Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The introduction embeds the book’s main argument within previous commentary and scholarship, and shows how the author’s personal experience can contribute valuable insights to our understanding of ...
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The introduction embeds the book’s main argument within previous commentary and scholarship, and shows how the author’s personal experience can contribute valuable insights to our understanding of what went wrong in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Specifically, this chapter lays bare the lack of U.S. terminology and taxonomy of successful war outcomes, which has led the U.S. repeatedly to fixate on decisive victory when other outcomes – and with that, other strategies – might have been more successful.Less
The introduction embeds the book’s main argument within previous commentary and scholarship, and shows how the author’s personal experience can contribute valuable insights to our understanding of what went wrong in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Specifically, this chapter lays bare the lack of U.S. terminology and taxonomy of successful war outcomes, which has led the U.S. repeatedly to fixate on decisive victory when other outcomes – and with that, other strategies – might have been more successful.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter outlines the existing literature about war termination. It demonstrates that there is a causal connection between the difficulty of ending wars and the fact that they are started and ...
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This chapter outlines the existing literature about war termination. It demonstrates that there is a causal connection between the difficulty of ending wars and the fact that they are started and ended by politicians. Realpolitik, domestic politics, and bargaining models can be used to illustrate categories about war termination. Bayesian models of war termination theorized more explicitly about lags in the updating process that can result in protracted stalemates. These models showed that a lag in updating can delay war termination, they do not elaborate on how states get beyond this lag. Ending war needed settling with the enemy as well as at home. It is noted that policy stability can result governing coalitions being ineffective for altering the status quo, even when such changes are necessary or desirable. Furthermore, a coalition shift can overpower the obstacles to peace and thus allows a war to end.Less
This chapter outlines the existing literature about war termination. It demonstrates that there is a causal connection between the difficulty of ending wars and the fact that they are started and ended by politicians. Realpolitik, domestic politics, and bargaining models can be used to illustrate categories about war termination. Bayesian models of war termination theorized more explicitly about lags in the updating process that can result in protracted stalemates. These models showed that a lag in updating can delay war termination, they do not elaborate on how states get beyond this lag. Ending war needed settling with the enemy as well as at home. It is noted that policy stability can result governing coalitions being ineffective for altering the status quo, even when such changes are necessary or desirable. Furthermore, a coalition shift can overpower the obstacles to peace and thus allows a war to end.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter investigates the domestic coalition shift theory using quantitative analysis of all interstate wars since 1862. The dataset of interstate wars after World War II is reviewed, which ...
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This chapter investigates the domestic coalition shift theory using quantitative analysis of all interstate wars since 1862. The dataset of interstate wars after World War II is reviewed, which includes all domestic coalition shifts observed on a daily basis, to increase the understanding of this alternative causal pathway. The evidence indicates that both mechanisms by which domestic coalition shifts can theoretically impact the development of an overlapping bargaining space seem to have empirical support. It also showed that the first mechanism is dominant, but they do not necessarily rule out the second (signaling) mechanism. Taken with the detailed process tracing of the causal mechanisms in the Korean War case studies, these data strongly reveal that the patterns predicted by the domestic coalition shift theory hold over a broad universe of cases and greatly enhance the understanding of war duration and war termination.Less
This chapter investigates the domestic coalition shift theory using quantitative analysis of all interstate wars since 1862. The dataset of interstate wars after World War II is reviewed, which includes all domestic coalition shifts observed on a daily basis, to increase the understanding of this alternative causal pathway. The evidence indicates that both mechanisms by which domestic coalition shifts can theoretically impact the development of an overlapping bargaining space seem to have empirical support. It also showed that the first mechanism is dominant, but they do not necessarily rule out the second (signaling) mechanism. Taken with the detailed process tracing of the causal mechanisms in the Korean War case studies, these data strongly reveal that the patterns predicted by the domestic coalition shift theory hold over a broad universe of cases and greatly enhance the understanding of war duration and war termination.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter discusses three successful war termination outcomes in irregular war: decisive victory, negotiated outcome, and transition, and shows how the choice of a desired war termination outcome ...
More
This chapter discusses three successful war termination outcomes in irregular war: decisive victory, negotiated outcome, and transition, and shows how the choice of a desired war termination outcome affects the selection of an appropriate strategy.Less
This chapter discusses three successful war termination outcomes in irregular war: decisive victory, negotiated outcome, and transition, and shows how the choice of a desired war termination outcome affects the selection of an appropriate strategy.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter describes a new theory about shifts in domestic governing coalitions. It also analyzes this theory with detailed historical case studies of the Korean War and quantitative analysis of ...
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This chapter describes a new theory about shifts in domestic governing coalitions. It also analyzes this theory with detailed historical case studies of the Korean War and quantitative analysis of all interstate wars since 1862. Old Baldy is a mountain in central Korea that is currently sited within the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. It earned its name during the Korean War, when intensive shelling obliterated all the trees and foliage on the hillside. It also changed hands eleven times during the Korean War, with units on both sides suffering massive casualties. Old Baldy can be regarded as the site of a series of battles that were senseless, irrational, and quite possibly inexplicable. The domestic coalition shift theory greatly enhanced the understanding of war duration and war termination in Korea. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in this book is given.Less
This chapter describes a new theory about shifts in domestic governing coalitions. It also analyzes this theory with detailed historical case studies of the Korean War and quantitative analysis of all interstate wars since 1862. Old Baldy is a mountain in central Korea that is currently sited within the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. It earned its name during the Korean War, when intensive shelling obliterated all the trees and foliage on the hillside. It also changed hands eleven times during the Korean War, with units on both sides suffering massive casualties. Old Baldy can be regarded as the site of a series of battles that were senseless, irrational, and quite possibly inexplicable. The domestic coalition shift theory greatly enhanced the understanding of war duration and war termination in Korea. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in this book is given.
Elizabeth A. Stanley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This book begins by developing a theory about the domestic obstacles to making peace and the role played by shifts in states' governing coalitions in overcoming these obstacles. In particular, it ...
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This book begins by developing a theory about the domestic obstacles to making peace and the role played by shifts in states' governing coalitions in overcoming these obstacles. In particular, it explains how the longer the war, the harder it is to end, because domestic obstacles to peace become institutionalized over time. Next, it tests this theory with a mixed methods approach—through historical case studies and quantitative statistical analysis. Finally, it applies the theory to an in-depth analysis of the ending of the Korean War. By analyzing the domestic politics of the war's major combatants—the Soviet Union, the United States, China, and North and South Korea—it explains why the final armistice terms accepted in July 1953 were little different from those proposed at the start of negotiations in July 1951, some 294,000 additional battle-deaths later.Less
This book begins by developing a theory about the domestic obstacles to making peace and the role played by shifts in states' governing coalitions in overcoming these obstacles. In particular, it explains how the longer the war, the harder it is to end, because domestic obstacles to peace become institutionalized over time. Next, it tests this theory with a mixed methods approach—through historical case studies and quantitative statistical analysis. Finally, it applies the theory to an in-depth analysis of the ending of the Korean War. By analyzing the domestic politics of the war's major combatants—the Soviet Union, the United States, China, and North and South Korea—it explains why the final armistice terms accepted in July 1953 were little different from those proposed at the start of negotiations in July 1951, some 294,000 additional battle-deaths later.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0040
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
As the case study analysis has highlighted systemic factors in how the U.S. plans and wages its wars, this chapter suggests specific ways to address these problems and avoid getting caught in endless ...
More
As the case study analysis has highlighted systemic factors in how the U.S. plans and wages its wars, this chapter suggests specific ways to address these problems and avoid getting caught in endless conflicts in the future.Less
As the case study analysis has highlighted systemic factors in how the U.S. plans and wages its wars, this chapter suggests specific ways to address these problems and avoid getting caught in endless conflicts in the future.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Why have the major post-9/11 US military interventions turned into quagmires? Despite huge power imbalances in the United States' favor, significant capacity-building efforts, and repeated tactical ...
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Why have the major post-9/11 US military interventions turned into quagmires? Despite huge power imbalances in the United States' favor, significant capacity-building efforts, and repeated tactical victories by what many observers call the world's best military, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq turned intractable. The US government's fixation on zero-sum, decisive victory in these conflicts is a key reason why military operations to overthrow two developing-world regimes failed to successfully achieve favorable and durable outcomes. In Zero-Sum Victory, retired US Army colonel Christopher D. Kolenda identifies three interrelated problems that have emerged from the government's insistence on zero-sum victory. First, the US government has no organized way to measure successful outcomes other than a decisive military victory, and thus, selects strategies that overestimate the possibility of such an outcome. Second, the United States is slow to recognize and modify or abandon losing strategies; in both cases, US officials believe their strategies are working, even as the situation deteriorates. Third, once the United States decides to withdraw, bargaining asymmetries and disconnects in strategy undermine the prospects for a successful transition or negotiated outcome. Relying on historic examples and personal experience, Kolenda draws thought-provoking and actionable conclusions about the utility of American military power in the contemporary world—insights that serve as a starting point for future scholarship as well as for important national security reforms.Less
Why have the major post-9/11 US military interventions turned into quagmires? Despite huge power imbalances in the United States' favor, significant capacity-building efforts, and repeated tactical victories by what many observers call the world's best military, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq turned intractable. The US government's fixation on zero-sum, decisive victory in these conflicts is a key reason why military operations to overthrow two developing-world regimes failed to successfully achieve favorable and durable outcomes. In Zero-Sum Victory, retired US Army colonel Christopher D. Kolenda identifies three interrelated problems that have emerged from the government's insistence on zero-sum victory. First, the US government has no organized way to measure successful outcomes other than a decisive military victory, and thus, selects strategies that overestimate the possibility of such an outcome. Second, the United States is slow to recognize and modify or abandon losing strategies; in both cases, US officials believe their strategies are working, even as the situation deteriorates. Third, once the United States decides to withdraw, bargaining asymmetries and disconnects in strategy undermine the prospects for a successful transition or negotiated outcome. Relying on historic examples and personal experience, Kolenda draws thought-provoking and actionable conclusions about the utility of American military power in the contemporary world—insights that serve as a starting point for future scholarship as well as for important national security reforms.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter gives an overview of the U.S. war in Vietnam to show that the war termination problems which the U.S. has encountered during the major post-9/11 interventions are not an aberration.
This chapter gives an overview of the U.S. war in Vietnam to show that the war termination problems which the U.S. has encountered during the major post-9/11 interventions are not an aberration.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter argues that the U.S. national security establishment is organized intellectually and bureaucratically around the ability to wage conventional war. In irregular war, factors for success ...
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This chapter argues that the U.S. national security establishment is organized intellectually and bureaucratically around the ability to wage conventional war. In irregular war, factors for success might differ from conventional war. With counterinsurgencies, reducing tangible support for the insurgency and winning the battle for legitimacy are the two critical factors for success.Less
This chapter argues that the U.S. national security establishment is organized intellectually and bureaucratically around the ability to wage conventional war. In irregular war, factors for success might differ from conventional war. With counterinsurgencies, reducing tangible support for the insurgency and winning the battle for legitimacy are the two critical factors for success.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter addresses the timeline of the Korean War and explains why the Soviet Union, China, and the United States were the most significant belligerents in decisions about prosecuting and ending ...
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This chapter addresses the timeline of the Korean War and explains why the Soviet Union, China, and the United States were the most significant belligerents in decisions about prosecuting and ending it. Using mini-case studies, it shows North and South Korea's insignificance in their respective side's decisions about the war. It illustrates how their domestic coalition shifts were unimportant for explaining the war's ending. The Soviet Union was considered as a main belligerent in the war because it bankrolled the Communist war effort with materiel and advisory support. North and South Korea were powerless in their respective side's decisions and actions. Their powerlessness indicated that their domestic politics are less germane to war termination. In particular, the domestic coalition shifts in North and South Korea had no impact to end the war.Less
This chapter addresses the timeline of the Korean War and explains why the Soviet Union, China, and the United States were the most significant belligerents in decisions about prosecuting and ending it. Using mini-case studies, it shows North and South Korea's insignificance in their respective side's decisions about the war. It illustrates how their domestic coalition shifts were unimportant for explaining the war's ending. The Soviet Union was considered as a main belligerent in the war because it bankrolled the Communist war effort with materiel and advisory support. North and South Korea were powerless in their respective side's decisions and actions. Their powerlessness indicated that their domestic politics are less germane to war termination. In particular, the domestic coalition shifts in North and South Korea had no impact to end the war.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762694
- eISBN:
- 9780804772372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762694.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter pays attention to the strategic interaction between the belligerents in the Korean War termination bargaining process. It argues that the timing of war termination depended upon the ...
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This chapter pays attention to the strategic interaction between the belligerents in the Korean War termination bargaining process. It argues that the timing of war termination depended upon the strategic interaction of all three domestic coalition shifts in the Soviet Union, the United States, and China. In the special case of interacting coalition shifts on opposing sides, it seemed that the two mechanisms for developing an overlapping bargaining space worked in tandem. The data does not confirm the argument that Dwight Eisenhower's nuclear threats significantly played in ending the war. The Eisenhower Administration was mindful that the Soviet dovish shift was causing the Communists to lower their demands in the armistice negotiations. The Communists clearly responded to Eisenhower's hawkish shift by lowering their demands.Less
This chapter pays attention to the strategic interaction between the belligerents in the Korean War termination bargaining process. It argues that the timing of war termination depended upon the strategic interaction of all three domestic coalition shifts in the Soviet Union, the United States, and China. In the special case of interacting coalition shifts on opposing sides, it seemed that the two mechanisms for developing an overlapping bargaining space worked in tandem. The data does not confirm the argument that Dwight Eisenhower's nuclear threats significantly played in ending the war. The Eisenhower Administration was mindful that the Soviet dovish shift was causing the Communists to lower their demands in the armistice negotiations. The Communists clearly responded to Eisenhower's hawkish shift by lowering their demands.
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0025
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter discusses war planning that preceded Operation Iraqi Freedom. It lays bare the implicit aim of decisive victory as well as the overly optimistic assumptions about turning military ...
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This chapter discusses war planning that preceded Operation Iraqi Freedom. It lays bare the implicit aim of decisive victory as well as the overly optimistic assumptions about turning military victory into a durable political outcome. While the military operation was repeatedly war-gamed and rehearsed, little attention was paid to post-combat operations, and even worse, there was yet again no inter-agency coordination.Less
This chapter discusses war planning that preceded Operation Iraqi Freedom. It lays bare the implicit aim of decisive victory as well as the overly optimistic assumptions about turning military victory into a durable political outcome. While the military operation was repeatedly war-gamed and rehearsed, little attention was paid to post-combat operations, and even worse, there was yet again no inter-agency coordination.
Seden Akcinaroglu and Elizabeth Radziszewski
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197520802
- eISBN:
- 9780197520833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197520802.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
What is the significance of local or conflict-level competition on PMSCs’ military effectiveness? And what is the mechanism through which such competition improves PMSCs’ accountability? This chapter ...
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What is the significance of local or conflict-level competition on PMSCs’ military effectiveness? And what is the mechanism through which such competition improves PMSCs’ accountability? This chapter argues that variation in local competition, the number of PMSCs that operate in a given conflict zone, affects the level of accountability to the client. With the presence of multiple PMSCs, companies can anticipate the existence of informal peer monitoring. Whether gaining a competitive edge or safety concerns motivate companies’ monitoring of each other in the field, this puts pressure on PMSCs to fulfill contractual obligations and become more militarily effective or risk losing future contracts. The chapter argues that a greater level of local competition pushes companies to improve their skills and to limit fraud and human rights abuses, factors that contribute to quicker termination of war.Less
What is the significance of local or conflict-level competition on PMSCs’ military effectiveness? And what is the mechanism through which such competition improves PMSCs’ accountability? This chapter argues that variation in local competition, the number of PMSCs that operate in a given conflict zone, affects the level of accountability to the client. With the presence of multiple PMSCs, companies can anticipate the existence of informal peer monitoring. Whether gaining a competitive edge or safety concerns motivate companies’ monitoring of each other in the field, this puts pressure on PMSCs to fulfill contractual obligations and become more militarily effective or risk losing future contracts. The chapter argues that a greater level of local competition pushes companies to improve their skills and to limit fraud and human rights abuses, factors that contribute to quicker termination of war.
Hikari Hori
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501714542
- eISBN:
- 9781501709524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501714542.003.0006
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The last chapter begins by briefly discussing postwar developments in dramatic, documentary and animated film. Discourses of nationalist and imperialist identity might no longer be overtly manifested ...
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The last chapter begins by briefly discussing postwar developments in dramatic, documentary and animated film. Discourses of nationalist and imperialist identity might no longer be overtly manifested in these genres and media in the early postwar era, but they did not dissolve with the termination of war in 1945. One of the best examples of continuity is the image of the emperor, which survived—and indeed continues today—to serve as one of the most important constituents of nation and nationalism in postwar Japanese media and visual culture. To reinforce this point, the chapter turns to the well-known double portrait of Emperor Hirohito and General Douglas MacArthur, which should be seen as a continuation of the wartime imperial portrait photograph. (120 words)Less
The last chapter begins by briefly discussing postwar developments in dramatic, documentary and animated film. Discourses of nationalist and imperialist identity might no longer be overtly manifested in these genres and media in the early postwar era, but they did not dissolve with the termination of war in 1945. One of the best examples of continuity is the image of the emperor, which survived—and indeed continues today—to serve as one of the most important constituents of nation and nationalism in postwar Japanese media and visual culture. To reinforce this point, the chapter turns to the well-known double portrait of Emperor Hirohito and General Douglas MacArthur, which should be seen as a continuation of the wartime imperial portrait photograph. (120 words)
Christopher D. Kolenda
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813152769
- eISBN:
- 9780813154169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.003.0039
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter compares the insights from both case studies to show how the lack of war termination terminology led the U.S. to adopt myopic strategies aimed at decisive victory while ignoring the ...
More
This chapter compares the insights from both case studies to show how the lack of war termination terminology led the U.S. to adopt myopic strategies aimed at decisive victory while ignoring the critical factors for such victory. In both Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military invasion gave way to predatory governments, but the U.S. was slow to revise its strategy. Cognitive biases, bureaucratic silos, and patron-client issues led the U.S. to stick with strategies and ignore adverse signs. When the U.S. wanted to withdraw from those countries, bargaining asymmetries left them in a weak position, forcing them to withdraw without having achieved a durable and favorable outcome. By comparing those two cases, the chapter highlights the systemic nature of these problems.Less
This chapter compares the insights from both case studies to show how the lack of war termination terminology led the U.S. to adopt myopic strategies aimed at decisive victory while ignoring the critical factors for such victory. In both Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military invasion gave way to predatory governments, but the U.S. was slow to revise its strategy. Cognitive biases, bureaucratic silos, and patron-client issues led the U.S. to stick with strategies and ignore adverse signs. When the U.S. wanted to withdraw from those countries, bargaining asymmetries left them in a weak position, forcing them to withdraw without having achieved a durable and favorable outcome. By comparing those two cases, the chapter highlights the systemic nature of these problems.
Radhika Singha
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197525586
- eISBN:
- 9780197554562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197525586.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter explores the termination of the Great War as a prolonged event, marked by de-mobilisation and re-mobilisation, and shaped by a variety of political interventions. The return home, in the ...
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This chapter explores the termination of the Great War as a prolonged event, marked by de-mobilisation and re-mobilisation, and shaped by a variety of political interventions. The return home, in the various forms that it took, was an exercise government had to manage throughout the war. It was a crucial part of the war experience for military personnel and one they sought to shape. The chapter examines the ‘returnee’ in his various avatars – as deserter, disabled service-man, and prisoner- of- war, and discharged veteran. It suggests that returning personnel explored a wider range of political options than allowed for in existing literature, where the key question is whether de-mobilised personnel returned with anti-imperialist views and participated in the seething mass movements of 1919-21. The widening arc of military recruitment in 1917-1919 had synergized with the hectic forging of new political constituencies to intensify expectations and anxieties among military personnel. Their prolonged post-Armistice deployment, even as British and Dominion troops were being de-mobilised, gave them the confidence to question race and institutional hierarchies in the army and this was not an apolitical response. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the politics of commemoration and the invocation of an ‘Asia’ stretching from West and Central Asia into India, united by an imagination of self-government.Less
This chapter explores the termination of the Great War as a prolonged event, marked by de-mobilisation and re-mobilisation, and shaped by a variety of political interventions. The return home, in the various forms that it took, was an exercise government had to manage throughout the war. It was a crucial part of the war experience for military personnel and one they sought to shape. The chapter examines the ‘returnee’ in his various avatars – as deserter, disabled service-man, and prisoner- of- war, and discharged veteran. It suggests that returning personnel explored a wider range of political options than allowed for in existing literature, where the key question is whether de-mobilised personnel returned with anti-imperialist views and participated in the seething mass movements of 1919-21. The widening arc of military recruitment in 1917-1919 had synergized with the hectic forging of new political constituencies to intensify expectations and anxieties among military personnel. Their prolonged post-Armistice deployment, even as British and Dominion troops were being de-mobilised, gave them the confidence to question race and institutional hierarchies in the army and this was not an apolitical response. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the politics of commemoration and the invocation of an ‘Asia’ stretching from West and Central Asia into India, united by an imagination of self-government.
George Perkovich and Toby Dalton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199467495
- eISBN:
- 9780199087112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199467495.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter outlines the strategic dilemma India faces—managing the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan and motivating Pakistani actors to prevent cross-border terrorism—and ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the strategic dilemma India faces—managing the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan and motivating Pakistani actors to prevent cross-border terrorism—and examines the political and strategic goals of Indian decision makers in responding to this dilemma. It begins by detailing Indian responses to recent crises in order to provide insight into the ways in which Indians define the challenges and the imperatives of Indian policy. Drawing on interviews, the chapter also describes some of the perspectives and impulses that Indian military, diplomatic, and national security professionals bring to the current challenges. It then examines the classic theoretical framework of deterrence and compellence, as well as prominent international security theories of escalation dominance and war termination, in the context of the India-Pakistan conflict. The chapter concludes by laying out the strategic options available to policymakers, which are addressed in the subsequent chapters.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the strategic dilemma India faces—managing the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan and motivating Pakistani actors to prevent cross-border terrorism—and examines the political and strategic goals of Indian decision makers in responding to this dilemma. It begins by detailing Indian responses to recent crises in order to provide insight into the ways in which Indians define the challenges and the imperatives of Indian policy. Drawing on interviews, the chapter also describes some of the perspectives and impulses that Indian military, diplomatic, and national security professionals bring to the current challenges. It then examines the classic theoretical framework of deterrence and compellence, as well as prominent international security theories of escalation dominance and war termination, in the context of the India-Pakistan conflict. The chapter concludes by laying out the strategic options available to policymakers, which are addressed in the subsequent chapters.
Molly M. Melin
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197579367
- eISBN:
- 9780197579398
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197579367.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Security Studies
This chapter explores the role businesses play in creating peaceful societies. It builds on the rational choice theory of civil war onset and termination and draws from business research to ...
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This chapter explores the role businesses play in creating peaceful societies. It builds on the rational choice theory of civil war onset and termination and draws from business research to understand the role private firms play in preventing civil wars. Firms are uniquely situated in their ability to raise the cost of violence, and proactive firms can significantly increase a country’s peace years. At the same time, an active private sector can make it significantly harder to reach an agreement for states with active conflict, as they act as an additional veto player in the bargaining process. This chapter tests these arguments on original cross-national data. The findings emphasize the need for political scientists to examine further the role of the private sector in many of the topics they study and generate a more complete picture of conflict and its resolution.Less
This chapter explores the role businesses play in creating peaceful societies. It builds on the rational choice theory of civil war onset and termination and draws from business research to understand the role private firms play in preventing civil wars. Firms are uniquely situated in their ability to raise the cost of violence, and proactive firms can significantly increase a country’s peace years. At the same time, an active private sector can make it significantly harder to reach an agreement for states with active conflict, as they act as an additional veto player in the bargaining process. This chapter tests these arguments on original cross-national data. The findings emphasize the need for political scientists to examine further the role of the private sector in many of the topics they study and generate a more complete picture of conflict and its resolution.