Reinhard Strohm (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266564
- eISBN:
- 9780191889394
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266564.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
The book, derived from the Balzan musicology project ‘Towards a global history of music’, describes cultural traditions and communication patterns of music, dance and theatre in the world region ...
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The book, derived from the Balzan musicology project ‘Towards a global history of music’, describes cultural traditions and communication patterns of music, dance and theatre in the world region between India and the Mediterranean in the last 2000 years. The new metaphor of the ‘Music Road’—the western half of the ‘Silk Road’—refers to the travels of musical songs, instruments and ideas across both space and time. The book has an introduction and 16 chapters, each by a different author. Highlighted are the following cultural traditions: ancient Gandhāra (first centuries ce); traditions of the Alexander legend; the musical philosophy and practice of Muslim societies; colonial India and the West; Greek music and nationalism (19th–20th centuries); travelling music-theatre companies in the Eastern Mediterranean; the ‘Gypsy rhapsody’ in European art music. The keynote chapter by Martin Stokes reviews the work of Villoteau and Lachmann, advocating a fusion of historical thought and ethnomusicology. The book offers case studies not only on music per se, but also on fine art, dance, musical theatre, on the theology, philosophy, historiography and literature of music, and on East–West relations in the musical practice of colonial and modern times. It is argued in the introduction and implied elsewhere that the musical culture of this world region, and its interactions with the West, have always been on the move, that its diversities and disruptions are counterbalanced by numerous internal and external linkages, and that the reifying term of ‘orientalism’ might be replaced by ‘the East–West imagination’.Less
The book, derived from the Balzan musicology project ‘Towards a global history of music’, describes cultural traditions and communication patterns of music, dance and theatre in the world region between India and the Mediterranean in the last 2000 years. The new metaphor of the ‘Music Road’—the western half of the ‘Silk Road’—refers to the travels of musical songs, instruments and ideas across both space and time. The book has an introduction and 16 chapters, each by a different author. Highlighted are the following cultural traditions: ancient Gandhāra (first centuries ce); traditions of the Alexander legend; the musical philosophy and practice of Muslim societies; colonial India and the West; Greek music and nationalism (19th–20th centuries); travelling music-theatre companies in the Eastern Mediterranean; the ‘Gypsy rhapsody’ in European art music. The keynote chapter by Martin Stokes reviews the work of Villoteau and Lachmann, advocating a fusion of historical thought and ethnomusicology. The book offers case studies not only on music per se, but also on fine art, dance, musical theatre, on the theology, philosophy, historiography and literature of music, and on East–West relations in the musical practice of colonial and modern times. It is argued in the introduction and implied elsewhere that the musical culture of this world region, and its interactions with the West, have always been on the move, that its diversities and disruptions are counterbalanced by numerous internal and external linkages, and that the reifying term of ‘orientalism’ might be replaced by ‘the East–West imagination’.
Nora Fisher Onar and Ahmet Evin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594627
- eISBN:
- 9780191595738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594627.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Political Theory
Nora Fisher Onar and Ahmet Evin trace continuity and changes in several schools of thought on Europe from the inception of Ottoman Westernization to the present. They then turn to key moments in the ...
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Nora Fisher Onar and Ahmet Evin trace continuity and changes in several schools of thought on Europe from the inception of Ottoman Westernization to the present. They then turn to key moments in the 1999 to 2009 period during which debates on Turkey's place in Europe were particularly intense in light of acquisition of EU candidate status in 1999 and the ensuing accession debate over Islam and secularism. Fisher Onar and Evin argue that certain features of Turkish discourse are constant both over time and across the political spectrum at any given time. These include a tendency to see the “European experience” as a menu à la carte, and a sense of Turkish exceptionalism. Other aspects of intellectuals' engagement of Europe, however, appear contingent upon evolving domestic and international contexts. Views thus span from those who advocate a selective engagement to those who call for unequivocal convergence with that which they understand Europe to represent.Less
Nora Fisher Onar and Ahmet Evin trace continuity and changes in several schools of thought on Europe from the inception of Ottoman Westernization to the present. They then turn to key moments in the 1999 to 2009 period during which debates on Turkey's place in Europe were particularly intense in light of acquisition of EU candidate status in 1999 and the ensuing accession debate over Islam and secularism. Fisher Onar and Evin argue that certain features of Turkish discourse are constant both over time and across the political spectrum at any given time. These include a tendency to see the “European experience” as a menu à la carte, and a sense of Turkish exceptionalism. Other aspects of intellectuals' engagement of Europe, however, appear contingent upon evolving domestic and international contexts. Views thus span from those who advocate a selective engagement to those who call for unequivocal convergence with that which they understand Europe to represent.
Virgil K.Y. Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282715
- eISBN:
- 9780191603037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282714.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The Cantonese displayed acceptance of Westerners and their cultures in the late imperial and Republican period, in spite of their reputation for being xenophobic and anti-foreign since the days of ...
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The Cantonese displayed acceptance of Westerners and their cultures in the late imperial and Republican period, in spite of their reputation for being xenophobic and anti-foreign since the days of the Opium War. Many people in Canton adopted an unmistakably pro-West attitude, from popular favourable perceptions of such foreign ‘imperialist enclaves’ as Hong Kong and Shameen to the advocacy for total Westernization by senior academics from a Canton university. Despite its much propagated anti-imperialist stance, the local nationalist government was, in reality, highly conciliatory when dealing with foreign powers.Less
The Cantonese displayed acceptance of Westerners and their cultures in the late imperial and Republican period, in spite of their reputation for being xenophobic and anti-foreign since the days of the Opium War. Many people in Canton adopted an unmistakably pro-West attitude, from popular favourable perceptions of such foreign ‘imperialist enclaves’ as Hong Kong and Shameen to the advocacy for total Westernization by senior academics from a Canton university. Despite its much propagated anti-imperialist stance, the local nationalist government was, in reality, highly conciliatory when dealing with foreign powers.
Virgil K.Y. Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282715
- eISBN:
- 9780191603037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282714.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The commercial success of Cantonese opera was attributed to the industry’s eagerness and ability to ‘modernize’ the stage. These changes did not necessarily represent a total distancing from its ...
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The commercial success of Cantonese opera was attributed to the industry’s eagerness and ability to ‘modernize’ the stage. These changes did not necessarily represent a total distancing from its operatic traditions, but tradition and change were ambiguously and awkwardly mixed. This period also witnessed the rise of many legendary opera stars, an unprecedented socio-cultural phenomenon that reflected the increasing importance of the masses in influencing the course of social change in the city, independent of the so-called ‘high culture’.Less
The commercial success of Cantonese opera was attributed to the industry’s eagerness and ability to ‘modernize’ the stage. These changes did not necessarily represent a total distancing from its operatic traditions, but tradition and change were ambiguously and awkwardly mixed. This period also witnessed the rise of many legendary opera stars, an unprecedented socio-cultural phenomenon that reflected the increasing importance of the masses in influencing the course of social change in the city, independent of the so-called ‘high culture’.
Konrad H. Jarausch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195127799
- eISBN:
- 9780199869503
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195127799.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book deals with the transformation of Germany after the Second World War and the Holocaust into a Western, democratic, and therefore civilized country. It proceeds in three stages, beginning ...
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This book deals with the transformation of Germany after the Second World War and the Holocaust into a Western, democratic, and therefore civilized country. It proceeds in three stages, beginning with the Allied post-war policies of demilitarization, denazification, and decartelization. In the second part, it concentrates on the Westernization, inner democratization and generational rebellion of the 1960s, concluding with a section on the repudiation of Communism, the return to normalcy, and the issue of immigration during the 1990s.Less
This book deals with the transformation of Germany after the Second World War and the Holocaust into a Western, democratic, and therefore civilized country. It proceeds in three stages, beginning with the Allied post-war policies of demilitarization, denazification, and decartelization. In the second part, it concentrates on the Westernization, inner democratization and generational rebellion of the 1960s, concluding with a section on the repudiation of Communism, the return to normalcy, and the issue of immigration during the 1990s.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156508
- eISBN:
- 9780199868230
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156508.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book investigates the question of Russian identity, looking at changes and continuing over a huge territory, many centuries, and a variety of political, social, and economic structures. Its main ...
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This book investigates the question of Russian identity, looking at changes and continuing over a huge territory, many centuries, and a variety of political, social, and economic structures. Its main emphases are on the struggle against the steppe peoples, Orthodox Christianity, autocratic monarchy, and Westernization.Less
This book investigates the question of Russian identity, looking at changes and continuing over a huge territory, many centuries, and a variety of political, social, and economic structures. Its main emphases are on the struggle against the steppe peoples, Orthodox Christianity, autocratic monarchy, and Westernization.
Michael Lucken
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231172929
- eISBN:
- 9780231540544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172929.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
The idea that Japanese art is produced through rote copy and imitation is an eighteenth-century colonial construct, with roots in Romantic ideals of originality. Offering a much-needed corrective to ...
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The idea that Japanese art is produced through rote copy and imitation is an eighteenth-century colonial construct, with roots in Romantic ideals of originality. Offering a much-needed corrective to this critique, Michael Lucken demonstrates the distinct character of Japanese mimesis and its dynamic impact on global culture, showing through several twentieth-century masterpieces the generative and regenerative power of Japanese arts.
Choosing a representative work from each of four modern genres—painting, film, photography, and animation—Lucken portrays the range of strategies that Japanese artists use to re-present contemporary influences. He examines Kishida Ryūsei’s portraits of Reiko (1914–1929), Kurosawa Akira’s Ikiru (1952), Araki Nobuyoshi’s photographic novel Sentimental Journey—Winter (1991), and Miyazaki Hayao’s popular anime film Spirited Away (2001), revealing the sophisticated patterns of mimesis that are unique but not exclusive to modern Japanese art. In doing so, Lucken identifies the tensions that drive the Japanese imagination, which are much richer than a simple opposition between progress and tradition, and their reflection of human culture’s universal encounter with change. This global perspective explains why, despite its non-Western origins, Japanese art has earned such a vast following.Less
The idea that Japanese art is produced through rote copy and imitation is an eighteenth-century colonial construct, with roots in Romantic ideals of originality. Offering a much-needed corrective to this critique, Michael Lucken demonstrates the distinct character of Japanese mimesis and its dynamic impact on global culture, showing through several twentieth-century masterpieces the generative and regenerative power of Japanese arts.
Choosing a representative work from each of four modern genres—painting, film, photography, and animation—Lucken portrays the range of strategies that Japanese artists use to re-present contemporary influences. He examines Kishida Ryūsei’s portraits of Reiko (1914–1929), Kurosawa Akira’s Ikiru (1952), Araki Nobuyoshi’s photographic novel Sentimental Journey—Winter (1991), and Miyazaki Hayao’s popular anime film Spirited Away (2001), revealing the sophisticated patterns of mimesis that are unique but not exclusive to modern Japanese art. In doing so, Lucken identifies the tensions that drive the Japanese imagination, which are much richer than a simple opposition between progress and tradition, and their reflection of human culture’s universal encounter with change. This global perspective explains why, despite its non-Western origins, Japanese art has earned such a vast following.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156508
- eISBN:
- 9780199868230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156508.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the momentous reign of Peter the Great and its impact and influence on Russian intellectual life and culture. It explains that the dominant European intellectual climate of the ...
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This chapter discusses the momentous reign of Peter the Great and its impact and influence on Russian intellectual life and culture. It explains that the dominant European intellectual climate of the “Enlightenment,” or “Age of Reason” fit Peter the Great's character, orientation, and ambitions. It adds that his optimistic belief in reason, in the possibility and feasibility of reasonable solutions to human problems, ranging from technical matters of administration, economics, or finance to the broader issues of the nature of a genuine education, or of an ideal society and polity, constituted the leading inspiration of the age. It describes Peter the Great as an absolute ruler in theory and in practice. It tells of the reorganization of the Church in Russia—a long-lasting, logical, and integral part of Peter the Great's effort to modernize and even Westernize Russia.Less
This chapter discusses the momentous reign of Peter the Great and its impact and influence on Russian intellectual life and culture. It explains that the dominant European intellectual climate of the “Enlightenment,” or “Age of Reason” fit Peter the Great's character, orientation, and ambitions. It adds that his optimistic belief in reason, in the possibility and feasibility of reasonable solutions to human problems, ranging from technical matters of administration, economics, or finance to the broader issues of the nature of a genuine education, or of an ideal society and polity, constituted the leading inspiration of the age. It describes Peter the Great as an absolute ruler in theory and in practice. It tells of the reorganization of the Church in Russia—a long-lasting, logical, and integral part of Peter the Great's effort to modernize and even Westernize Russia.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156508
- eISBN:
- 9780199868230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156508.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break ...
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This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break with the Muscovite past—although that break had been foreshadowed and assisted by earlier influences and trends. It adds that 18th-century Russia was an age of apprenticeship and imitation par excellence. It discusses that the death of Peter the Great was followed by a certain relaxation and reaction against his rule: the schools established by Peter could find no students, while intrigue and corruption ran rampant in government and administration. It explains that the Enlightenment image of Peter the great dominated 18th-century Russian thought and literature. The chapter also evaluates Catherine the Great's beliefs and principles, as well as her leadership.Less
This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break with the Muscovite past—although that break had been foreshadowed and assisted by earlier influences and trends. It adds that 18th-century Russia was an age of apprenticeship and imitation par excellence. It discusses that the death of Peter the Great was followed by a certain relaxation and reaction against his rule: the schools established by Peter could find no students, while intrigue and corruption ran rampant in government and administration. It explains that the Enlightenment image of Peter the great dominated 18th-century Russian thought and literature. The chapter also evaluates Catherine the Great's beliefs and principles, as well as her leadership.
Konrad H. Jarausch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195127799
- eISBN:
- 9780199869503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195127799.003.04
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter deals with the process of Westernization during the 1960s, which transformed political preferences in the direction of the Western alliance and cultural practices towards American ...
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This chapter deals with the process of Westernization during the 1960s, which transformed political preferences in the direction of the Western alliance and cultural practices towards American popular culture.Less
This chapter deals with the process of Westernization during the 1960s, which transformed political preferences in the direction of the Western alliance and cultural practices towards American popular culture.
David P. Tracer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
In order to test the proposition that performance in bargaining experiments is significantly affected by degree of monetarization, market integration, and relative westernization, a one‐shot ...
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In order to test the proposition that performance in bargaining experiments is significantly affected by degree of monetarization, market integration, and relative westernization, a one‐shot Ultimatum Game was conducted during the months of June and July 1998 in two villages in a rural region of Papua New Guinea: Anguganak (where the people speak Au) and Bogasip (where they speak Gnau). Although the villages are located in close proximity to one another and are relatively homogeneous culturally, and both subsist using a mixture of foraging and horticulture and have an elaborate system of exchange relationships, they are distinguished by their average degree of exposure to and integration in a cash‐based economy, as well as their degree of education (both are greater in Anguganak). The different sections of the chapter provide: an ethnographic account of the two villages; a description of the experimental methods employed; a presentation and analysis of the results in terms of various indicators of wealth and market integration; and a discussion of the implications of the results. The level of offers made in the Ultimatum Game data combined for Anguganak and Bogasip were between those in western industrialized populations and the Machiguenga of Peru. There was some indication that variability in the level of market integration between the two village populations may have influenced the results, although they appeared to be equally influenced by local beliefs on reciprocity, generosity, and indebtedness, and an unfamiliarity with impersonal transactions.Less
In order to test the proposition that performance in bargaining experiments is significantly affected by degree of monetarization, market integration, and relative westernization, a one‐shot Ultimatum Game was conducted during the months of June and July 1998 in two villages in a rural region of Papua New Guinea: Anguganak (where the people speak Au) and Bogasip (where they speak Gnau). Although the villages are located in close proximity to one another and are relatively homogeneous culturally, and both subsist using a mixture of foraging and horticulture and have an elaborate system of exchange relationships, they are distinguished by their average degree of exposure to and integration in a cash‐based economy, as well as their degree of education (both are greater in Anguganak). The different sections of the chapter provide: an ethnographic account of the two villages; a description of the experimental methods employed; a presentation and analysis of the results in terms of various indicators of wealth and market integration; and a discussion of the implications of the results. The level of offers made in the Ultimatum Game data combined for Anguganak and Bogasip were between those in western industrialized populations and the Machiguenga of Peru. There was some indication that variability in the level of market integration between the two village populations may have influenced the results, although they appeared to be equally influenced by local beliefs on reciprocity, generosity, and indebtedness, and an unfamiliarity with impersonal transactions.
Tejumola Olaniyan
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195094053
- eISBN:
- 9780199855278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195094053.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
Social ties are not established by culture, but through “an identity of passion.” With an extensive analysis of the transcontinental “passions”—referring to the encompassing compliance to ...
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Social ties are not established by culture, but through “an identity of passion.” With an extensive analysis of the transcontinental “passions”—referring to the encompassing compliance to postcolonial subjectivity—is the opposing relationship of the discursive regimes: a hegemonic, imperialist, European-based dissertation characterized by discriminations about the black race; an anti-colonialist, African-oriented contrasting discourse focused on cultural independence and non-submission to Eurocentric principles; and a promising, luminal, integrative discussion against colonialism and subsequent to Afrocentrism. All of these complexes concentrate on the activity of thinking difference, which can only be explicitly or implicitly explained using the cultural identity and diversity paradigms that are either expressive (together with their unrecognized ethnocentric discriminations) or performative (dealing with inter-culturally flexible self-evaluative processes and methods).Less
Social ties are not established by culture, but through “an identity of passion.” With an extensive analysis of the transcontinental “passions”—referring to the encompassing compliance to postcolonial subjectivity—is the opposing relationship of the discursive regimes: a hegemonic, imperialist, European-based dissertation characterized by discriminations about the black race; an anti-colonialist, African-oriented contrasting discourse focused on cultural independence and non-submission to Eurocentric principles; and a promising, luminal, integrative discussion against colonialism and subsequent to Afrocentrism. All of these complexes concentrate on the activity of thinking difference, which can only be explicitly or implicitly explained using the cultural identity and diversity paradigms that are either expressive (together with their unrecognized ethnocentric discriminations) or performative (dealing with inter-culturally flexible self-evaluative processes and methods).
Tejumola Olaniyan
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195094053
- eISBN:
- 9780199855278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195094053.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This chapter begins with the exploration of components of the “colonizing structure” of European imperialism project so as to discern the justifications behind the revolutionizing of non-European ...
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This chapter begins with the exploration of components of the “colonizing structure” of European imperialism project so as to discern the justifications behind the revolutionizing of non-European continents into mere Western masterpieces. Such transformation involves the expansion of physical possession, the liberalization of others' (that is, the natives') minds, and the incorporation of domestic economic backgrounds under the Western influence. Here, the notion of “reformation” is anchored upon the premises of antagonistic attempts, and is dependent on the collaboration of all the aforementioned elements of the imperialist's project. To view difference differently does not suggest that individuals of dissimilar orientations and practices cannot view “others” as social references, but it implies thorough changes and absolute governance in all aspects of the target person, group, or territory.Less
This chapter begins with the exploration of components of the “colonizing structure” of European imperialism project so as to discern the justifications behind the revolutionizing of non-European continents into mere Western masterpieces. Such transformation involves the expansion of physical possession, the liberalization of others' (that is, the natives') minds, and the incorporation of domestic economic backgrounds under the Western influence. Here, the notion of “reformation” is anchored upon the premises of antagonistic attempts, and is dependent on the collaboration of all the aforementioned elements of the imperialist's project. To view difference differently does not suggest that individuals of dissimilar orientations and practices cannot view “others” as social references, but it implies thorough changes and absolute governance in all aspects of the target person, group, or territory.
Jason G. Karlin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824838263
- eISBN:
- 9780824871451
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838263.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book is a historical analysis of the discourses of nostalgia in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan. Through an analysis of the experience of rapid social change in Japan's ...
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This book is a historical analysis of the discourses of nostalgia in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan. Through an analysis of the experience of rapid social change in Japan's modernization, it argues that fads (ryūkō) and the desires they express are central to understanding Japanese modernity, conceptions of gender, and discourses of nationalism. In doing so, the book uncovers the myth of eternal return that lurks below the surface of Japanese history as an expression of the desire to find meaning amid the chaos and alienation of modern times. The Meiji period (1868–1912) was one of rapid change that hastened the process of forgetting. However, repression merely produced new forms of desire seeking a return to the past, with the result that competing or alternative conceptions of the nation haunted the history of modern Japan. This book examines the intellectual, social, and cultural factors that contributed to the rapid spread of Western tastes and styles, along with the backlash against Westernization that was expressed as a longing for the past. By focusing on the expressions of these desires in popular culture and media texts, it reveals how the conflation of mother, countryside, everyday life, and history structured representations to naturalize ideologies of gender and nationalism.Less
This book is a historical analysis of the discourses of nostalgia in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan. Through an analysis of the experience of rapid social change in Japan's modernization, it argues that fads (ryūkō) and the desires they express are central to understanding Japanese modernity, conceptions of gender, and discourses of nationalism. In doing so, the book uncovers the myth of eternal return that lurks below the surface of Japanese history as an expression of the desire to find meaning amid the chaos and alienation of modern times. The Meiji period (1868–1912) was one of rapid change that hastened the process of forgetting. However, repression merely produced new forms of desire seeking a return to the past, with the result that competing or alternative conceptions of the nation haunted the history of modern Japan. This book examines the intellectual, social, and cultural factors that contributed to the rapid spread of Western tastes and styles, along with the backlash against Westernization that was expressed as a longing for the past. By focusing on the expressions of these desires in popular culture and media texts, it reveals how the conflation of mother, countryside, everyday life, and history structured representations to naturalize ideologies of gender and nationalism.
Martin Malia
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195300611
- eISBN:
- 9780199850754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300611.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The late Martin Malia, professor emeritus of history at the University of California–Berkeley and author of the famous “Z” article, assessed Putin's policy decisions in the pre-Beslan phase in a ...
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The late Martin Malia, professor emeritus of history at the University of California–Berkeley and author of the famous “Z” article, assessed Putin's policy decisions in the pre-Beslan phase in a refreshingly nuanced interview in April 2000. He explained that Putin could not be Peter the Great because the twenty-first century is not the eighteenth, and modernization or Westernization means much more than an army or a navy. He pointed out that he must make Russia advanced technologically, and that means fostering education. Advanced technology and education mean an independent-minded, diverse, civil society.Less
The late Martin Malia, professor emeritus of history at the University of California–Berkeley and author of the famous “Z” article, assessed Putin's policy decisions in the pre-Beslan phase in a refreshingly nuanced interview in April 2000. He explained that Putin could not be Peter the Great because the twenty-first century is not the eighteenth, and modernization or Westernization means much more than an army or a navy. He pointed out that he must make Russia advanced technologically, and that means fostering education. Advanced technology and education mean an independent-minded, diverse, civil society.
Toufoul Abou-Hodeib
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804799799
- eISBN:
- 9781503601475
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804799799.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
A Taste for Home is a cultural history of the middle-class home in late Ottoman Beirut that is at once global and local. Focusing on the period from the second half of the nineteenth century until ...
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A Taste for Home is a cultural history of the middle-class home in late Ottoman Beirut that is at once global and local. Focusing on the period from the second half of the nineteenth century until World War I, the book shows how middle-class domesticity took form amid changing urbanity, politicizations of domesticity in public debates, and changing consumption patterns. Engaging with postcolonial theory, works on material culture, and consumption and gender studies, the book uses the notion of taste in both its aesthetic and political sense to critique the idea of “Westernization,” showing instead how “Europe” and the “West” are actively produced as places of difference. The privileged place the home occupied in discussions over the nature of the private and public spheres turned it into a model for members of the middle class in Beirut attempting to create a cultural niche and seeking greater influence in society. They strove to distinguish themselves not only from the class above, but also from a putative Western or European culture. The idealized home was forwarded as a model where modernity could be localized and an “Oriental” identity could be cultivated. The book argues that this model was in no way hegemonic, and that even as the home served to discursively localize difference, taste tied its most intimate spaces to modern forms of urbanity and to globalized modes of production.Less
A Taste for Home is a cultural history of the middle-class home in late Ottoman Beirut that is at once global and local. Focusing on the period from the second half of the nineteenth century until World War I, the book shows how middle-class domesticity took form amid changing urbanity, politicizations of domesticity in public debates, and changing consumption patterns. Engaging with postcolonial theory, works on material culture, and consumption and gender studies, the book uses the notion of taste in both its aesthetic and political sense to critique the idea of “Westernization,” showing instead how “Europe” and the “West” are actively produced as places of difference. The privileged place the home occupied in discussions over the nature of the private and public spheres turned it into a model for members of the middle class in Beirut attempting to create a cultural niche and seeking greater influence in society. They strove to distinguish themselves not only from the class above, but also from a putative Western or European culture. The idealized home was forwarded as a model where modernity could be localized and an “Oriental” identity could be cultivated. The book argues that this model was in no way hegemonic, and that even as the home served to discursively localize difference, taste tied its most intimate spaces to modern forms of urbanity and to globalized modes of production.
Jan L. Logemann
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226660011
- eISBN:
- 9780226660295
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226660295.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues ...
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Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues that the history of marketing consumer goods is not a story of American exceptionalism. Instead, the careers of immigrants point to the limits of the “Americanization” paradigm. First, the book traces changes in marketing approaches increasingly tailored to consumers which gave rise to a dynamic world of goods. Second, it asks how and why this consumer engineering was shaped by transatlantic exchanges. From Austrian psychologists and little-known social scientists to the illustrious Bauhaus artists, the émigrés at the center of this story illustrate the vibrant cultural and commercial connections between metropolitan centers: Vienna and New York; Paris and Chicago; Berlin and San Francisco. These mid-century consumer engineers crossed national and disciplinary boundaries not only within arts and academia but also between governments, corporate actors, and social reform movements. By focusing on the transnational lives of émigré consumer researchers, marketers, and designers, Engineered to Sell details the processes of cultural translation and adaptation that mark both the mid-century transformation of American marketing and the subsequent European shift to “American” consumer capitalism.Less
Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues that the history of marketing consumer goods is not a story of American exceptionalism. Instead, the careers of immigrants point to the limits of the “Americanization” paradigm. First, the book traces changes in marketing approaches increasingly tailored to consumers which gave rise to a dynamic world of goods. Second, it asks how and why this consumer engineering was shaped by transatlantic exchanges. From Austrian psychologists and little-known social scientists to the illustrious Bauhaus artists, the émigrés at the center of this story illustrate the vibrant cultural and commercial connections between metropolitan centers: Vienna and New York; Paris and Chicago; Berlin and San Francisco. These mid-century consumer engineers crossed national and disciplinary boundaries not only within arts and academia but also between governments, corporate actors, and social reform movements. By focusing on the transnational lives of émigré consumer researchers, marketers, and designers, Engineered to Sell details the processes of cultural translation and adaptation that mark both the mid-century transformation of American marketing and the subsequent European shift to “American” consumer capitalism.
Noah Salomon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165158
- eISBN:
- 9781400884292
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165158.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
For some, the idea of an Islamic state serves to fulfill aspirations for cultural sovereignty and new forms of ethical political practice. For others, it violates the proper domains of both religion ...
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For some, the idea of an Islamic state serves to fulfill aspirations for cultural sovereignty and new forms of ethical political practice. For others, it violates the proper domains of both religion and politics. Yet, while there has been much discussion of the idea and ideals of the Islamic state, its possibilities and impossibilities, surprisingly little has been written about how this political formation is lived. This book looks at the Republic of Sudan's twenty-five-year experiment with Islamic statehood. Focusing not on state institutions, but rather on the daily life that goes on in their shadows, the book examines the lasting effects of state Islamization on Sudanese society through a study of the individuals and organizations working in its midst. The book investigates Sudan at a crucial moment in its history—balanced between unity and partition, secular and religious politics, peace and war—when those who desired an Islamic state were rethinking the political form under which they had lived for nearly a generation. Countering the dominant discourse, the book depicts contemporary Islamic politics not as a response to secularism and Westernization but as a node in a much longer conversation within Islamic thought, augmented and reappropriated as state projects of Islamic reform became objects of debate and controversy. The book reveals both novel political ideals and new articulations of Islam as it is rethought through the lens of the nation.Less
For some, the idea of an Islamic state serves to fulfill aspirations for cultural sovereignty and new forms of ethical political practice. For others, it violates the proper domains of both religion and politics. Yet, while there has been much discussion of the idea and ideals of the Islamic state, its possibilities and impossibilities, surprisingly little has been written about how this political formation is lived. This book looks at the Republic of Sudan's twenty-five-year experiment with Islamic statehood. Focusing not on state institutions, but rather on the daily life that goes on in their shadows, the book examines the lasting effects of state Islamization on Sudanese society through a study of the individuals and organizations working in its midst. The book investigates Sudan at a crucial moment in its history—balanced between unity and partition, secular and religious politics, peace and war—when those who desired an Islamic state were rethinking the political form under which they had lived for nearly a generation. Countering the dominant discourse, the book depicts contemporary Islamic politics not as a response to secularism and Westernization but as a node in a much longer conversation within Islamic thought, augmented and reappropriated as state projects of Islamic reform became objects of debate and controversy. The book reveals both novel political ideals and new articulations of Islam as it is rethought through the lens of the nation.
Kwame Gyekye
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195112252
- eISBN:
- 9780199853069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112252.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Conceptualization of modernity in Africa is discussed in this section, in disagreement with the notion that “modernization” is similar to Westernization for the reason that contemporary or developed ...
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Conceptualization of modernity in Africa is discussed in this section, in disagreement with the notion that “modernization” is similar to Westernization for the reason that contemporary or developed nonwestern nations may not possess all elements of Western modernity. Hence, one-dimensional understanding of modernity is highly disputed. It is hoped that there will be a realization of modernity suitable to cultural differences. It is therefore recommended that African modernity must be grounded from the complexities of African culture, and not from any foreign orientation. With longitudinal studies and field immersion, this objective will be materialized through the development and improvement of indigenous technologies along with the drastic modifications in some of the old “things.” To come up with an appreciative notion of the “present,” everything must be self-created but in accordance to the African intellect and standards.Less
Conceptualization of modernity in Africa is discussed in this section, in disagreement with the notion that “modernization” is similar to Westernization for the reason that contemporary or developed nonwestern nations may not possess all elements of Western modernity. Hence, one-dimensional understanding of modernity is highly disputed. It is hoped that there will be a realization of modernity suitable to cultural differences. It is therefore recommended that African modernity must be grounded from the complexities of African culture, and not from any foreign orientation. With longitudinal studies and field immersion, this objective will be materialized through the development and improvement of indigenous technologies along with the drastic modifications in some of the old “things.” To come up with an appreciative notion of the “present,” everything must be self-created but in accordance to the African intellect and standards.
Paul Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747342
- eISBN:
- 9781501747366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This concluding chapter argues that Russian conservatism is a response to the pressures of modernization and Westernization and, more recently, globalization. For the past two centuries, ...
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This concluding chapter argues that Russian conservatism is a response to the pressures of modernization and Westernization and, more recently, globalization. For the past two centuries, conservatives have sought to adapt to these pressures while preserving national identity and political and social stability. Although the specific policies being proposed have changed over time, conservatism's approach to change has remained consistent. In this way, Russian conservatism today evinces a clear continuity with Russian conservatism of the past. In particular, Russian conservatives have continually proposed forms of cultural, political, and economic development that are seen as building on existing traditions, identity, and forms of government and economic and social life, rather than being imposed on the basis of abstract theory and foreign models.Less
This concluding chapter argues that Russian conservatism is a response to the pressures of modernization and Westernization and, more recently, globalization. For the past two centuries, conservatives have sought to adapt to these pressures while preserving national identity and political and social stability. Although the specific policies being proposed have changed over time, conservatism's approach to change has remained consistent. In this way, Russian conservatism today evinces a clear continuity with Russian conservatism of the past. In particular, Russian conservatives have continually proposed forms of cultural, political, and economic development that are seen as building on existing traditions, identity, and forms of government and economic and social life, rather than being imposed on the basis of abstract theory and foreign models.
