John A. Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199240708
- eISBN:
- 9780191718106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240708.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The concept of ‘watershed management’ combines two things, namely managing the physical aspects of water resources and managing the socio-economic systems. The problem of watershed management has ...
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The concept of ‘watershed management’ combines two things, namely managing the physical aspects of water resources and managing the socio-economic systems. The problem of watershed management has mixed impacts, mixed institutional jurisdictions, and mixed signals as to what are benefits and costs. An integrated and multi-disciplinary approach is needed. Understanding the sociology of watersheds is crucial because in many cases, groups and communities inhabiting the upper watersheds tend to be both physically and politically remote, and tend to be outside the national mainstream. Increased public participation is essential, but more needs to be done to focus on the role of mountain communities. Economic analysis of watersheds focuses on the measurement and monetary valuation of various activities of interest within the watershed. The chapter uses case studies and examples to illustrate these issues and discusses some policy implications.Less
The concept of ‘watershed management’ combines two things, namely managing the physical aspects of water resources and managing the socio-economic systems. The problem of watershed management has mixed impacts, mixed institutional jurisdictions, and mixed signals as to what are benefits and costs. An integrated and multi-disciplinary approach is needed. Understanding the sociology of watersheds is crucial because in many cases, groups and communities inhabiting the upper watersheds tend to be both physically and politically remote, and tend to be outside the national mainstream. Increased public participation is essential, but more needs to be done to focus on the role of mountain communities. Economic analysis of watersheds focuses on the measurement and monetary valuation of various activities of interest within the watershed. The chapter uses case studies and examples to illustrate these issues and discusses some policy implications.
Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813168685
- eISBN:
- 9780813169941
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168685.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of ...
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Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of these formations would be possible, however, without the lakes, rivers, and streams that have been shaping and nourishing the land for centuries. Water has played a pivotal role in determining Kentucky’s physical, cultural, and economic landscapes, and its management and preservation have recently become a significant point of interest for the state’s government and citizens. In Water in Kentucky: Shaping Landscapes, People, and Communities, editors Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones will assemble a team of contributors from various disciplines to explore how water has defined regions across the Commonwealth. They propose to present an overview of Kentucky’s watershed and landscapes as well as highlight the importance of the water sources during the settlement and development of Kentucky. They will examine how water is regarded across the state today, discussing a variety of issues such as rural water and wastewater issues, the effect of the Martin County Coal Waste Spill on water resources, erosion and sediment control, Kentucky River’s lock and dam system, and the creation of the Land between the Lakes. The editors and contributors will also investigate how water is regulated across the state, exploring Kentucky’s water administrations, activism for preservation of water sources, and advocacy for public awareness. Finally, they will address future challenges, focusing on emerging technologies and management approaches that will likely determine the next chapters in Kentucky’s history. Water in Kentucky will illuminate the ways in which water has affected the lives of Kentuckians since the state’s settlement, exploring the complex relationship between humans, landscapes, and waterways. Illustrated with photographs, maps, and charts, the volume offers a multi-faceted look at how water has shaped the Bluegrass State. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the editors and contributors will provide scholars and general readers alike with an important volume that not only takes a look at Kentucky’s past, but asks important questions about its future.Less
Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of these formations would be possible, however, without the lakes, rivers, and streams that have been shaping and nourishing the land for centuries. Water has played a pivotal role in determining Kentucky’s physical, cultural, and economic landscapes, and its management and preservation have recently become a significant point of interest for the state’s government and citizens. In Water in Kentucky: Shaping Landscapes, People, and Communities, editors Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones will assemble a team of contributors from various disciplines to explore how water has defined regions across the Commonwealth. They propose to present an overview of Kentucky’s watershed and landscapes as well as highlight the importance of the water sources during the settlement and development of Kentucky. They will examine how water is regarded across the state today, discussing a variety of issues such as rural water and wastewater issues, the effect of the Martin County Coal Waste Spill on water resources, erosion and sediment control, Kentucky River’s lock and dam system, and the creation of the Land between the Lakes. The editors and contributors will also investigate how water is regulated across the state, exploring Kentucky’s water administrations, activism for preservation of water sources, and advocacy for public awareness. Finally, they will address future challenges, focusing on emerging technologies and management approaches that will likely determine the next chapters in Kentucky’s history. Water in Kentucky will illuminate the ways in which water has affected the lives of Kentuckians since the state’s settlement, exploring the complex relationship between humans, landscapes, and waterways. Illustrated with photographs, maps, and charts, the volume offers a multi-faceted look at how water has shaped the Bluegrass State. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the editors and contributors will provide scholars and general readers alike with an important volume that not only takes a look at Kentucky’s past, but asks important questions about its future.
Colin Shaw
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159377
- eISBN:
- 9780191673603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159377.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
A lot of what was once considered bad language was so simply because the state decreed as much, for reasons which had more to do with power and politics than with morality. However, in the context of ...
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A lot of what was once considered bad language was so simply because the state decreed as much, for reasons which had more to do with power and politics than with morality. However, in the context of this chapter, none of the synonyms for bad language seems to replace such language very well: neither strong language nor obscenities, swearwords, oaths, curses, terms of abuse, invective, nor profanity. Swearwords, oaths, and curses cover the kind of expletives which cause offence or worse, but not discriminatory abuse. Television networks in the United States, in their supervision of schedules, demonstrate almost every night of the week the enduring importance of puritanism in the American tradition. Bad language, like sex, comes under more stringent control from the networks than either does in post-watershed television in Britain. As a surprising paradox in British eyes, puritanism seems to have less difficulty in coming to terms with violence as a major presence in the make-up of American schedules.Less
A lot of what was once considered bad language was so simply because the state decreed as much, for reasons which had more to do with power and politics than with morality. However, in the context of this chapter, none of the synonyms for bad language seems to replace such language very well: neither strong language nor obscenities, swearwords, oaths, curses, terms of abuse, invective, nor profanity. Swearwords, oaths, and curses cover the kind of expletives which cause offence or worse, but not discriminatory abuse. Television networks in the United States, in their supervision of schedules, demonstrate almost every night of the week the enduring importance of puritanism in the American tradition. Bad language, like sex, comes under more stringent control from the networks than either does in post-watershed television in Britain. As a surprising paradox in British eyes, puritanism seems to have less difficulty in coming to terms with violence as a major presence in the make-up of American schedules.
Ashley Carse
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028110
- eISBN:
- 9780262320467
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028110.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as ...
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This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as they travel downstream along maritime routes and tracing rivers upstream across the populated watershed that feeds the canal, it explores the politics of environmental management around a waterway that links faraway ports and markets to nearby farms, forests, cities, and rural communities. The book draws on a wide range of ethnographic and archival material to show the social and ecological implications of transportation across Panama. The canal moves ships over an aquatic staircase of locks that demand an enormous amount of fresh water from the surrounding region. Each passing ship drains 52 million gallons out to sea—a volume comparable to the daily water use of half a million Panamanians. The book argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal do not simply conquer nature; they rework ecologies in ways that serve specific political and economic priorities. Interweaving histories that range from the depopulation of the US Canal Zone a century ago to road construction conflicts and water hyacinth invasions in canal waters, the book illuminates the human and nonhuman actors that have come together at the margins of the famous trade route. Beyond the Big Ditch calls us to consider how infrastructures are simultaneously linked to global networks and embedded in places, giving rise to political ecologies with winners and losers who are connected across great distances.Less
This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as they travel downstream along maritime routes and tracing rivers upstream across the populated watershed that feeds the canal, it explores the politics of environmental management around a waterway that links faraway ports and markets to nearby farms, forests, cities, and rural communities. The book draws on a wide range of ethnographic and archival material to show the social and ecological implications of transportation across Panama. The canal moves ships over an aquatic staircase of locks that demand an enormous amount of fresh water from the surrounding region. Each passing ship drains 52 million gallons out to sea—a volume comparable to the daily water use of half a million Panamanians. The book argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal do not simply conquer nature; they rework ecologies in ways that serve specific political and economic priorities. Interweaving histories that range from the depopulation of the US Canal Zone a century ago to road construction conflicts and water hyacinth invasions in canal waters, the book illuminates the human and nonhuman actors that have come together at the margins of the famous trade route. Beyond the Big Ditch calls us to consider how infrastructures are simultaneously linked to global networks and embedded in places, giving rise to political ecologies with winners and losers who are connected across great distances.
Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199236602
- eISBN:
- 9780191696701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236602.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter begins by examining the performance of the privatized railway from the year 1997 up to the Hatfield accident on 17 October 2000. It then evaluates the political economy of Hatfield and ...
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This chapter begins by examining the performance of the privatized railway from the year 1997 up to the Hatfield accident on 17 October 2000. It then evaluates the political economy of Hatfield and assesses its impact on the rail industry and the subsequent controversies that bombarded the said industry. It also presents the effect of the Hatfield accident on the income of the TOCs.Less
This chapter begins by examining the performance of the privatized railway from the year 1997 up to the Hatfield accident on 17 October 2000. It then evaluates the political economy of Hatfield and assesses its impact on the rail industry and the subsequent controversies that bombarded the said industry. It also presents the effect of the Hatfield accident on the income of the TOCs.
William G. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226364957
- eISBN:
- 9780226365145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226365145.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high ...
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As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high stormwater flows of short duration, which pick up sediments, heat, and pollutants, and requires the construction of pipes to carry the flow that further concentrates the stormwater. High volumes of polluted water discharged into streams causes loss and damage to downstream ecosystems and the water resources that people need. This book presents and explains the diverse scientific aspects of urban stormwater by summarizing the primary academic literature with more than 250 plots, figures, and tables, and a bibliography of more than 450 references. Ideally suited for individual study or an advanced undergraduate or graduate seminar, each chapter provides several suggested references for deeper analysis. The 13 chapters are grouped into three parts covering urban conditions, environmental harms, and solutions. Urban conditions covers the water cycle and climate change, pollution emissions and deposition, and the various facets of imperviousness. Individual chapters on environmental harms cover distinct pollutant categories such as nutrients, mercury, and heat, as well as chapters detailing stormwater influences on streams, groundwater, and ecosystem responses. Solutions are grouped into two chapters, one covering the services provided by natural ecosystems and another chapter discussing the benefits of design features ranging from rain barrels to porous pavement to careful construction practices.Less
As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high stormwater flows of short duration, which pick up sediments, heat, and pollutants, and requires the construction of pipes to carry the flow that further concentrates the stormwater. High volumes of polluted water discharged into streams causes loss and damage to downstream ecosystems and the water resources that people need. This book presents and explains the diverse scientific aspects of urban stormwater by summarizing the primary academic literature with more than 250 plots, figures, and tables, and a bibliography of more than 450 references. Ideally suited for individual study or an advanced undergraduate or graduate seminar, each chapter provides several suggested references for deeper analysis. The 13 chapters are grouped into three parts covering urban conditions, environmental harms, and solutions. Urban conditions covers the water cycle and climate change, pollution emissions and deposition, and the various facets of imperviousness. Individual chapters on environmental harms cover distinct pollutant categories such as nutrients, mercury, and heat, as well as chapters detailing stormwater influences on streams, groundwater, and ecosystem responses. Solutions are grouped into two chapters, one covering the services provided by natural ecosystems and another chapter discussing the benefits of design features ranging from rain barrels to porous pavement to careful construction practices.
Roger D. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217997
- eISBN:
- 9780520936072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217997.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter focuses on the over-exploitation of forest resources for various economic activities, which led to environmental degradation, and discusses how the inclusion of local communities and ...
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This chapter focuses on the over-exploitation of forest resources for various economic activities, which led to environmental degradation, and discusses how the inclusion of local communities and traditional forest users can help in achieving sustainable development. Logging, increased demand for agricultural land and ranches, poor management and the violation of existing regulations, air pollutants, pests and diseases, forest fires, poor harvesting and silvicultural practices, and climate variations have all resulted in severe forest-losses across the globe. Some of the ill effects of deforestation include siltation of riverways, increased flooding, watershed disruption, and decline in soil fertility. The process of systematic deforestation of Amazonian forests by the Brazilian government for setting up rubber plantations, cattle ranches, and farmlands is also discussed. The survival of forest-dwelling people and their cultures and the survival of the forests are mutually dependant, which makes their access to forestlands and resources and their participation in conserving them important factors for achieving sustainable development.Less
This chapter focuses on the over-exploitation of forest resources for various economic activities, which led to environmental degradation, and discusses how the inclusion of local communities and traditional forest users can help in achieving sustainable development. Logging, increased demand for agricultural land and ranches, poor management and the violation of existing regulations, air pollutants, pests and diseases, forest fires, poor harvesting and silvicultural practices, and climate variations have all resulted in severe forest-losses across the globe. Some of the ill effects of deforestation include siltation of riverways, increased flooding, watershed disruption, and decline in soil fertility. The process of systematic deforestation of Amazonian forests by the Brazilian government for setting up rubber plantations, cattle ranches, and farmlands is also discussed. The survival of forest-dwelling people and their cultures and the survival of the forests are mutually dependant, which makes their access to forestlands and resources and their participation in conserving them important factors for achieving sustainable development.
Katherine A. Mitchell and Jeffrey E. Herrick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195117769
- eISBN:
- 9780197561201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0009
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
This chapter focuses on controls and patterns of soil moisture in the Jornada Basin. First we describe general properties that commonly contribute to soil water ...
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This chapter focuses on controls and patterns of soil moisture in the Jornada Basin. First we describe general properties that commonly contribute to soil water heterogeneity; second, we offer a brief overview of soil water research in the Jornada Basin; and last, we describe specific patterns of soil water content and availability observed in the Jornada Basin. Our goal is to describe general patterns of soil water that are likely to occur across the Chihuahuan Desert region. In arid and semiarid regions, water is typically thought to be the most limiting resource to biological activity (Noy-Meir 1973), though colimitation by water and nitrogen may be a more general rule (Hooper and Johnson 1999; see also chapter 6). The availability of water affects plant productivity, microbial activity, activity of biological soil crusts, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. It also directly and indirectly affects soil erosion, chemical weathering, and carbonate formation. There are several hypotheses addressing how water availability affects plant productivity in desert environments. Beatley (1974) proposed that various functional types (e.g., shrub, perennial grass, annual forb) have different seasonal rainfall thresholds to trigger phenological responses. The annual productivity of functional types is therefore determined by the timing and amount of rainfall. Westoby (Noy-Meir 1973) proposed the pulse-reserve paradigm to explain population dynamics of desert plants. In this view, a rain event triggers a pulse of production. Some of that production is used to generate new tissue, but part of the production is diverted into reserves. The amount of reserves in part determines the next production pulse, as well as the minimum size of the next trigger event. Rainfall is highly variable both spatially and temporally in arid regions; therefore, understanding patterns of rainfall and interactions between rainfall patterns, soil characteristics, temperature, and topography are critical to predicting ecosystem responses. The relationship between average annual precipitation and plant productivity across arid regions has substantial predictive ability (Le Houérou 1984). However, for a given site, the relationship between annual precipitation and yearly plant productivity has limited explanatory power (Lauenroth and Sala 1992).
Less
This chapter focuses on controls and patterns of soil moisture in the Jornada Basin. First we describe general properties that commonly contribute to soil water heterogeneity; second, we offer a brief overview of soil water research in the Jornada Basin; and last, we describe specific patterns of soil water content and availability observed in the Jornada Basin. Our goal is to describe general patterns of soil water that are likely to occur across the Chihuahuan Desert region. In arid and semiarid regions, water is typically thought to be the most limiting resource to biological activity (Noy-Meir 1973), though colimitation by water and nitrogen may be a more general rule (Hooper and Johnson 1999; see also chapter 6). The availability of water affects plant productivity, microbial activity, activity of biological soil crusts, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. It also directly and indirectly affects soil erosion, chemical weathering, and carbonate formation. There are several hypotheses addressing how water availability affects plant productivity in desert environments. Beatley (1974) proposed that various functional types (e.g., shrub, perennial grass, annual forb) have different seasonal rainfall thresholds to trigger phenological responses. The annual productivity of functional types is therefore determined by the timing and amount of rainfall. Westoby (Noy-Meir 1973) proposed the pulse-reserve paradigm to explain population dynamics of desert plants. In this view, a rain event triggers a pulse of production. Some of that production is used to generate new tissue, but part of the production is diverted into reserves. The amount of reserves in part determines the next production pulse, as well as the minimum size of the next trigger event. Rainfall is highly variable both spatially and temporally in arid regions; therefore, understanding patterns of rainfall and interactions between rainfall patterns, soil characteristics, temperature, and topography are critical to predicting ecosystem responses. The relationship between average annual precipitation and plant productivity across arid regions has substantial predictive ability (Le Houérou 1984). However, for a given site, the relationship between annual precipitation and yearly plant productivity has limited explanatory power (Lauenroth and Sala 1992).
Romila Thapar
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195626759
- eISBN:
- 9780199080656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195626759.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter talks about the lineage societies of the Rg Vedic and Later Vedic period, which can be located in the western Ganga valley and the Indo-Gangetic watershed. The discussion begins with the ...
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This chapter talks about the lineage societies of the Rg Vedic and Later Vedic period, which can be located in the western Ganga valley and the Indo-Gangetic watershed. The discussion begins with the Rg Vedic society, which was basically pastoral due to its location near the western bank of the Yamuna. It describes the pastoral and agricultural features of the society, discusses terms such as ‘gavisthi’, ‘raja’, and ‘gomat’, and moves on to religion and the relationship between the chief and the priest. It briefly mentions the first ruler, Prthu Vainya, and introduces the division of the clans into the clans of higher status and others. The control of the territories is also studied; it can be noted that well-defined territories were not established during this time. The households, kinship, the sharing of wealth, the concentration of power, and the caste system are also studied in this chapter.Less
This chapter talks about the lineage societies of the Rg Vedic and Later Vedic period, which can be located in the western Ganga valley and the Indo-Gangetic watershed. The discussion begins with the Rg Vedic society, which was basically pastoral due to its location near the western bank of the Yamuna. It describes the pastoral and agricultural features of the society, discusses terms such as ‘gavisthi’, ‘raja’, and ‘gomat’, and moves on to religion and the relationship between the chief and the priest. It briefly mentions the first ruler, Prthu Vainya, and introduces the division of the clans into the clans of higher status and others. The control of the territories is also studied; it can be noted that well-defined territories were not established during this time. The households, kinship, the sharing of wealth, the concentration of power, and the caste system are also studied in this chapter.
Anissa Janine Wardi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037455
- eISBN:
- 9780813042343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037455.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter establishes that water—fluid, shifting, and indeterminate—is the material center of this book, and is employed as a framework for theorizing survival and trauma, diasporic and regional ...
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This chapter establishes that water—fluid, shifting, and indeterminate—is the material center of this book, and is employed as a framework for theorizing survival and trauma, diasporic and regional connections, and physical and psychological dislocations. Beginning with the transatlantic trade voyage, in which Africans were taken from their homelands and placed in the holds of slaving vessels—and during which, estimates suggest, one-third of the captives died—this project reveals that the confluence of death, loss, migration, and water is endemic to African American culture. August Wilson's Gem of the Ocean and Langston Hughes' “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” illustrate the indelible relationship between bodies of water and human bodies. Water is ancestrally embodied in these works, and encounters with it therefore often function as both confrontations with traumatic memory and rites of healing. Thus, ancestral communion is achieved by confronting the realm of the dead through water immersion. Further, waterways, carriers of memory, are interrelated and often morphing into one another, suggesting that the Middle Passage is an assumed presence in bodies of water.Less
This chapter establishes that water—fluid, shifting, and indeterminate—is the material center of this book, and is employed as a framework for theorizing survival and trauma, diasporic and regional connections, and physical and psychological dislocations. Beginning with the transatlantic trade voyage, in which Africans were taken from their homelands and placed in the holds of slaving vessels—and during which, estimates suggest, one-third of the captives died—this project reveals that the confluence of death, loss, migration, and water is endemic to African American culture. August Wilson's Gem of the Ocean and Langston Hughes' “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” illustrate the indelible relationship between bodies of water and human bodies. Water is ancestrally embodied in these works, and encounters with it therefore often function as both confrontations with traumatic memory and rites of healing. Thus, ancestral communion is achieved by confronting the realm of the dead through water immersion. Further, waterways, carriers of memory, are interrelated and often morphing into one another, suggesting that the Middle Passage is an assumed presence in bodies of water.
Geoffrey Heal
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231180849
- eISBN:
- 9780231543286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231180849.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Natural capital – the complex of objects and systems that constitutes the natural environment or the biosphere - plays a fundamental and irreplaceable role in human life, as stories as diverse as the ...
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Natural capital – the complex of objects and systems that constitutes the natural environment or the biosphere - plays a fundamental and irreplaceable role in human life, as stories as diverse as the evolution of Earth and its neighboring planets, or of Biosphere 2, clearly illustrate. In addition to being essential to humanity’s existence, it provides on a daily basis services of great but more quotidian importance, such as pollination, insurance against diseases, and drinking water. Yet many of these services go unnoticed and taken for granted, which is one reason why humanity permits the rampant destruction of natural capital, an asset class of great value.Less
Natural capital – the complex of objects and systems that constitutes the natural environment or the biosphere - plays a fundamental and irreplaceable role in human life, as stories as diverse as the evolution of Earth and its neighboring planets, or of Biosphere 2, clearly illustrate. In addition to being essential to humanity’s existence, it provides on a daily basis services of great but more quotidian importance, such as pollination, insurance against diseases, and drinking water. Yet many of these services go unnoticed and taken for granted, which is one reason why humanity permits the rampant destruction of natural capital, an asset class of great value.
Joy B. Zedler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247772
- eISBN:
- 9780520932890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247772.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Hands-on experience, accounts in the literature, and several areas of ecological theory can help predict the general course of wetland restoration. There is no cookbook for wetland restoration, nor ...
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Hands-on experience, accounts in the literature, and several areas of ecological theory can help predict the general course of wetland restoration. There is no cookbook for wetland restoration, nor is there a simple trajectory that describes how restored sites will develop. This chapter discusses the restoration process with examples concerning starting points, institutions that foster wetland restoration, alternative goals, strategic placement of wetland restoration projects within watersheds, site-based tactics, surprises, ways to evaluate progress and outcomes, long-term stewardship, and adaptive restoration. It draws extensively on the author's firsthand experiences in the United States with California estuarine restoration and Wisconsin freshwater wetlands. The chapter explores wetland restoration, focusing on chronic degradation as opposed to catastrophic degradation, how biota can be manipulated, locating wetlands to restore biodiversity and improve water quality, restoration of hydrologic conditions, and restoration of soil and topography as well as vegetation.Less
Hands-on experience, accounts in the literature, and several areas of ecological theory can help predict the general course of wetland restoration. There is no cookbook for wetland restoration, nor is there a simple trajectory that describes how restored sites will develop. This chapter discusses the restoration process with examples concerning starting points, institutions that foster wetland restoration, alternative goals, strategic placement of wetland restoration projects within watersheds, site-based tactics, surprises, ways to evaluate progress and outcomes, long-term stewardship, and adaptive restoration. It draws extensively on the author's firsthand experiences in the United States with California estuarine restoration and Wisconsin freshwater wetlands. The chapter explores wetland restoration, focusing on chronic degradation as opposed to catastrophic degradation, how biota can be manipulated, locating wetlands to restore biodiversity and improve water quality, restoration of hydrologic conditions, and restoration of soil and topography as well as vegetation.
James B. Shanley and Kevin Bishop
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271630
- eISBN:
- 9780520951396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271630.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses mercury cycling in the terrestrial landscape, including inputs from the atmosphere, accumulation in soils and vegetation, outputs in streamflow and volatilization, and effects ...
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This chapter discusses mercury cycling in the terrestrial landscape, including inputs from the atmosphere, accumulation in soils and vegetation, outputs in streamflow and volatilization, and effects of land disturbance. Mercury mobility in the terrestrial landscape is strongly controlled by organic matter. About 90% of the atmospheric mercury input is retained in vegetation and organic matter in soils, causing a buildup of legacy mercury. Some mercury is volatilized back to the atmosphere, but most export of mercury from watersheds occurs by streamflow. Stream mercury export is episodic, in association with dissolved and particulate organic carbon, as stormflow and snowmelt flush organic-rich shallow soil horizons. The terrestrial landscape is thus a major source of mercury to downstream aquatic environments, where mercury is methylated and enters the aquatic food web. With ample organic matter and sulfur, methylmercury forms in uplands as well—in wetlands, riparian zones, and other anoxic sites. Watershed features (topography, land cover type, and soil drainage class) are often more important than atmospheric mercury deposition in controlling the amount of stream mercury and methylmercury export. While reductions in atmospheric mercury deposition may rapidly benefit lakes, the terrestrial landscape will respond only over decades, because of the large stock and slow turnover of legacy mercury. We conclude with a discussion of future scenarios and the challenge of managing terrestrial mercury.Less
This chapter discusses mercury cycling in the terrestrial landscape, including inputs from the atmosphere, accumulation in soils and vegetation, outputs in streamflow and volatilization, and effects of land disturbance. Mercury mobility in the terrestrial landscape is strongly controlled by organic matter. About 90% of the atmospheric mercury input is retained in vegetation and organic matter in soils, causing a buildup of legacy mercury. Some mercury is volatilized back to the atmosphere, but most export of mercury from watersheds occurs by streamflow. Stream mercury export is episodic, in association with dissolved and particulate organic carbon, as stormflow and snowmelt flush organic-rich shallow soil horizons. The terrestrial landscape is thus a major source of mercury to downstream aquatic environments, where mercury is methylated and enters the aquatic food web. With ample organic matter and sulfur, methylmercury forms in uplands as well—in wetlands, riparian zones, and other anoxic sites. Watershed features (topography, land cover type, and soil drainage class) are often more important than atmospheric mercury deposition in controlling the amount of stream mercury and methylmercury export. While reductions in atmospheric mercury deposition may rapidly benefit lakes, the terrestrial landscape will respond only over decades, because of the large stock and slow turnover of legacy mercury. We conclude with a discussion of future scenarios and the challenge of managing terrestrial mercury.
Paulina Ochoa Espejo
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190074197
- eISBN:
- 9780190074234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190074197.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
Are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? This short envoi summarizes On Borders, which proposes the Watershed Model, and answers the book’s central ...
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Are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? This short envoi summarizes On Borders, which proposes the Watershed Model, and answers the book’s central questions as follows: First, borders are justified when they sustain place-specific duties. Second, border control rights spring from international conventions, not from internal legitimacy—so border institutions should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and by the states system. Finally, any border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. It concludes by asking where new research on borders in times of climate change should lead.Less
Are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? This short envoi summarizes On Borders, which proposes the Watershed Model, and answers the book’s central questions as follows: First, borders are justified when they sustain place-specific duties. Second, border control rights spring from international conventions, not from internal legitimacy—so border institutions should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and by the states system. Finally, any border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. It concludes by asking where new research on borders in times of climate change should lead.
Wayne T. Swank and Jackson R. Webster (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195370157
- eISBN:
- 9780190267933
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195370157.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This latest addition to the Long-Term Ecological Research Network series gives an overarching account of the recovery and management of a forest watershed ecosystem. It synthesizes and ...
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This latest addition to the Long-Term Ecological Research Network series gives an overarching account of the recovery and management of a forest watershed ecosystem. It synthesizes and cross-references important and rare-to-find, long-term data in fourteen chapters that deal with the hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological processes of mixed deciduous forests. The data is representative of the entire US, and shows the effects of commercial clearcutting using examples from the Southeastern US and a range of East Coast forests. It includes responses of both forest and stream components of the watershed and provides unique insights into the interrelationships between the effects of natural disturbances (floods, droughts, insects, and disease, etc.) versus management disturbances.Less
This latest addition to the Long-Term Ecological Research Network series gives an overarching account of the recovery and management of a forest watershed ecosystem. It synthesizes and cross-references important and rare-to-find, long-term data in fourteen chapters that deal with the hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological processes of mixed deciduous forests. The data is representative of the entire US, and shows the effects of commercial clearcutting using examples from the Southeastern US and a range of East Coast forests. It includes responses of both forest and stream components of the watershed and provides unique insights into the interrelationships between the effects of natural disturbances (floods, droughts, insects, and disease, etc.) versus management disturbances.
Paulina Ochoa Espejo
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190074197
- eISBN:
- 9780190074234
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190074197.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
When are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? People today think of borders as an island’s shores. Just as beaches delimit a castaway’s realm, so borders ...
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When are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? People today think of borders as an island’s shores. Just as beaches delimit a castaway’s realm, so borders define the edge of a territory occupied by a unified people, to whom the land legitimately belongs. Hence a territory is legitimate only if it belongs to a people unified by civic identity. Sadly, this Desert Island Model of territorial politics forces us to choose. If a country seeks to have a legitimate territory, it can either have democratic legitimacy or inclusion of different civic identities—but not both. The resulting politics creates mass xenophobia, migrant bashing, hoarding of natural resources, and border walls. On Borders presents an alternative model. Drawing on an intellectual tradition concerned with how land and climate shape institutions, this book argues that we should not see territories as pieces of property owned by identity groups. Instead, we should see them as watersheds: as interconnected systems where institutions, people, the biota, and the land together create overlapping civic duties and relations, what the book calls place-specific duties. This Watershed Model argues that borders are justified when they allow us to fulfill those duties; that border-control rights spring from internationally agreed conventions—not from internal legitimacy, that borders should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and the states system, and that border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. The book explores how this model undoes the exclusionary politics of desert islands.Less
When are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? People today think of borders as an island’s shores. Just as beaches delimit a castaway’s realm, so borders define the edge of a territory occupied by a unified people, to whom the land legitimately belongs. Hence a territory is legitimate only if it belongs to a people unified by civic identity. Sadly, this Desert Island Model of territorial politics forces us to choose. If a country seeks to have a legitimate territory, it can either have democratic legitimacy or inclusion of different civic identities—but not both. The resulting politics creates mass xenophobia, migrant bashing, hoarding of natural resources, and border walls. On Borders presents an alternative model. Drawing on an intellectual tradition concerned with how land and climate shape institutions, this book argues that we should not see territories as pieces of property owned by identity groups. Instead, we should see them as watersheds: as interconnected systems where institutions, people, the biota, and the land together create overlapping civic duties and relations, what the book calls place-specific duties. This Watershed Model argues that borders are justified when they allow us to fulfill those duties; that border-control rights spring from internationally agreed conventions—not from internal legitimacy, that borders should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and the states system, and that border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. The book explores how this model undoes the exclusionary politics of desert islands.
Ray Zone
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124612
- eISBN:
- 9780813134796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124612.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter discusses motion picture projection and presents several images of stereo projectors and the early stereo cameras that were used during the late 19th century. Aside from discussing other ...
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This chapter discusses motion picture projection and presents several images of stereo projectors and the early stereo cameras that were used during the late 19th century. Aside from discussing other new inventions, the chapter also looks at stereo projection in France and the watershed years for motion pictures.Less
This chapter discusses motion picture projection and presents several images of stereo projectors and the early stereo cameras that were used during the late 19th century. Aside from discussing other new inventions, the chapter also looks at stereo projection in France and the watershed years for motion pictures.
Mark Lubell, William D. Leach, and Paul A. Sabatier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262134927
- eISBN:
- 9780262255523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262134927.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge about the factors influencing the success of watershed partnerships. It begins by discussing a conceptual framework for watershed partnerships ...
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This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge about the factors influencing the success of watershed partnerships. It begins by discussing a conceptual framework for watershed partnerships that identifies aspects of the collaborative process, participants, and context that may influence effectiveness. It then presents the findings from the watershed partnerships literature, focusing in depth on the National Estuary Program (NEP) study and the Watershed Partnership Project (WPP). The conceptual framework presented in this chapter receives further testing through a new set of parallel analyses of the NEP and WPP data. The framework and analysis were originally developed for a working paper commissioned by the National Research Council.Less
This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge about the factors influencing the success of watershed partnerships. It begins by discussing a conceptual framework for watershed partnerships that identifies aspects of the collaborative process, participants, and context that may influence effectiveness. It then presents the findings from the watershed partnerships literature, focusing in depth on the National Estuary Program (NEP) study and the Watershed Partnership Project (WPP). The conceptual framework presented in this chapter receives further testing through a new set of parallel analyses of the NEP and WPP data. The framework and analysis were originally developed for a working paper commissioned by the National Research Council.
Craig M Kauffman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190625733
- eISBN:
- 9780190625757
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625733.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Environmental Politics
When international agreements fail to solve global problems like climate change, transnational networks attempt to address them by applying global best practices, like Integrated Watershed ...
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When international agreements fail to solve global problems like climate change, transnational networks attempt to address them by applying global best practices, like Integrated Watershed Management, locally around the world. Grassroots Global Governance uses nodal governance theory to explain why some efforts succeed and others fail, but also why the process of implementing global ideas locally causes them to evolve. Transnational actors’ success in implementing global ideas depends on the strategies they use to activate networks of grassroots actors influential in local social and policy arenas. Yet, grassroots actors neither accept nor reject global ideas as presented by outsiders. Instead, they negotiate how to adapt them to fit local conditions. This contestation produces experimentation with unique institutional applications of a global idea infused with local norms and practices. Local experiments that endure are perceived as successful, allowing those involved to activate transnational networks to scale up and diffuse innovative local governance models globally. These models carry local norms and practices to the international level where they challenge existing global approaches. By guiding the way global ideas evolve through local experimentation, grassroots actors reshape international actors’ discourse, organizing, and the strategies they pursue globally. This makes them grassroots global governors. To demonstrate this, the book compares transnational efforts to implement local Integrated Watershed Management programs across Ecuador and shows how local experiments altered the global debate over how to conceptualize and implement sustainable development. In doing so, the book reveals the grassroots level as a terrain where global governance is constructed.Less
When international agreements fail to solve global problems like climate change, transnational networks attempt to address them by applying global best practices, like Integrated Watershed Management, locally around the world. Grassroots Global Governance uses nodal governance theory to explain why some efforts succeed and others fail, but also why the process of implementing global ideas locally causes them to evolve. Transnational actors’ success in implementing global ideas depends on the strategies they use to activate networks of grassroots actors influential in local social and policy arenas. Yet, grassroots actors neither accept nor reject global ideas as presented by outsiders. Instead, they negotiate how to adapt them to fit local conditions. This contestation produces experimentation with unique institutional applications of a global idea infused with local norms and practices. Local experiments that endure are perceived as successful, allowing those involved to activate transnational networks to scale up and diffuse innovative local governance models globally. These models carry local norms and practices to the international level where they challenge existing global approaches. By guiding the way global ideas evolve through local experimentation, grassroots actors reshape international actors’ discourse, organizing, and the strategies they pursue globally. This makes them grassroots global governors. To demonstrate this, the book compares transnational efforts to implement local Integrated Watershed Management programs across Ecuador and shows how local experiments altered the global debate over how to conceptualize and implement sustainable development. In doing so, the book reveals the grassroots level as a terrain where global governance is constructed.
Neil Sugihara (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520246058
- eISBN:
- 9780520932272
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520246058.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Fires are both an integral natural process in the California landscape and growing threat to its urban and suburban developments as they encroach on wildlands. This book synthesizes knowledge of the ...
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Fires are both an integral natural process in the California landscape and growing threat to its urban and suburban developments as they encroach on wildlands. This book synthesizes knowledge of the science, ecology, and management of fire in California. Part I introduces the basics of fire ecology. It includes an historical overview of fire, vegetation, and climate in California; overviews of fire as a physical and ecological process; and reviews the interactions between fire and the physical, plant, and animal components of the environment. Part II explores the history and ecology of fire in each of California’s nine bioregions. Part III examines fire management in California, including both Native American and post-European settlement; discusses current issues related to fire policy and management, including air quality, watershed management, invasive plant species, native species, and fuel management; and considers the future of fire management.Less
Fires are both an integral natural process in the California landscape and growing threat to its urban and suburban developments as they encroach on wildlands. This book synthesizes knowledge of the science, ecology, and management of fire in California. Part I introduces the basics of fire ecology. It includes an historical overview of fire, vegetation, and climate in California; overviews of fire as a physical and ecological process; and reviews the interactions between fire and the physical, plant, and animal components of the environment. Part II explores the history and ecology of fire in each of California’s nine bioregions. Part III examines fire management in California, including both Native American and post-European settlement; discusses current issues related to fire policy and management, including air quality, watershed management, invasive plant species, native species, and fuel management; and considers the future of fire management.
