Eileen Barker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195177299
- eISBN:
- 9780199785537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177299.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter presents an exercise in the practical application of the sociology of knowledge, the key question being the variety of often-conflicting descriptions that are publicly available on the ...
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This chapter presents an exercise in the practical application of the sociology of knowledge, the key question being the variety of often-conflicting descriptions that are publicly available on the content and nature of new religions. Various types of perspectives about the movements are delineated with an discussion of “where they are coming from” — that is, what are the underlying interests concerning the movements that motivate the members of different categories of “cult-watching groups” — how the methodology they employ results in their selecting certain aspects of the movements' beliefs, practices, and organization (and ignoring other aspects) in the construction of their images of the movements.Less
This chapter presents an exercise in the practical application of the sociology of knowledge, the key question being the variety of often-conflicting descriptions that are publicly available on the content and nature of new religions. Various types of perspectives about the movements are delineated with an discussion of “where they are coming from” — that is, what are the underlying interests concerning the movements that motivate the members of different categories of “cult-watching groups” — how the methodology they employ results in their selecting certain aspects of the movements' beliefs, practices, and organization (and ignoring other aspects) in the construction of their images of the movements.
Bernard Schweizer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751389
- eISBN:
- 9780199894864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751389.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Contrasting Swinburne’s carefree misotheistic candor, Zora Neal Hurston remained cryptic about her conflicted relationship with God. Partly because she was black and female, readers tend to overlook ...
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Contrasting Swinburne’s carefree misotheistic candor, Zora Neal Hurston remained cryptic about her conflicted relationship with God. Partly because she was black and female, readers tend to overlook indications of misotheism, even when they seem plain. Few, if any, critics have taken the words “all gods who receive homage are cruel. All gods dispense suffering without reason” in Their Eyes Were Watching God as potentially targeting Yahweh as well as any other gods. Instead, critics have either ignored such passages in her work or tried to explain them away. This chapter offers fresh readings of Hurston’s acclaimed works, and it draws on private writings, letters, and memoirs to fill in the picture of Hurston’s latent misotheism. Finally, the author reveals a surprising web of concealed references to writers ranging from Epicurus to Proudhon and Nietzsche, to bolster his claim that Hurston was indeed as hostile to God as the thinkers who influenced her.Less
Contrasting Swinburne’s carefree misotheistic candor, Zora Neal Hurston remained cryptic about her conflicted relationship with God. Partly because she was black and female, readers tend to overlook indications of misotheism, even when they seem plain. Few, if any, critics have taken the words “all gods who receive homage are cruel. All gods dispense suffering without reason” in Their Eyes Were Watching God as potentially targeting Yahweh as well as any other gods. Instead, critics have either ignored such passages in her work or tried to explain them away. This chapter offers fresh readings of Hurston’s acclaimed works, and it draws on private writings, letters, and memoirs to fill in the picture of Hurston’s latent misotheism. Finally, the author reveals a surprising web of concealed references to writers ranging from Epicurus to Proudhon and Nietzsche, to bolster his claim that Hurston was indeed as hostile to God as the thinkers who influenced her.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting ...
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This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting other troops until they felt immediately threatened, for troops threatened to bring both disorder and political subjection. Keeping prisoners of war and supplying food and carts for army logistics might each be a source of profit or a burden. English towns drew less benefit from the arms trade than those in the Netherlands. Refugees and discharged soldiers strained urban poor relief systems, but encouraged their elaboration.Less
This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting other troops until they felt immediately threatened, for troops threatened to bring both disorder and political subjection. Keeping prisoners of war and supplying food and carts for army logistics might each be a source of profit or a burden. English towns drew less benefit from the arms trade than those in the Netherlands. Refugees and discharged soldiers strained urban poor relief systems, but encouraged their elaboration.
Aryeh Neier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135151
- eISBN:
- 9781400841875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135151.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter talks about how, despite the Human Rights Watch becoming one of the two most important institutions for the protection of human rights worldwide, its beginnings in the late 1970s did not ...
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This chapter talks about how, despite the Human Rights Watch becoming one of the two most important institutions for the protection of human rights worldwide, its beginnings in the late 1970s did not seem to foreshadow its subsequent development. The organization is an outgrowth of the efforts of a handful of people to address one particular human rights problem of the era. They did not plan in advance its expansion to address a full range of issues worldwide. Nor did they begin with the intent to adopt the modus operandi that soon came to define the organization's character. Those developments were, to a large extent, accidents of history.Less
This chapter talks about how, despite the Human Rights Watch becoming one of the two most important institutions for the protection of human rights worldwide, its beginnings in the late 1970s did not seem to foreshadow its subsequent development. The organization is an outgrowth of the efforts of a handful of people to address one particular human rights problem of the era. They did not plan in advance its expansion to address a full range of issues worldwide. Nor did they begin with the intent to adopt the modus operandi that soon came to define the organization's character. Those developments were, to a large extent, accidents of history.
Harry Berger Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823225569
- eISBN:
- 9780823240937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823225569.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
The most famous and certainly the weirdest of all shooter portraits, the one that most fully tests the limits of disaggregation, was not originally known as The Night Watch. It acquired that title in ...
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The most famous and certainly the weirdest of all shooter portraits, the one that most fully tests the limits of disaggregation, was not originally known as The Night Watch. It acquired that title in the late eighteenth century, partly because the picture had darkened and partly because by then night patrol was virtually the only function the militias still performed. It contains a full yard-sale display of costumes and props like those in Rembrandt's storeroom, as well as antique clothes and armor that belonged to the identified sitters. These two passages are the source of the myth that The Night Watch was considered a failure when it first appeared and that it was rejected by those who paid and sat for it. Modern commentators have routinely, though at times nervously, mentioned and dismissed the story.Less
The most famous and certainly the weirdest of all shooter portraits, the one that most fully tests the limits of disaggregation, was not originally known as The Night Watch. It acquired that title in the late eighteenth century, partly because the picture had darkened and partly because by then night patrol was virtually the only function the militias still performed. It contains a full yard-sale display of costumes and props like those in Rembrandt's storeroom, as well as antique clothes and armor that belonged to the identified sitters. These two passages are the source of the myth that The Night Watch was considered a failure when it first appeared and that it was rejected by those who paid and sat for it. Modern commentators have routinely, though at times nervously, mentioned and dismissed the story.
Harry Berger Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823225569
- eISBN:
- 9780823240937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823225569.003.0016
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Captain Cocq performs his pose with authority, as if he knows it derives both from “the tradition of Amsterdam guard Captains” and from a predominantly aristocratic tradition of full-length ...
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Captain Cocq performs his pose with authority, as if he knows it derives both from “the tradition of Amsterdam guard Captains” and from a predominantly aristocratic tradition of full-length individual portraits. But his performance only makes his relation to what goes on around and behind him more peculiar. According to Norbert Schneider, the confusion is what makes the painting special because it enables The Night Watch “to break down boundaries between the portrait and the history painting.” He argues that Rembrandt's purpose is to “impart nobility to his bourgeois clientele by showing them as historical agents, a role hitherto considered above their station.” In spite of his reliance on the clichés of class conflict, he remains sensitive to the complexity of what he describes.Less
Captain Cocq performs his pose with authority, as if he knows it derives both from “the tradition of Amsterdam guard Captains” and from a predominantly aristocratic tradition of full-length individual portraits. But his performance only makes his relation to what goes on around and behind him more peculiar. According to Norbert Schneider, the confusion is what makes the painting special because it enables The Night Watch “to break down boundaries between the portrait and the history painting.” He argues that Rembrandt's purpose is to “impart nobility to his bourgeois clientele by showing them as historical agents, a role hitherto considered above their station.” In spite of his reliance on the clichés of class conflict, he remains sensitive to the complexity of what he describes.
Karen B. Westerfield Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195126983
- eISBN:
- 9780199834754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512698X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Methodists developed several “peculiar” services of worship connected with admission and integration into, or maintenance of, the Christian (Methodist) community. These extraliturgical events, most ...
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Methodists developed several “peculiar” services of worship connected with admission and integration into, or maintenance of, the Christian (Methodist) community. These extraliturgical events, most of which were not original to the Methodists, included the love feast, watch night, renewal of the covenant, quarterly meeting, camp meeting, protracted meeting, and revival. Once identified as the “great festivals” of Methodism, these services eventually diminished in frequency, although they never entirely disappeared.Less
Methodists developed several “peculiar” services of worship connected with admission and integration into, or maintenance of, the Christian (Methodist) community. These extraliturgical events, most of which were not original to the Methodists, included the love feast, watch night, renewal of the covenant, quarterly meeting, camp meeting, protracted meeting, and revival. Once identified as the “great festivals” of Methodism, these services eventually diminished in frequency, although they never entirely disappeared.
John Paul Lederach
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174540
- eISBN:
- 9780199835409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195174542.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter discusses a critical but overlooked component of peacebuilding: the craft of watching webs. The web approach suggests that the way out of the pattern of repeated violence goes through ...
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This chapter discusses a critical but overlooked component of peacebuilding: the craft of watching webs. The web approach suggests that the way out of the pattern of repeated violence goes through the web of relational spaces in the context. Finding the relational spaces will mean that the location for sustaining social change in the context can be found. The approach of web watching also suggests that the process of locating webs demands careful attention to how we are in and how we relate to the setting.Less
This chapter discusses a critical but overlooked component of peacebuilding: the craft of watching webs. The web approach suggests that the way out of the pattern of repeated violence goes through the web of relational spaces in the context. Finding the relational spaces will mean that the location for sustaining social change in the context can be found. The approach of web watching also suggests that the process of locating webs demands careful attention to how we are in and how we relate to the setting.
Gary T. Marx
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226285887
- eISBN:
- 9780226286075
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226286075.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Queen Elizabeth (1503-1633) did not want “to make windows into men’s hearts and secret thoughts.” Yet as ruler she needed information about her subjects. Today’s surveillance society brings the same ...
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Queen Elizabeth (1503-1633) did not want “to make windows into men’s hearts and secret thoughts.” Yet as ruler she needed information about her subjects. Today’s surveillance society brings the same paradox. This book illustrates how and why surveillance is neither good nor bad, but context and comportment make it so. Explanation and evaluation require a common language and a map for the identification and measurement of surveillance's fundamental properties and contexts. The empirical richness of watching and being watched is disentangled and parsed into basic categories and dimensions. Terms such as surveillance, privacy, secrecy, confidentiality, anonymity, and personal borders are illustrated as well as the basic structures, processes, goals and cultures of surveillance. The book provides a way of conceptualizing and analyzing the new surveillance and draws on Marx’ several decades of empirical and theoretical studies on topics such as covert policing, computer matching and profiling, work monitoring, drug testing, location monitoring, Caller-ID, communication manners and surveillance in art and music. Normative chapters on the ethics of surveillance and techno-fallacies of the information age develop the implications for public policy. Through satirical fiction four distinct contexts of surveillance are illustrated: coercion (government and security), contracts (work), care (children) and that of unprotected “publicly” available data. The ironies, paradoxes, trade-offs and value conflicts which limit the best laid plans and which make the topic so interesting and challenging are identified.Less
Queen Elizabeth (1503-1633) did not want “to make windows into men’s hearts and secret thoughts.” Yet as ruler she needed information about her subjects. Today’s surveillance society brings the same paradox. This book illustrates how and why surveillance is neither good nor bad, but context and comportment make it so. Explanation and evaluation require a common language and a map for the identification and measurement of surveillance's fundamental properties and contexts. The empirical richness of watching and being watched is disentangled and parsed into basic categories and dimensions. Terms such as surveillance, privacy, secrecy, confidentiality, anonymity, and personal borders are illustrated as well as the basic structures, processes, goals and cultures of surveillance. The book provides a way of conceptualizing and analyzing the new surveillance and draws on Marx’ several decades of empirical and theoretical studies on topics such as covert policing, computer matching and profiling, work monitoring, drug testing, location monitoring, Caller-ID, communication manners and surveillance in art and music. Normative chapters on the ethics of surveillance and techno-fallacies of the information age develop the implications for public policy. Through satirical fiction four distinct contexts of surveillance are illustrated: coercion (government and security), contracts (work), care (children) and that of unprotected “publicly” available data. The ironies, paradoxes, trade-offs and value conflicts which limit the best laid plans and which make the topic so interesting and challenging are identified.
Jesper Aagaard Petersen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195156829
- eISBN:
- 9780199784806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515682X.003.0019
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This essay begins with a short historical and sociological outline of the Satanic subculture (or movement), followed by a discussion of the connecting themes, beliefs, and practices in an attempt to ...
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This essay begins with a short historical and sociological outline of the Satanic subculture (or movement), followed by a discussion of the connecting themes, beliefs, and practices in an attempt to systematize them. Some common typologies are addressed to establish a general analytical frame of reference, and the various groups and spokespersons are presented to outline the source material available. Discussions cover Anton Szandor LaVey and the Church of Satan, Michael Aquino and the Temple of Set, Satanic Reds, the 600 Club, and the Satanic Media Watch. It is argued that modern religious Satanism is a combination of positive religious and philosophical aspirations centered on individual, negative, and critical anti-authoritarian conviction. All Satanists have a problem with Western secular Christianity and fundamentalists, but the reactions take different shapes according to time, place, and circumstance.Less
This essay begins with a short historical and sociological outline of the Satanic subculture (or movement), followed by a discussion of the connecting themes, beliefs, and practices in an attempt to systematize them. Some common typologies are addressed to establish a general analytical frame of reference, and the various groups and spokespersons are presented to outline the source material available. Discussions cover Anton Szandor LaVey and the Church of Satan, Michael Aquino and the Temple of Set, Satanic Reds, the 600 Club, and the Satanic Media Watch. It is argued that modern religious Satanism is a combination of positive religious and philosophical aspirations centered on individual, negative, and critical anti-authoritarian conviction. All Satanists have a problem with Western secular Christianity and fundamentalists, but the reactions take different shapes according to time, place, and circumstance.
Garcia Alcubilla and Ruiz del Pozo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608867
- eISBN:
- 9780191739125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608867.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Due to the financial crisis, a new European System of Financial Supervisors including a new authority, ESMA, in charge of the oversight of rating agencies, was established. The chapter presents an ...
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Due to the financial crisis, a new European System of Financial Supervisors including a new authority, ESMA, in charge of the oversight of rating agencies, was established. The chapter presents an overview of this new financial architecture and provides an in-depth analysis of the European Regulation on rating agencies. It explains the regulatory use of ratings in the EU, analysing the ECAI recognition process of the Capital Requirements Directive, which implements the Basel framework. It also examines the registration process and the supervision and enforcement framework, and ESMA’s sanctioning powers. Finally, the chapter analyses in detail the requirements to enhance agencies’ governance, to manage conflicts of interest, to improve the processes to develop and review methodologies and models, and to increase disclosures on individual ratings and on transparency of agencies’ activities. The Regulation is examined in light of all relevant guidance from ESMA, IOSCO, and other supervisors, related EU legislation, and SEC’s rules.Less
Due to the financial crisis, a new European System of Financial Supervisors including a new authority, ESMA, in charge of the oversight of rating agencies, was established. The chapter presents an overview of this new financial architecture and provides an in-depth analysis of the European Regulation on rating agencies. It explains the regulatory use of ratings in the EU, analysing the ECAI recognition process of the Capital Requirements Directive, which implements the Basel framework. It also examines the registration process and the supervision and enforcement framework, and ESMA’s sanctioning powers. Finally, the chapter analyses in detail the requirements to enhance agencies’ governance, to manage conflicts of interest, to improve the processes to develop and review methodologies and models, and to increase disclosures on individual ratings and on transparency of agencies’ activities. The Regulation is examined in light of all relevant guidance from ESMA, IOSCO, and other supervisors, related EU legislation, and SEC’s rules.
Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450792
- eISBN:
- 9780801466069
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450792.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Why are some international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) more politically salient than others, and why are some NGOs better able to influence the norms of human rights? This book shows how the ...
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Why are some international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) more politically salient than others, and why are some NGOs better able to influence the norms of human rights? This book shows how the organizational structures of human rights NGOs and their campaigns determine their influence on policy. Drawing on data from seven major international organizations—the International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Médecins sans Frontières, Oxfam International, Anti-Slavery International, and the International League of Human Rights—the book demonstrates that NGOs that choose to centralize agenda-setting and decentralize the implementation of that agenda are more successful in gaining traction in international politics. Challenging the conventional wisdom that the most successful NGOs are those that find the “right” cause or have the most resources, the book shows that how NGOs make and implement decisions is critical to their effectiveness in influencing international norms about human rights. Building on the insights of network theory and organizational sociology, the book traces how power works within NGOs and affects their external authority. The internal coherence of an organization, as reflected in its public statements and actions, goes a long way to assure its influence over the often tumultuous elements of the international human rights landscape.Less
Why are some international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) more politically salient than others, and why are some NGOs better able to influence the norms of human rights? This book shows how the organizational structures of human rights NGOs and their campaigns determine their influence on policy. Drawing on data from seven major international organizations—the International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Médecins sans Frontières, Oxfam International, Anti-Slavery International, and the International League of Human Rights—the book demonstrates that NGOs that choose to centralize agenda-setting and decentralize the implementation of that agenda are more successful in gaining traction in international politics. Challenging the conventional wisdom that the most successful NGOs are those that find the “right” cause or have the most resources, the book shows that how NGOs make and implement decisions is critical to their effectiveness in influencing international norms about human rights. Building on the insights of network theory and organizational sociology, the book traces how power works within NGOs and affects their external authority. The internal coherence of an organization, as reflected in its public statements and actions, goes a long way to assure its influence over the often tumultuous elements of the international human rights landscape.
Paul Glennie and Nigel Thrift
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199278206
- eISBN:
- 9780191699979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278206.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Social History
The main goals of this book, which involves further study of the practices of clock time, are reiterated in this concluding chapter. The study of the changing temporal practices involved in the ...
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The main goals of this book, which involves further study of the practices of clock time, are reiterated in this concluding chapter. The study of the changing temporal practices involved in the evolution of clock time and clockmaking is summarized into three ‘revolutionary’ parts. In the first ‘revolution’, clock times become embedded in everyday life as mechanical clocks are used in standardized timekeeping. The second concerns the further division of hours into minutes and seconds while the third involves the emergence of specialized temporal communities whose activities comprise small units of time and the concepts of precision and accuracy. Also, the chapter summarizes accounts on the innovation of clock design, clock maintenance and repair, the history of watches, and the formal learning of clock time.Less
The main goals of this book, which involves further study of the practices of clock time, are reiterated in this concluding chapter. The study of the changing temporal practices involved in the evolution of clock time and clockmaking is summarized into three ‘revolutionary’ parts. In the first ‘revolution’, clock times become embedded in everyday life as mechanical clocks are used in standardized timekeeping. The second concerns the further division of hours into minutes and seconds while the third involves the emergence of specialized temporal communities whose activities comprise small units of time and the concepts of precision and accuracy. Also, the chapter summarizes accounts on the innovation of clock design, clock maintenance and repair, the history of watches, and the formal learning of clock time.
Stefan Bargheer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226376639
- eISBN:
- 9780226543963
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226543963.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
At the center of Stefan Bargheer’s account of bird watching, field ornithology, and nature conservation in Britain and Germany stands the question how values change over time and how individuals ...
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At the center of Stefan Bargheer’s account of bird watching, field ornithology, and nature conservation in Britain and Germany stands the question how values change over time and how individuals develop moral commitments. Using life history data derived from written narratives and oral histories, Moral Entanglements follows the development of conservation from the point in time at which the greatest declines in bird life took place to the current efforts in large-scale biodiversity conservation and environmental policy within the European Union. While often depicted as the outcome of an environmental revolution that took place since the 1960s, Bargheer demonstrates to the contrary that the relevant practices and institutions that shape contemporary conservation evolved gradually since the early nineteenth century. Moral Entanglements further shows that the practices and institutions in which bird conservation is entangled differ between the two countries. In Britain, birds derived their meaning in the context of the game of bird watching as a leisure activity. Here, birds are now, as then, the most popular and best protected taxonomic group of wildlife due to their particularly suitable status as toys in a collecting game, turning nature into a playground. In Germany, by contrast, birds were initially part of the world of work. They were protected as useful economic tools, rendering services of ecological pest control in a system of agricultural production modeled after the factory shop floor. Based on this extensive analysis, Bargheer formulates a sociology of morality informed by a pragmatist theory of value.Less
At the center of Stefan Bargheer’s account of bird watching, field ornithology, and nature conservation in Britain and Germany stands the question how values change over time and how individuals develop moral commitments. Using life history data derived from written narratives and oral histories, Moral Entanglements follows the development of conservation from the point in time at which the greatest declines in bird life took place to the current efforts in large-scale biodiversity conservation and environmental policy within the European Union. While often depicted as the outcome of an environmental revolution that took place since the 1960s, Bargheer demonstrates to the contrary that the relevant practices and institutions that shape contemporary conservation evolved gradually since the early nineteenth century. Moral Entanglements further shows that the practices and institutions in which bird conservation is entangled differ between the two countries. In Britain, birds derived their meaning in the context of the game of bird watching as a leisure activity. Here, birds are now, as then, the most popular and best protected taxonomic group of wildlife due to their particularly suitable status as toys in a collecting game, turning nature into a playground. In Germany, by contrast, birds were initially part of the world of work. They were protected as useful economic tools, rendering services of ecological pest control in a system of agricultural production modeled after the factory shop floor. Based on this extensive analysis, Bargheer formulates a sociology of morality informed by a pragmatist theory of value.
Elizabeth Beck, Sarah Britto, and Arlene Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179415
- eISBN:
- 9780199893799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter explores the effects of execution on family members. It is partially based on participant observation as one of the authors accompanied a mother during the days before and after the ...
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This chapter explores the effects of execution on family members. It is partially based on participant observation as one of the authors accompanied a mother during the days before and after the execution of her son. From the view of family members, the chapter follows the ritual of execution that begins with the issuing of a warrant for execution, which is notification of an impending execution; the death watch, which is what family members called the time from the warrant to the execution; the execution; and the disbursement of personal effects. It also revisited this particular mother a year after her son's execution and explores the many ways in which her life was destroyed following his death. The chapter includes interviews with other family members who experience an execution and discusses what they describe as the “shared punishment” of execution.Less
This chapter explores the effects of execution on family members. It is partially based on participant observation as one of the authors accompanied a mother during the days before and after the execution of her son. From the view of family members, the chapter follows the ritual of execution that begins with the issuing of a warrant for execution, which is notification of an impending execution; the death watch, which is what family members called the time from the warrant to the execution; the execution; and the disbursement of personal effects. It also revisited this particular mother a year after her son's execution and explores the many ways in which her life was destroyed following his death. The chapter includes interviews with other family members who experience an execution and discusses what they describe as the “shared punishment” of execution.
Lakshmi Srinivas
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226361420
- eISBN:
- 9780226361734
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226361734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
Popular Indian cinema provides entertainment for people from all walks of life but equally importantly, cinema provides collective experience and a common referent in a country of mind-boggling ...
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Popular Indian cinema provides entertainment for people from all walks of life but equally importantly, cinema provides collective experience and a common referent in a country of mind-boggling diversities. Drawing on in-depth, multi-year ethnography in the South Indian city of Bangalore and involving participant observation on film sets, watching films in stratified cinema halls, accompanying habituated audiences to the cinema and conversations with moviegoers, exhibitors, distributors, ushers, fans and filmmakers, House Full makes a case for a total perspective on cinema film. It argues that the magic of motion pictures in India cannot be understood without addressing the liveness of cinema, its social existence and cultural ramifications, and most importantly, its audiences. Indeed by exploring the concept of cinema as a participatory and collaborative making that includes audiences and their aesthetic and social practices, the book offers new analytical approaches and new ways to think about cinema film.Less
Popular Indian cinema provides entertainment for people from all walks of life but equally importantly, cinema provides collective experience and a common referent in a country of mind-boggling diversities. Drawing on in-depth, multi-year ethnography in the South Indian city of Bangalore and involving participant observation on film sets, watching films in stratified cinema halls, accompanying habituated audiences to the cinema and conversations with moviegoers, exhibitors, distributors, ushers, fans and filmmakers, House Full makes a case for a total perspective on cinema film. It argues that the magic of motion pictures in India cannot be understood without addressing the liveness of cinema, its social existence and cultural ramifications, and most importantly, its audiences. Indeed by exploring the concept of cinema as a participatory and collaborative making that includes audiences and their aesthetic and social practices, the book offers new analytical approaches and new ways to think about cinema film.
Joy G. Dryfoos
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195072686
- eISBN:
- 9780197560259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195072686.003.0013
- Subject:
- Education, Care and Counseling of Students
As we have seen in Chapter 3 (Prevalence of Delinquency), the phrase “juvenile delinquency” may refer to the “continuum of behavior that transgresses ...
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As we have seen in Chapter 3 (Prevalence of Delinquency), the phrase “juvenile delinquency” may refer to the “continuum of behavior that transgresses social norms,” ranging from socially unacceptable behavior (acting out in school) to status offenses (running away) to criminal acts (burglary). This broad definition sets wide boundaries on a discussion of prevention. Preventing disruptive behavior in the early elementary grades is quite a different task from preventing major criminal acts among high-school-age gangs. The former focuses more on altering individual and family functioning, while the latter involves alterations in the peer culture, the school experience, and the broader social environment. In any case, a review of the literature on prevention of delinquency produces few programs that can be cited as models of primary prevention at early or late stages. A very small number of programs could generate evidence that they stopped the onset of delinquent behavior. Interventions were cited, however, that have an indirect effect on later delinquency by modifying “acting out” and conduct disorders at very early ages. Many of the programs discussed in the literature focus on secondary prevention, working with adjudicated juvenile delinquents to lower the rates of recidivism (repeat offenses), and almost none of those appear to meet with great success. The dearth of successful prevention programs in the area of delinquency is not surprising in light of the complexity of the problem and its deep-seated causes. The usual difficulties with evaluation design are compounded in this field by murky definitions. Repeated reviews of literally thousands of studies have produced almost none with adequate evaluations. Leitenberg’s commentary on the “state-of-the-art” is not very encouraging: . . . My thoughts about primary prevention programs in delinquency tend to be pessimistic. Unless the larger political, organizational, economic and social issues are addressed . . . we will make small headway. . . . I think the most productive area is not within the realm of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, social work, or criminology—it is within the area of politics. . .
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As we have seen in Chapter 3 (Prevalence of Delinquency), the phrase “juvenile delinquency” may refer to the “continuum of behavior that transgresses social norms,” ranging from socially unacceptable behavior (acting out in school) to status offenses (running away) to criminal acts (burglary). This broad definition sets wide boundaries on a discussion of prevention. Preventing disruptive behavior in the early elementary grades is quite a different task from preventing major criminal acts among high-school-age gangs. The former focuses more on altering individual and family functioning, while the latter involves alterations in the peer culture, the school experience, and the broader social environment. In any case, a review of the literature on prevention of delinquency produces few programs that can be cited as models of primary prevention at early or late stages. A very small number of programs could generate evidence that they stopped the onset of delinquent behavior. Interventions were cited, however, that have an indirect effect on later delinquency by modifying “acting out” and conduct disorders at very early ages. Many of the programs discussed in the literature focus on secondary prevention, working with adjudicated juvenile delinquents to lower the rates of recidivism (repeat offenses), and almost none of those appear to meet with great success. The dearth of successful prevention programs in the area of delinquency is not surprising in light of the complexity of the problem and its deep-seated causes. The usual difficulties with evaluation design are compounded in this field by murky definitions. Repeated reviews of literally thousands of studies have produced almost none with adequate evaluations. Leitenberg’s commentary on the “state-of-the-art” is not very encouraging: . . . My thoughts about primary prevention programs in delinquency tend to be pessimistic. Unless the larger political, organizational, economic and social issues are addressed . . . we will make small headway. . . . I think the most productive area is not within the realm of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, social work, or criminology—it is within the area of politics. . .
Bryan T. McNeil
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036439
- eISBN:
- 9780252093463
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
Drawing on powerful personal testimonies of the hazards of mountaintop removal in southern West Virginia, this book critically examines the fierce conflicts over this violent and increasingly ...
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Drawing on powerful personal testimonies of the hazards of mountaintop removal in southern West Virginia, this book critically examines the fierce conflicts over this violent and increasingly prevalent form of strip mining. Focusing on the grassroots activist organization Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW), the book reveals a turn away from once-strong traditional labor unions and the emergence of community-based activist organizations. By framing social and moral arguments in terms of the environment, these innovative hybrid movements take advantage of environmentalism's higher profile in contemporary politics. In investigating the local effects of globalization and global economics, the book tracks the profound reimagining of social and personal ideas such as identity, history, and landscape and considers their roles in organizing an agenda for progressive community activism.Less
Drawing on powerful personal testimonies of the hazards of mountaintop removal in southern West Virginia, this book critically examines the fierce conflicts over this violent and increasingly prevalent form of strip mining. Focusing on the grassroots activist organization Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW), the book reveals a turn away from once-strong traditional labor unions and the emergence of community-based activist organizations. By framing social and moral arguments in terms of the environment, these innovative hybrid movements take advantage of environmentalism's higher profile in contemporary politics. In investigating the local effects of globalization and global economics, the book tracks the profound reimagining of social and personal ideas such as identity, history, and landscape and considers their roles in organizing an agenda for progressive community activism.
Irus Braverman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520298842
- eISBN:
- 9780520970830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520298842.003.0005
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Chapter 2, ““And Then We Wept”: Coral Death on Record,” documents the despair side of the pendulum as it contemplates the existing modes and technologies for recording coral bleaching and death. ...
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Chapter 2, ““And Then We Wept”: Coral Death on Record,” documents the despair side of the pendulum as it contemplates the existing modes and technologies for recording coral bleaching and death. Here, the trajectory is typically of devastation and gloom, as the numbers are depressing at best. Much of the chapter focuses on the third global bleaching event at the Great Barrier Reef, documenting how scientists have both recorded and narrated this event to themselves and to the general public. I examine the role of monitoring in particular, considering whether enhancing scientific knowledge about corals through monitoring is an act of hope, in that it supports conservation action, or one of despair, as it stifles such action and masks the resulting inaction with more and more monitoring. Finally, the chapter shows that even in the world of numbers and maps, “bright spots” and optimistic indexes still rear their more hopeful heads.Less
Chapter 2, ““And Then We Wept”: Coral Death on Record,” documents the despair side of the pendulum as it contemplates the existing modes and technologies for recording coral bleaching and death. Here, the trajectory is typically of devastation and gloom, as the numbers are depressing at best. Much of the chapter focuses on the third global bleaching event at the Great Barrier Reef, documenting how scientists have both recorded and narrated this event to themselves and to the general public. I examine the role of monitoring in particular, considering whether enhancing scientific knowledge about corals through monitoring is an act of hope, in that it supports conservation action, or one of despair, as it stifles such action and masks the resulting inaction with more and more monitoring. Finally, the chapter shows that even in the world of numbers and maps, “bright spots” and optimistic indexes still rear their more hopeful heads.
Peter Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195170511
- eISBN:
- 9780197562208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195170511.003.0013
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
The trail along the eastern shore of the Holy Nose south of our campsite is maybe a foot wide, just a narrow track of compacted leaves and dirt, a path ...
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The trail along the eastern shore of the Holy Nose south of our campsite is maybe a foot wide, just a narrow track of compacted leaves and dirt, a path that could just as easily have been made by centuries of hooves and paws as by shod human feet. And perhaps it was. I’ve walked such trails in the Arctic, etched into the tundra by caribou and wolves and musk oxen. It’s a humbling and exhilarating experience, the trails a simple but stark reminder that you are in someone else’s habitat and that humans are not the only species to have left their mark on the planet. This one weaves between thick-barked evergreens and leathery aspens, clinging precariously to a slope that could easily throw a clumsy hominid to the waves fifty or more feet below. Andrei is lost in the thickets ahead, charging on to the next clearing, at which he’ll wait for us, again. James, Elisa, Chanda, and I keep to a more leisurely pace, in no more of a hurry to see the next sparkling facet of Baikal than this one, or to catch a toe on the next stone or gnarled root than the previous one. Igor stayed behind with our stuff at the campsite, to be picked up by the Lonesome Boatman. We’ll rendezvous with them farther down the coast this afternoon. Yesterday’s ragged clouds blew out in the evening, and the sky over Baikal today has the clarity of vodka and carries a cool, yellowish luminescence, as if after their ninety-three million mile dash the sun’s photons have slowed down to admire the little corner of the solar system that they’ve been lucky enough to have been sent to. There is no sign that any of the billions of humans who have ever lived have set foot in this place. We walk mostly in silence. From high above the lake, the trail drops down to the water, the steep slope giving way ahead to a thin, gracefully arcing beach dividing the lake from a narrow stand of wispy wetland trees and a soft amber field beyond.
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The trail along the eastern shore of the Holy Nose south of our campsite is maybe a foot wide, just a narrow track of compacted leaves and dirt, a path that could just as easily have been made by centuries of hooves and paws as by shod human feet. And perhaps it was. I’ve walked such trails in the Arctic, etched into the tundra by caribou and wolves and musk oxen. It’s a humbling and exhilarating experience, the trails a simple but stark reminder that you are in someone else’s habitat and that humans are not the only species to have left their mark on the planet. This one weaves between thick-barked evergreens and leathery aspens, clinging precariously to a slope that could easily throw a clumsy hominid to the waves fifty or more feet below. Andrei is lost in the thickets ahead, charging on to the next clearing, at which he’ll wait for us, again. James, Elisa, Chanda, and I keep to a more leisurely pace, in no more of a hurry to see the next sparkling facet of Baikal than this one, or to catch a toe on the next stone or gnarled root than the previous one. Igor stayed behind with our stuff at the campsite, to be picked up by the Lonesome Boatman. We’ll rendezvous with them farther down the coast this afternoon. Yesterday’s ragged clouds blew out in the evening, and the sky over Baikal today has the clarity of vodka and carries a cool, yellowish luminescence, as if after their ninety-three million mile dash the sun’s photons have slowed down to admire the little corner of the solar system that they’ve been lucky enough to have been sent to. There is no sign that any of the billions of humans who have ever lived have set foot in this place. We walk mostly in silence. From high above the lake, the trail drops down to the water, the steep slope giving way ahead to a thin, gracefully arcing beach dividing the lake from a narrow stand of wispy wetland trees and a soft amber field beyond.
