradual decline, and the BBC's decision that all departments must be self‐sufficient led to the Workshop's closure in 1998.Less
In the 1980s, the Workshop composed hundreds of pop electronic incidental scores for successful, influential television programs such as Doctor Who, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the ongoing BBC Schools production Look and Read. And with the adoption of the Mac computer, the Workshop became one of the most sophisticated MIDI‐controlled studios in Europe. Ultimately, however, as popular music continued to adopt electronic techniques, the lack of a unique sound at the Workshop led to its gradual decline, and the BBC's decision that all departments must be self‐sufficient led to the Workshop's closure in 1998.
Patricia Owens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199299362
- eISBN:
- 9780191715051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299362.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter addresses Arendt's method of thinking about politics and war. It was a fundamental conviction that the most significant changes in social and political life could not be understood ...
More
This chapter addresses Arendt's method of thinking about politics and war. It was a fundamental conviction that the most significant changes in social and political life could not be understood through the projection of continuous historical laws. It was the nature of both politics and war to bring about the unexpected. Inspired, in part, by the tradition of historiography that emerged out of the realist writing of Homer and Thucydides, Arendt argued that it was essential to divorce the meaning of events from our ethical judgement of them. We should and do make ethical judgements. The difference is that we must also pay attention to the distinctly political criteria for judging action, which Arendt believed to be greatness. This understanding of the history of war and forms of agency in wartime is illustrated with the case of suicide bombing. ‘Who’, if anyone, is revealed in such acts?Less
This chapter addresses Arendt's method of thinking about politics and war. It was a fundamental conviction that the most significant changes in social and political life could not be understood through the projection of continuous historical laws. It was the nature of both politics and war to bring about the unexpected. Inspired, in part, by the tradition of historiography that emerged out of the realist writing of Homer and Thucydides, Arendt argued that it was essential to divorce the meaning of events from our ethical judgement of them. We should and do make ethical judgements. The difference is that we must also pay attention to the distinctly political criteria for judging action, which Arendt believed to be greatness. This understanding of the history of war and forms of agency in wartime is illustrated with the case of suicide bombing. ‘Who’, if anyone, is revealed in such acts?
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of ...
More
Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of developed and developing countries to alter the TRIPS deal, both by influencing decisions at the national level and by renegotiating the terms of TRIPS. Post‐agreement bargaining on TRIPS, and international IP regulation more broadly, gave rise to an increasingly complex global IP system. Many developing countries became party to additional international IP commitments. With the growing engagement of NGOs, industry, and international organizations such as WIPO and WHO, the scope of global IP debates broadened and external interest in how developing countries implemented particular IP reforms intensified. Amidst the cacophony of voices, two core teams animated global IP debates: a pro‐IP team in favour of swift compliance and TRIPS‐plus protection, and a pro‐development team in favour of tailoring IP regulation to development priorities.Less
Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of developed and developing countries to alter the TRIPS deal, both by influencing decisions at the national level and by renegotiating the terms of TRIPS. Post‐agreement bargaining on TRIPS, and international IP regulation more broadly, gave rise to an increasingly complex global IP system. Many developing countries became party to additional international IP commitments. With the growing engagement of NGOs, industry, and international organizations such as WIPO and WHO, the scope of global IP debates broadened and external interest in how developing countries implemented particular IP reforms intensified. Amidst the cacophony of voices, two core teams animated global IP debates: a pro‐IP team in favour of swift compliance and TRIPS‐plus protection, and a pro‐development team in favour of tailoring IP regulation to development priorities.
Stephen Ansolabehere and Eitan Hersh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151106
- eISBN:
- 9781400840304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151106.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter considers how voters are different from nonvoters with respect to their demographic and ideological attributes, and if election outcomes would change if everyone voted. It first explains ...
More
This chapter considers how voters are different from nonvoters with respect to their demographic and ideological attributes, and if election outcomes would change if everyone voted. It first explains why vote misreporting presents a problem for studies of participatory bias. Then, the chapter introduces the vote validation study conducted as part of the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). It then compares voters to nonvoters along key demographic and attitudinal variables, using both CCES and ANES data. Here, the chapter shows how misreporting exaggerates the differences between voters and nonvoters, and it also addresses the problem with bias ratio measures. Finally, this chapter simulates higher voter turnout and shows that if more people voted, election results would hardly be affected at all.Less
This chapter considers how voters are different from nonvoters with respect to their demographic and ideological attributes, and if election outcomes would change if everyone voted. It first explains why vote misreporting presents a problem for studies of participatory bias. Then, the chapter introduces the vote validation study conducted as part of the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). It then compares voters to nonvoters along key demographic and attitudinal variables, using both CCES and ANES data. Here, the chapter shows how misreporting exaggerates the differences between voters and nonvoters, and it also addresses the problem with bias ratio measures. Finally, this chapter simulates higher voter turnout and shows that if more people voted, election results would hardly be affected at all.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The parable of the Sower is widely regarded as “the great watershed of all Jesus’ parables” (Capon 1985), but its meaning has been disputed, and the parable has even been used (by Crossan 1978) as a ...
More
The parable of the Sower is widely regarded as “the great watershed of all Jesus’ parables” (Capon 1985), but its meaning has been disputed, and the parable has even been used (by Crossan 1978) as a prime example of the indeterminacy (or “hermeneutical polyvalence”) of Jesus’ parables. This chapter strongly opposes such claims and it argues that Jesus intended to convey through this parable a clear and unambiguous message that he wanted to be heard (“He who has ears to hear, let him hear”). This message, illuminated by Mark's own interpretation, is explicated in the chapter, in simple and universal human concepts. The chapter emphasizes the irony of the fact that of all Jesus’ parables, it is the Sower that should have been chosen as a “metaparable to deconstruct all parables,” and to attack the very idea of a message intended to be heard and understood.Less
The parable of the Sower is widely regarded as “the great watershed of all Jesus’ parables” (Capon 1985), but its meaning has been disputed, and the parable has even been used (by Crossan 1978) as a prime example of the indeterminacy (or “hermeneutical polyvalence”) of Jesus’ parables. This chapter strongly opposes such claims and it argues that Jesus intended to convey through this parable a clear and unambiguous message that he wanted to be heard (“He who has ears to hear, let him hear”). This message, illuminated by Mark's own interpretation, is explicated in the chapter, in simple and universal human concepts. The chapter emphasizes the irony of the fact that of all Jesus’ parables, it is the Sower that should have been chosen as a “metaparable to deconstruct all parables,” and to attack the very idea of a message intended to be heard and understood.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South ...
More
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.Less
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.
Douglas Robinson
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195076004
- eISBN:
- 9780199855131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195076004.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
This chapter discusses the story of “Who Dealt?,” providing an antithetical reading of Tom Cannon's asceticism. What is most characteristic about the critical readings of “Who Dealt?” is in fact a ...
More
This chapter discusses the story of “Who Dealt?,” providing an antithetical reading of Tom Cannon's asceticism. What is most characteristic about the critical readings of “Who Dealt?” is in fact a kind of serene consensus—a consensus whose serenity is largely maintained by its ideological normativeness, its grounding in “normal” masculine contempt for feminine discourse, and “normal” upper-middle-class contempt for lower-middle-class discourse.Less
This chapter discusses the story of “Who Dealt?,” providing an antithetical reading of Tom Cannon's asceticism. What is most characteristic about the critical readings of “Who Dealt?” is in fact a kind of serene consensus—a consensus whose serenity is largely maintained by its ideological normativeness, its grounding in “normal” masculine contempt for feminine discourse, and “normal” upper-middle-class contempt for lower-middle-class discourse.
Douglas Robinson
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195076004
- eISBN:
- 9780199855131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195076004.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
In the primary narrative of “Who Dealt?,” Lardner did not create a fictionalized version of himself. Tom is a small-town businessman in Maine who went to Yale and lost the woman he loved to another ...
More
In the primary narrative of “Who Dealt?,” Lardner did not create a fictionalized version of himself. Tom is a small-town businessman in Maine who went to Yale and lost the woman he loved to another man and never became a published writer. Lardner was a popular journalist and sportswriter in Chicago and New York who never went to college and married the woman he loved. In other words, let him not be taken to be setting up a superficial one-to-one correspondence between the author and character. But somehow, Tom Cannon also is Ring Lardner. Like Tom, Lardner was an unconfident writer for whom writing was never easy and who never thought of himself as a writer someday.Less
In the primary narrative of “Who Dealt?,” Lardner did not create a fictionalized version of himself. Tom is a small-town businessman in Maine who went to Yale and lost the woman he loved to another man and never became a published writer. Lardner was a popular journalist and sportswriter in Chicago and New York who never went to college and married the woman he loved. In other words, let him not be taken to be setting up a superficial one-to-one correspondence between the author and character. But somehow, Tom Cannon also is Ring Lardner. Like Tom, Lardner was an unconfident writer for whom writing was never easy and who never thought of himself as a writer someday.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, ...
More
This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, worldwide. The available estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia are compared to estimates from other regions. Most observations are for young children and, to a lesser extent, for females of reproductive age. The anthropometric status of these population groups in the various countries, along age and gender lines and also the rural/urban divide, are mapped. A puzzling finding is that the prevalence of undernutrition, when measured by anthropometrics—both in young children and adult women—is by far the highest in South Asia, while the (FAO) food‐supply‐based estimates find the incidence to be the highest in sub‐Saharan Africa (also see Ch. 18).Less
This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, worldwide. The available estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia are compared to estimates from other regions. Most observations are for young children and, to a lesser extent, for females of reproductive age. The anthropometric status of these population groups in the various countries, along age and gender lines and also the rural/urban divide, are mapped. A puzzling finding is that the prevalence of undernutrition, when measured by anthropometrics—both in young children and adult women—is by far the highest in South Asia, while the (FAO) food‐supply‐based estimates find the incidence to be the highest in sub‐Saharan Africa (also see Ch. 18).
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the ...
More
This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands) have histories of stillbirth registration dating back to the early years of the 19th century, or the 1750s in the case of Sweden. For this group, it is possible to demonstrate the effects of variations in registration practice (how stillbirths were defined); the impact of improvements in the training, regulation, and effectiveness of midwives; and, from the late 1930s, the influence of successive advances in drug and medical technology (antibiotics, blood transfusion, incubators, ultrasound). The second group includes the USA and Britain. Here stillbirths only began to be registered in the 20th century so that a long-term perspective requires the estimation of mortality rates. Estimates of the stillbirth rate for England are derived using neonatal mortality as the base. The third group of countries is illustrated by France, Italy, and Spain. Here Catholic tradition encouraged the baptism in utero of unborn fetuses, especially if they were in great danger. A number of high mortality African countries will be used as examples for group four. The World Health Organization has recently derived new estimates of late-fetal and intrapartum mortality which show that in some West African countries more than 5% of fetuses that have reached twenty-eight weeks gestation will be born dead. This fourth group offers a sharp and reasonably well-documented perspective on historical patterns.Less
This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands) have histories of stillbirth registration dating back to the early years of the 19th century, or the 1750s in the case of Sweden. For this group, it is possible to demonstrate the effects of variations in registration practice (how stillbirths were defined); the impact of improvements in the training, regulation, and effectiveness of midwives; and, from the late 1930s, the influence of successive advances in drug and medical technology (antibiotics, blood transfusion, incubators, ultrasound). The second group includes the USA and Britain. Here stillbirths only began to be registered in the 20th century so that a long-term perspective requires the estimation of mortality rates. Estimates of the stillbirth rate for England are derived using neonatal mortality as the base. The third group of countries is illustrated by France, Italy, and Spain. Here Catholic tradition encouraged the baptism in utero of unborn fetuses, especially if they were in great danger. A number of high mortality African countries will be used as examples for group four. The World Health Organization has recently derived new estimates of late-fetal and intrapartum mortality which show that in some West African countries more than 5% of fetuses that have reached twenty-eight weeks gestation will be born dead. This fourth group offers a sharp and reasonably well-documented perspective on historical patterns.
