Mauro Fabrizio and Angelo Morro
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527008
- eISBN:
- 9780191713316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in ...
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This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.Less
This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.
Sylvie Benzoni-Gavage and Denis Serre
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211234
- eISBN:
- 9780191705700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211234.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book presents a view of the state of the art in multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations, with a particular emphasis on problems in which modern tools of analysis have proved ...
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This book presents a view of the state of the art in multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations, with a particular emphasis on problems in which modern tools of analysis have proved useful. Ordered in sections of gradually increasing degrees of difficulty, the text first covers linear Cauchy problems and linear initial boundary value problems, before moving on to nonlinear problems, including shock waves. The book finishes with a discussion of the application of hyperbolic PDEs to gas dynamics, culminating with the shock wave analysis for real fluids.Less
This book presents a view of the state of the art in multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations, with a particular emphasis on problems in which modern tools of analysis have proved useful. Ordered in sections of gradually increasing degrees of difficulty, the text first covers linear Cauchy problems and linear initial boundary value problems, before moving on to nonlinear problems, including shock waves. The book finishes with a discussion of the application of hyperbolic PDEs to gas dynamics, culminating with the shock wave analysis for real fluids.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
A follow-up to the early testing was carried out using projected vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines, with results confirming the original successful discrimination. However, because different ...
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A follow-up to the early testing was carried out using projected vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines, with results confirming the original successful discrimination. However, because different linear stimuli occupy different positions in the field, an improved arrangement was used with the orientation of a grating within a circular aperture. The situation was deliberately arranged to avoid the distracting effect of ‘waves’ produced in some parts of the visual field by some stimuli by reducing the level of ambient illumination until the field was quite ‘dead’ along the 45° meridian. His threshold at an eccentricity was roughly 10° of difference in orientation (similar to that of the monkey without striate cortex as reported by the Pasiks). Under some conditions, his acuity improved with increasing eccentricity. With salient stimuli he reported an impression of something projecting from the screen, but in the deadened situation he consistently reported ‘nothing at all’ even when performing above 90% accuracy.Less
A follow-up to the early testing was carried out using projected vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines, with results confirming the original successful discrimination. However, because different linear stimuli occupy different positions in the field, an improved arrangement was used with the orientation of a grating within a circular aperture. The situation was deliberately arranged to avoid the distracting effect of ‘waves’ produced in some parts of the visual field by some stimuli by reducing the level of ambient illumination until the field was quite ‘dead’ along the 45° meridian. His threshold at an eccentricity was roughly 10° of difference in orientation (similar to that of the monkey without striate cortex as reported by the Pasiks). Under some conditions, his acuity improved with increasing eccentricity. With salient stimuli he reported an impression of something projecting from the screen, but in the deadened situation he consistently reported ‘nothing at all’ even when performing above 90% accuracy.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
In a number of tests, D. B. reported an impression of ‘waves’ generated by some visual stimuli, especially in a ‘lively’ part of his field defect (a region between the fovea and about 30° in the ...
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In a number of tests, D. B. reported an impression of ‘waves’ generated by some visual stimuli, especially in a ‘lively’ part of his field defect (a region between the fovea and about 30° in the lower quadrant). The waves could have some ‘sort of form’, or could be ‘quick’, ‘slow’, ‘sharp’, or ‘curved’. When the waves were experienced they were difficult for him to ignore, but they could seriously mislead him when they were used as a basis for differential discriminations. Accordingly, special pains were taken to see whether good discrimination was still possible when conditions were arranged to eliminate the waves. This was done by increasing ambient illumination with bright overhead lamps or by using low contrast stimuli. The results showed that his discrimination was still excellent in a variety of situations, even though he reported ‘nothing there’, ‘absolutely nothing’, or ‘just guessing’. D. B. often seemed to settle into a sort of experience-less ‘blindsight mode’ when he performed well but automatically and without fatigue, in contrast to his good field when long series of discrimination tests produced tiredness.Less
In a number of tests, D. B. reported an impression of ‘waves’ generated by some visual stimuli, especially in a ‘lively’ part of his field defect (a region between the fovea and about 30° in the lower quadrant). The waves could have some ‘sort of form’, or could be ‘quick’, ‘slow’, ‘sharp’, or ‘curved’. When the waves were experienced they were difficult for him to ignore, but they could seriously mislead him when they were used as a basis for differential discriminations. Accordingly, special pains were taken to see whether good discrimination was still possible when conditions were arranged to eliminate the waves. This was done by increasing ambient illumination with bright overhead lamps or by using low contrast stimuli. The results showed that his discrimination was still excellent in a variety of situations, even though he reported ‘nothing there’, ‘absolutely nothing’, or ‘just guessing’. D. B. often seemed to settle into a sort of experience-less ‘blindsight mode’ when he performed well but automatically and without fatigue, in contrast to his good field when long series of discrimination tests produced tiredness.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to ...
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Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to present stimuli to the two fields simultaneously and to ask D. B. to make a ‘ same-different’ judgment. Two types of stimuli were used: curved vs. straight triangles, and X vs. O. The tests with triangles were ambiguous, possibly because it was not an easy task even for the intact field. The results for X vs. O were clearer, especially when conditions were optimized by varying the size of the stimuli and their positions in the fields. But the cross-field comparison task was more tiring than a within-field task for the blind field alone. In any event, he showed unmistakable evidence of being able to do the matching task. His ability to perform discrimination within the blind field alone was better than across fields. With stimuli to the blind field alone, depending on the parameters, he might report seeing waves, but with the same parameters for the cross-field matching task, he reported seeing nothing in the blind field but something in the good field, even when he was performing at 99% accuracy. A question arises as to whether he carried out the cross-field test sequentially in each field independently, which might be pursued by the analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.Less
Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to present stimuli to the two fields simultaneously and to ask D. B. to make a ‘ same-different’ judgment. Two types of stimuli were used: curved vs. straight triangles, and X vs. O. The tests with triangles were ambiguous, possibly because it was not an easy task even for the intact field. The results for X vs. O were clearer, especially when conditions were optimized by varying the size of the stimuli and their positions in the fields. But the cross-field comparison task was more tiring than a within-field task for the blind field alone. In any event, he showed unmistakable evidence of being able to do the matching task. His ability to perform discrimination within the blind field alone was better than across fields. With stimuli to the blind field alone, depending on the parameters, he might report seeing waves, but with the same parameters for the cross-field matching task, he reported seeing nothing in the blind field but something in the good field, even when he was performing at 99% accuracy. A question arises as to whether he carried out the cross-field test sequentially in each field independently, which might be pursued by the analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.
Casey O'Callaghan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199215928
- eISBN:
- 9780191706875
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Vision dominates philosophical thinking about perception, and theorizing about experience in cognitive science traditionally has focused on a visual model. This book presents a systematic treatment ...
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Vision dominates philosophical thinking about perception, and theorizing about experience in cognitive science traditionally has focused on a visual model. This book presents a systematic treatment of sounds and auditory experience. It demonstrates how thinking about audition and appreciating the relationships among multiple sense modalities enriches our understanding of perception. It articulates the central questions that comprise the philosophy of sound, and proposes a novel theory of sounds and their perception. Against the widely accepted philosophical view that sounds are among the secondary or sensible qualities, and against the scientific view that sounds are waves that propagate through a medium such as air or water, the book argues that sounds are events in which objects or interacting bodies disturb a surrounding medium. This does not imply that sounds propagate through a medium, such as air or water. Rather, sounds are events that take place in one's environment at or near their sources. This account captures the way in which sounds essentially are creatures of time and situates sounds in the world. Sounds are not ethereal, mysterious entities. It also provides a powerful account of echoes, interference, reverberation, Doppler effects, and perceptual constancies that surpasses the explanatory richness of alternative theories. Investigating sounds and audition demonstrates that considering other sense modalities teaches what we could not otherwise learn from thinking exclusively about the visual. This book concludes by arguing that a surprising class of cross-modal perceptual illusions demonstrates that the perceptual modalities cannot be completely understood in isolation, and that a visuocentric model for theorizing about perception — according to which perceptual modalities are discrete modes of experience and autonomous domains of philosophical and scientific inquiry — ought to be abandoned.Less
Vision dominates philosophical thinking about perception, and theorizing about experience in cognitive science traditionally has focused on a visual model. This book presents a systematic treatment of sounds and auditory experience. It demonstrates how thinking about audition and appreciating the relationships among multiple sense modalities enriches our understanding of perception. It articulates the central questions that comprise the philosophy of sound, and proposes a novel theory of sounds and their perception. Against the widely accepted philosophical view that sounds are among the secondary or sensible qualities, and against the scientific view that sounds are waves that propagate through a medium such as air or water, the book argues that sounds are events in which objects or interacting bodies disturb a surrounding medium. This does not imply that sounds propagate through a medium, such as air or water. Rather, sounds are events that take place in one's environment at or near their sources. This account captures the way in which sounds essentially are creatures of time and situates sounds in the world. Sounds are not ethereal, mysterious entities. It also provides a powerful account of echoes, interference, reverberation, Doppler effects, and perceptual constancies that surpasses the explanatory richness of alternative theories. Investigating sounds and audition demonstrates that considering other sense modalities teaches what we could not otherwise learn from thinking exclusively about the visual. This book concludes by arguing that a surprising class of cross-modal perceptual illusions demonstrates that the perceptual modalities cannot be completely understood in isolation, and that a visuocentric model for theorizing about perception — according to which perceptual modalities are discrete modes of experience and autonomous domains of philosophical and scientific inquiry — ought to be abandoned.
Miguel Alcubierre
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205677
- eISBN:
- 9780191709371
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book introduces the modern field of 3+1 numerical relativity. It has been written in a way as to be as self-contained as possible, and assumes a basic knowledge of special relativity. Starting ...
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This book introduces the modern field of 3+1 numerical relativity. It has been written in a way as to be as self-contained as possible, and assumes a basic knowledge of special relativity. Starting from a brief introduction to general relativity, it discusses the different concepts and tools necessary for the fully consistent numerical simulation of relativistic astrophysical systems, with strong and dynamical gravitational fields. Among the topics discussed in detail are the following: the initial data problem, hyperbolic reductions of the field equations, gauge conditions, the evolution of black hole space-times, relativistic hydrodynamics, gravitational wave extraction, and numerical methods. There is also a final chapter with examples of some simple numerical space-times.Less
This book introduces the modern field of 3+1 numerical relativity. It has been written in a way as to be as self-contained as possible, and assumes a basic knowledge of special relativity. Starting from a brief introduction to general relativity, it discusses the different concepts and tools necessary for the fully consistent numerical simulation of relativistic astrophysical systems, with strong and dynamical gravitational fields. Among the topics discussed in detail are the following: the initial data problem, hyperbolic reductions of the field equations, gauge conditions, the evolution of black hole space-times, relativistic hydrodynamics, gravitational wave extraction, and numerical methods. There is also a final chapter with examples of some simple numerical space-times.
Charles D. Bailyn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148823
- eISBN:
- 9781400850563
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148823.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Emitting no radiation or any other kind of information, black holes mark the edge of the universe—both physically and in our scientific understanding. Yet astronomers have found clear evidence for ...
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Emitting no radiation or any other kind of information, black holes mark the edge of the universe—both physically and in our scientific understanding. Yet astronomers have found clear evidence for the existence of black holes, employing the same tools and techniques used to explore other celestial objects. This book goes behind the theory and physics of black holes to describe how astronomers are observing these enigmatic objects and developing a remarkably detailed picture of what they look like and how they interact with their surroundings. Accessible to undergraduates and others with some knowledge of introductory college-level physics, this book presents the techniques used to identify and measure the mass and spin of celestial black holes. These key measurements demonstrate the existence of two kinds of black holes, those with masses a few times that of a typical star, and those with masses comparable to whole galaxies—supermassive black holes. The book provides a detailed account of the nature, formation, and growth of both kinds of black holes. The book also describes the possibility of observing theoretically predicted phenomena such as gravitational waves, wormholes, and Hawking radiation. A cutting-edge introduction to a subject that was once on the border between physics and science fiction, this book shows how black holes are becoming routine objects of empirical scientific study.Less
Emitting no radiation or any other kind of information, black holes mark the edge of the universe—both physically and in our scientific understanding. Yet astronomers have found clear evidence for the existence of black holes, employing the same tools and techniques used to explore other celestial objects. This book goes behind the theory and physics of black holes to describe how astronomers are observing these enigmatic objects and developing a remarkably detailed picture of what they look like and how they interact with their surroundings. Accessible to undergraduates and others with some knowledge of introductory college-level physics, this book presents the techniques used to identify and measure the mass and spin of celestial black holes. These key measurements demonstrate the existence of two kinds of black holes, those with masses a few times that of a typical star, and those with masses comparable to whole galaxies—supermassive black holes. The book provides a detailed account of the nature, formation, and growth of both kinds of black holes. The book also describes the possibility of observing theoretically predicted phenomena such as gravitational waves, wormholes, and Hawking radiation. A cutting-edge introduction to a subject that was once on the border between physics and science fiction, this book shows how black holes are becoming routine objects of empirical scientific study.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of ...
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This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of rotating planets and stars. Using a teaching method perfected in the classroom, the book begins by offering a step-by-step guide on how to design codes for simulating nonlinear time-dependent thermal convection in a 2D box using Fourier expansions in the horizontal direction and finite differences in the vertical direction. It then describes how to implement more efficient a nd accurate numerical methods and more realistic geometries in two and three dimensions. The third part of the book demonstrates how to incorporate more sophisticated physics, including the effects of magnetic field, density stratification, and rotation. The book features numerous exercises throughout, and is an ideal textbook for students and an essential resource for researchers. It explains how to create codes that simulate the internal dynamics of planets and stars, and builds on basic concepts and simple methods. The book shows how to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical methods. It considers more relevant geometries and boundary conditions.Less
This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of rotating planets and stars. Using a teaching method perfected in the classroom, the book begins by offering a step-by-step guide on how to design codes for simulating nonlinear time-dependent thermal convection in a 2D box using Fourier expansions in the horizontal direction and finite differences in the vertical direction. It then describes how to implement more efficient a nd accurate numerical methods and more realistic geometries in two and three dimensions. The third part of the book demonstrates how to incorporate more sophisticated physics, including the effects of magnetic field, density stratification, and rotation. The book features numerous exercises throughout, and is an ideal textbook for students and an essential resource for researchers. It explains how to create codes that simulate the internal dynamics of planets and stars, and builds on basic concepts and simple methods. The book shows how to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical methods. It considers more relevant geometries and boundary conditions.
Ernest Hartmann
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751778
- eISBN:
- 9780199863419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751778.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter discusses the tidal wave dream, which is frequently reported after many kinds of trauma, including accidents, natural disasters such as forest fires or earthquakes, and man-made ...
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This chapter discusses the tidal wave dream, which is frequently reported after many kinds of trauma, including accidents, natural disasters such as forest fires or earthquakes, and man-made disasters including rapes, attacks, and the death of a friend on the battlefield. It argues that in general dreams make connections broadly among material in the memory systems, guided by the emotion of the dreamer. Only in the case where there is a single strong emotion that eclipses everything else does something like the tidal wave dream emerge.Less
This chapter discusses the tidal wave dream, which is frequently reported after many kinds of trauma, including accidents, natural disasters such as forest fires or earthquakes, and man-made disasters including rapes, attacks, and the death of a friend on the battlefield. It argues that in general dreams make connections broadly among material in the memory systems, guided by the emotion of the dreamer. Only in the case where there is a single strong emotion that eclipses everything else does something like the tidal wave dream emerge.
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261185
- eISBN:
- 9780191601507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261180.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The size of the state increased continuously since late nineteenth century, if we measure it by expenditures in relation to GDP. Growth leads cyclically to crisis. State intervention or regulation ...
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The size of the state increased continuously since late nineteenth century, if we measure it by expenditures in relation to GDP. Growth leads cyclically to crisis. State intervention or regulation takes place according to a cyclical pattern. The social-democratic state was successful in promoting economic growth and social justice in the developed countries between the 1930s and the 1970s. In this last decade, however, three different, though related, historical processes–the neo-liberal ideological wave, globalization, and the fiscal crisis of the state–gained momentum and led the social-democratic state into crisis, aiding the transition to the social-liberal state. The fiscal crisis evolved from a distorted and excessive growth of the state; the other two factors were exogenous to the state organization.Less
The size of the state increased continuously since late nineteenth century, if we measure it by expenditures in relation to GDP. Growth leads cyclically to crisis. State intervention or regulation takes place according to a cyclical pattern. The social-democratic state was successful in promoting economic growth and social justice in the developed countries between the 1930s and the 1970s. In this last decade, however, three different, though related, historical processes–the neo-liberal ideological wave, globalization, and the fiscal crisis of the state–gained momentum and led the social-democratic state into crisis, aiding the transition to the social-liberal state. The fiscal crisis evolved from a distorted and excessive growth of the state; the other two factors were exogenous to the state organization.
Joshua S. Bloom
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145570
- eISBN:
- 9781400837007
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145570.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Gamma-ray bursts are the brightest—and, until recently, among the least understood—cosmic events in the universe. Discovered by chance during the Cold War, these evanescent high-energy explosions ...
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Gamma-ray bursts are the brightest—and, until recently, among the least understood—cosmic events in the universe. Discovered by chance during the Cold War, these evanescent high-energy explosions confounded astronomers for decades. But a rapid series of startling breakthroughs beginning in 1997 revealed that the majority of gamma-ray bursts are caused by the explosions of young and massive stars in the vast star-forming cauldrons of distant galaxies. New findings also point to very different origins for some events, serving to complicate but enrich our understanding of the exotic and violent universe. This book is an introduction to this fast-growing subject, written by an astrophysicist who is at the forefront of today's research into these incredible cosmic phenomena. The book gives readers a concise and accessible overview of gamma-ray bursts and the theoretical framework that physicists have developed to make sense of complex observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. The book traces the history of remarkable discoveries that led to our current understanding of gamma-ray bursts, and reveals the decisive role these phenomena could play in the grand pursuits of twenty-first century astrophysics, from studying gravity waves and unveiling the growth of stars and galaxies after the big bang to surmising the ultimate fate of the universe itself. This book is an essential primer to this exciting frontier of scientific inquiry, and a must-read for anyone seeking to keep pace with cutting-edge developments in physics today.Less
Gamma-ray bursts are the brightest—and, until recently, among the least understood—cosmic events in the universe. Discovered by chance during the Cold War, these evanescent high-energy explosions confounded astronomers for decades. But a rapid series of startling breakthroughs beginning in 1997 revealed that the majority of gamma-ray bursts are caused by the explosions of young and massive stars in the vast star-forming cauldrons of distant galaxies. New findings also point to very different origins for some events, serving to complicate but enrich our understanding of the exotic and violent universe. This book is an introduction to this fast-growing subject, written by an astrophysicist who is at the forefront of today's research into these incredible cosmic phenomena. The book gives readers a concise and accessible overview of gamma-ray bursts and the theoretical framework that physicists have developed to make sense of complex observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. The book traces the history of remarkable discoveries that led to our current understanding of gamma-ray bursts, and reveals the decisive role these phenomena could play in the grand pursuits of twenty-first century astrophysics, from studying gravity waves and unveiling the growth of stars and galaxies after the big bang to surmising the ultimate fate of the universe itself. This book is an essential primer to this exciting frontier of scientific inquiry, and a must-read for anyone seeking to keep pace with cutting-edge developments in physics today.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter focuses on internal gravity waves in a stable thermal stratification. When the amplitude of the fluid velocity is small relative to the amplitude of the phase velocity, a linear ...
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This chapter focuses on internal gravity waves in a stable thermal stratification. When the amplitude of the fluid velocity is small relative to the amplitude of the phase velocity, a linear analysis, which neglects advection, provides insight to the relation between the wavelength and frequency of internal gravity waves. Furthermore, when thermal and viscous diffusion play relatively minor roles the system can be further simplified by neglecting diffusion. The chapter first describes the linear dispersion relation before discussing the computer code modifications and simulations. In particular, it explains what modifications would be needed to convert one's thermal convection code to a code that simulates internal gravity waves, including the nonlinear and diffusive terms. Finally, it considers the computer analysis of wave energy.Less
This chapter focuses on internal gravity waves in a stable thermal stratification. When the amplitude of the fluid velocity is small relative to the amplitude of the phase velocity, a linear analysis, which neglects advection, provides insight to the relation between the wavelength and frequency of internal gravity waves. Furthermore, when thermal and viscous diffusion play relatively minor roles the system can be further simplified by neglecting diffusion. The chapter first describes the linear dispersion relation before discussing the computer code modifications and simulations. In particular, it explains what modifications would be needed to convert one's thermal convection code to a code that simulates internal gravity waves, including the nonlinear and diffusive terms. Finally, it considers the computer analysis of wave energy.
Mauro Fabrizio and Morro Angelo
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527008
- eISBN:
- 9780191713316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527008.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter investigates some aspects of wave propagation with a major focus on the effects of linear constitutive properties (functions or functionals). A detailed analysis of time-harmonic waves ...
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This chapter investigates some aspects of wave propagation with a major focus on the effects of linear constitutive properties (functions or functionals). A detailed analysis of time-harmonic waves in uniform materials is given and classical topics on plane waves are re-visited, such as waves in magneto-hydrodynamics or in anisotropic dielectrics. Propagation and reflection-transmission are examined for dissipative materials, where the wave vector is complex valued. The propagation of plane wavefronts (singular surfaces) is also developed for materials with memory.Less
This chapter investigates some aspects of wave propagation with a major focus on the effects of linear constitutive properties (functions or functionals). A detailed analysis of time-harmonic waves in uniform materials is given and classical topics on plane waves are re-visited, such as waves in magneto-hydrodynamics or in anisotropic dielectrics. Propagation and reflection-transmission are examined for dissipative materials, where the wave vector is complex valued. The propagation of plane wavefronts (singular surfaces) is also developed for materials with memory.
Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M. Blundell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562091
- eISBN:
- 9780191718236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562091.003.0031
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter describes sound waves and shows that these are adiabatic. It derives an expression for the speed of sound in a fluid.
This chapter describes sound waves and shows that these are adiabatic. It derives an expression for the speed of sound in a fluid.
Sylvie Benzoni-Gavage and Denis Serre
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211234
- eISBN:
- 9780191705700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211234.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
When the boundary condition is homogeneous, one may think that there is no data at the boundary and that there is no need of boundary estimates in the maximal estimates. This is reminiscent of the ...
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When the boundary condition is homogeneous, one may think that there is no data at the boundary and that there is no need of boundary estimates in the maximal estimates. This is reminiscent of the case of weakly dissipative symmetric IBVP, and is compatible with the failure of the K.-L. condition at some elliptic boundary frequencies. This chapter constructs a weakly dissipative symmetrizer under appropriate assumptions. This context is the realm of surface waves of finite energy. A paradigm is the Rayleigh waves in linear elasticity.Less
When the boundary condition is homogeneous, one may think that there is no data at the boundary and that there is no need of boundary estimates in the maximal estimates. This is reminiscent of the case of weakly dissipative symmetric IBVP, and is compatible with the failure of the K.-L. condition at some elliptic boundary frequencies. This chapter constructs a weakly dissipative symmetrizer under appropriate assumptions. This context is the realm of surface waves of finite energy. A paradigm is the Rayleigh waves in linear elasticity.
G. A. D. Briggs and O. V. Kolosov
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232734
- eISBN:
- 9780191716355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232734.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The first edition of Acoustic Microscopy ended with a chapter emphasizing the need to understand the contrast in terms of the variation of signal with defocus, V(z). This is a fundamental concept in ...
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The first edition of Acoustic Microscopy ended with a chapter emphasizing the need to understand the contrast in terms of the variation of signal with defocus, V(z). This is a fundamental concept in the contrast from surfaces of stiff materials, and is dominated by excitation of Rayleigh waves in the surface of the sample. The second edition contains a major new chapter on acoustically excited probe microscopy, which changes everything. In ultrasonic force microscopy there is no V(z), no defocus, and no Rayleigh waves. Instead the contrast is dominated by the non‐linear mechanical contact between the tip of an atomic force microscope and the surface of the sample, with its underlying elastic nanostructure.Less
The first edition of Acoustic Microscopy ended with a chapter emphasizing the need to understand the contrast in terms of the variation of signal with defocus, V(z). This is a fundamental concept in the contrast from surfaces of stiff materials, and is dominated by excitation of Rayleigh waves in the surface of the sample. The second edition contains a major new chapter on acoustically excited probe microscopy, which changes everything. In ultrasonic force microscopy there is no V(z), no defocus, and no Rayleigh waves. Instead the contrast is dominated by the non‐linear mechanical contact between the tip of an atomic force microscope and the surface of the sample, with its underlying elastic nanostructure.
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230723
- eISBN:
- 9780191710872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230723.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter begins with a discussion of Newton's gravity law. It then covers general relativity, observations and experiments, Einstein's equations, field sources, Lagrangians, fluid sources, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of Newton's gravity law. It then covers general relativity, observations and experiments, Einstein's equations, field sources, Lagrangians, fluid sources, Newtonian approximation, Minkowskian approximation, high-frequency gravitational waves, and coupled electromagnetic and gravitational waves.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of Newton's gravity law. It then covers general relativity, observations and experiments, Einstein's equations, field sources, Lagrangians, fluid sources, Newtonian approximation, Minkowskian approximation, high-frequency gravitational waves, and coupled electromagnetic and gravitational waves.
Charles D. Bailyn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148823
- eISBN:
- 9781400850563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148823.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter looks at the detection of black holes through gravitational waves. While further improvements can be expected in the ability to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation, it is ...
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This chapter looks at the detection of black holes through gravitational waves. While further improvements can be expected in the ability to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation, it is possible that the next great advances in observational astrophysics will come from the detection of other kinds of information altogether. Currently, there is a great excitement about the possibility of directly detecting an entirely new “celestial messenger,” namely, gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is a prediction of general relativity, and current technology is very close to being able to detect them directly. The strongest sources of gravitational radiation are expected to be merging black holes. Since such mergers are expected to occur, both between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes, the detection of gravitational radiation would provide a new way not only to explore gravitational physics but also to look for and to study celestial black holes.Less
This chapter looks at the detection of black holes through gravitational waves. While further improvements can be expected in the ability to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation, it is possible that the next great advances in observational astrophysics will come from the detection of other kinds of information altogether. Currently, there is a great excitement about the possibility of directly detecting an entirely new “celestial messenger,” namely, gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is a prediction of general relativity, and current technology is very close to being able to detect them directly. The strongest sources of gravitational radiation are expected to be merging black holes. Since such mergers are expected to occur, both between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes, the detection of gravitational radiation would provide a new way not only to explore gravitational physics but also to look for and to study celestial black holes.
Józef Ignaczak and Martin Ostoja‐Starzewski
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541645
- eISBN:
- 9780191716164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541645.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
Similar to the situation in classical linear theory of dynamical coupled thermoelasticity, a relatively large number of problems satisfactorily solved so far in the L‐S and G‐L theories involve ...
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Similar to the situation in classical linear theory of dynamical coupled thermoelasticity, a relatively large number of problems satisfactorily solved so far in the L‐S and G‐L theories involve periodic‐in‐time thermoelastic disturbances. In the case of each problem, a pair of complex wave numbers, associated with the central equation of the given theory generates a pair of phase velocities and a pair of damping coefficients, which are fundamental characteristics of a periodic thermoelastic wave. In this chapter we analyze: several problems of periodic vibrations in the framework of the G‐L theory; plane, spherical and cylindrical waves propagating in an unbounded thermoelastic medium; and an integral representation and radiation conditions for the potential‐temperature solutions of the G‐L theory.Less
Similar to the situation in classical linear theory of dynamical coupled thermoelasticity, a relatively large number of problems satisfactorily solved so far in the L‐S and G‐L theories involve periodic‐in‐time thermoelastic disturbances. In the case of each problem, a pair of complex wave numbers, associated with the central equation of the given theory generates a pair of phase velocities and a pair of damping coefficients, which are fundamental characteristics of a periodic thermoelastic wave. In this chapter we analyze: several problems of periodic vibrations in the framework of the G‐L theory; plane, spherical and cylindrical waves propagating in an unbounded thermoelastic medium; and an integral representation and radiation conditions for the potential‐temperature solutions of the G‐L theory.
