Kiku Adatto
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199769063
- eISBN:
- 9780199896851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199769063.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly ...
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This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly with service to the nation and was pitched as a duty of sacrifice to support the war effort. One of the central characteristics of this campaign was that it enabled everyone down to newspaper boys to participate in a society-wide thrift movement. As such, the World War II war bond effort put thrift in the service of democracy, both in the sense that it directly supported the war being fought for democratic ideals and in the sense that it allowed the participation of all sectors in the American war effort. This national ethic of collective thrift for the greater good largely died in the prosperity that followed World War II, and it has not been restored even during subsequent wars in the latter part of the 20th century.Less
This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly with service to the nation and was pitched as a duty of sacrifice to support the war effort. One of the central characteristics of this campaign was that it enabled everyone down to newspaper boys to participate in a society-wide thrift movement. As such, the World War II war bond effort put thrift in the service of democracy, both in the sense that it directly supported the war being fought for democratic ideals and in the sense that it allowed the participation of all sectors in the American war effort. This national ethic of collective thrift for the greater good largely died in the prosperity that followed World War II, and it has not been restored even during subsequent wars in the latter part of the 20th century.
Christopher Capozzola
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335491
- eISBN:
- 9780199868971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335491.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on American women's voluntarism during World War I. It argues that in a political culture organized around voluntarism, Americans struggled to understand the difference between ...
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This chapter focuses on American women's voluntarism during World War I. It argues that in a political culture organized around voluntarism, Americans struggled to understand the difference between voluntary sacrifice and unpaid, or even forced, labor. Coercion operated differently in women's organizations than in the male vigilante societies that dominated headlines. Although women did not by and large experience or participate in physical violence, coercion still abounded.Less
This chapter focuses on American women's voluntarism during World War I. It argues that in a political culture organized around voluntarism, Americans struggled to understand the difference between voluntary sacrifice and unpaid, or even forced, labor. Coercion operated differently in women's organizations than in the male vigilante societies that dominated headlines. Although women did not by and large experience or participate in physical violence, coercion still abounded.
TALBOT C. IMLAY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261222
- eISBN:
- 9780191717550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261222.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter summarizes the findings; discusses the links between the three dimensions — strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic; and the relative importance of each to the overall war ...
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This chapter summarizes the findings; discusses the links between the three dimensions — strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic; and the relative importance of each to the overall war effort of France and Britain.Less
This chapter summarizes the findings; discusses the links between the three dimensions — strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic; and the relative importance of each to the overall war effort of France and Britain.
Christopher Capozzola
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335491
- eISBN:
- 9780199868971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335491.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on mob violence and vigilantism in wartime America. It shows that Americans who engaged in extralegal actions to support the war effort insisted that they were exemplars of ...
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This chapter focuses on mob violence and vigilantism in wartime America. It shows that Americans who engaged in extralegal actions to support the war effort insisted that they were exemplars of vigilant citizenship. Their victims, however, denounced them as lawless vigilantes unworthy of the nation's honor. The wartime and postwar concern with mob violence led many to ignore legal and nonviolent forms of state and private coercion that arose alongside, and outlasted, crowd actions. The distinction obscured the ways that Americans wove coercion into the fabric of their political culture during this period.Less
This chapter focuses on mob violence and vigilantism in wartime America. It shows that Americans who engaged in extralegal actions to support the war effort insisted that they were exemplars of vigilant citizenship. Their victims, however, denounced them as lawless vigilantes unworthy of the nation's honor. The wartime and postwar concern with mob violence led many to ignore legal and nonviolent forms of state and private coercion that arose alongside, and outlasted, crowd actions. The distinction obscured the ways that Americans wove coercion into the fabric of their political culture during this period.
G. Kurt Piehler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231201
- eISBN:
- 9780823240791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823231201.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how the support of influential Americans, including President Roosevelt and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, combined with the pioneering work of ...
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This chapter examines how the support of influential Americans, including President Roosevelt and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, combined with the pioneering work of combat historian S. L. A. Marshall to produce richly detailed histories that contributed to the U.S. Army's unprecedented drive to document the services wartime history—a practice that the Army had not followed either during or after other major conflicts. The chapter demonstrates that in addition to its use in official histories, others put oral history to use to serve the war effort. Samuel Stouffer and the U.S. Army's Research Branch often used oral histories to improve survey questions that went out to hundreds of thousands of soldiers. The Research Branch's work proved invaluable in many instances, and perhaps nowhere was it more worthwhile than in reshaping treatments for battle fatigue. The extensive use of oral histories during the war led to its widespread acceptance by the U.S. Army after 1945, and because of the active campaigning of wartime practitioners such as historian Forest Pogue, the wider community of academic historians, who often disparaged the value of oral history after the war, came increasingly to embrace the practice during the 1960s and the 1970s.Less
This chapter examines how the support of influential Americans, including President Roosevelt and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, combined with the pioneering work of combat historian S. L. A. Marshall to produce richly detailed histories that contributed to the U.S. Army's unprecedented drive to document the services wartime history—a practice that the Army had not followed either during or after other major conflicts. The chapter demonstrates that in addition to its use in official histories, others put oral history to use to serve the war effort. Samuel Stouffer and the U.S. Army's Research Branch often used oral histories to improve survey questions that went out to hundreds of thousands of soldiers. The Research Branch's work proved invaluable in many instances, and perhaps nowhere was it more worthwhile than in reshaping treatments for battle fatigue. The extensive use of oral histories during the war led to its widespread acceptance by the U.S. Army after 1945, and because of the active campaigning of wartime practitioners such as historian Forest Pogue, the wider community of academic historians, who often disparaged the value of oral history after the war, came increasingly to embrace the practice during the 1960s and the 1970s.
A. C. Hepburn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298846
- eISBN:
- 9780191711466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298846.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the years between 1914 and 1918. The years 1913-14 were a time of trial for Devlin, from the pressure to accept temporary exclusion in February 1914 to the unwelcome emergence ...
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This chapter focuses on the years between 1914 and 1918. The years 1913-14 were a time of trial for Devlin, from the pressure to accept temporary exclusion in February 1914 to the unwelcome emergence of paramilitary forces on both sides and then his exclusion from the Buckingham Palace Conference. He did not cave in and remained supportive of the Liberal Government, and, for the first time in his career, felt closer to Redmond than to Dillon in positive support for the war effort. However, the next four years were to see a downward spiral. The Volunteer movement brought violent revolution and repression, which drove an ever-deeper wedge between the two communities in Belfast and destroyed the constitutional movement across the country. The government at Westminster degenerated into coalitions that were more concerned with maintaining their own stability (and winning the war) than with settling the Irish question. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church was more concerned to run with popular opinion than to take political risks in order to achieve a compromise settlement.Less
This chapter focuses on the years between 1914 and 1918. The years 1913-14 were a time of trial for Devlin, from the pressure to accept temporary exclusion in February 1914 to the unwelcome emergence of paramilitary forces on both sides and then his exclusion from the Buckingham Palace Conference. He did not cave in and remained supportive of the Liberal Government, and, for the first time in his career, felt closer to Redmond than to Dillon in positive support for the war effort. However, the next four years were to see a downward spiral. The Volunteer movement brought violent revolution and repression, which drove an ever-deeper wedge between the two communities in Belfast and destroyed the constitutional movement across the country. The government at Westminster degenerated into coalitions that were more concerned with maintaining their own stability (and winning the war) than with settling the Irish question. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church was more concerned to run with popular opinion than to take political risks in order to achieve a compromise settlement.
Mark Rawlinson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184560
- eISBN:
- 9780191674303
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184560.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This book is the first study to provide a detailed critical and historical survey of British literary culture in wartime. Concerned as much with war as with writing, it explores the significance of ...
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This book is the first study to provide a detailed critical and historical survey of British literary culture in wartime. Concerned as much with war as with writing, it explores the significance of cultural representations of violence to the administration of the war effort. A theoretical account of the symbolic practices that connect military violence to policy provides a framework for analysing imaginative and documentary literature in its relation both to propaganda and to Peoples' War ideals of social reconstruction. The book evaluates wartime fictions and memoirs in the context of official and unofficial discourses about military aviation, the Blitz, campaigns in North Africa, war aims, the conscript Army and the Home Front, prisoners of war, and the Holocaust. It uncovers the processes by which the meanings the war had for participants were produced, and provides an extensive bibliographical resource for future scholarship.Less
This book is the first study to provide a detailed critical and historical survey of British literary culture in wartime. Concerned as much with war as with writing, it explores the significance of cultural representations of violence to the administration of the war effort. A theoretical account of the symbolic practices that connect military violence to policy provides a framework for analysing imaginative and documentary literature in its relation both to propaganda and to Peoples' War ideals of social reconstruction. The book evaluates wartime fictions and memoirs in the context of official and unofficial discourses about military aviation, the Blitz, campaigns in North Africa, war aims, the conscript Army and the Home Front, prisoners of war, and the Holocaust. It uncovers the processes by which the meanings the war had for participants were produced, and provides an extensive bibliographical resource for future scholarship.
Bruce Levine
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195147629
- eISBN:
- 9780199788866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147629.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This concluding chapter offers a balance sheet for this experience and what it reveals about slavery, secession, the Southern war effort, and the connections binding these things together. It ...
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This concluding chapter offers a balance sheet for this experience and what it reveals about slavery, secession, the Southern war effort, and the connections binding these things together. It suggests the significance of this episode for subsequent Southern history — and especially for the Southern elite's attempt to regain its footing in a postwar, post-slavery nation.Less
This concluding chapter offers a balance sheet for this experience and what it reveals about slavery, secession, the Southern war effort, and the connections binding these things together. It suggests the significance of this episode for subsequent Southern history — and especially for the Southern elite's attempt to regain its footing in a postwar, post-slavery nation.
James Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other ...
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This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other side’s ideologies and were involved against their will. While militants on both sides joined the conflict voluntarily, the large majority of combatants went to war as conscripts.The book firstly examines the manner in which both sides implemented mass conscription. It then analyses the process of conscription from call‐up to placement in a unit. It also looks at the methods employed to motivate and maintain the morale of drafted men, as well as the approaches to discipline in the two armies. Finally, it examines situations in which men avoided military service. These accounted for constant manpower losses on both sides and were particularly marked for the Republic. The Nationalist Army managed its conscripted men better than the Popular Army, and this is vital to understand the outcome of the war. Despite lower wages, Nationalist soldiers suffered fewer shortages and their families were better cared for in the rearguard. The Nationalists used an effective combination of threats and rewards to ensure the adequate service of their conscript soldiers. The same technique was also used to turn more than half of Republican prisoners of war and incorporate them into the Nationalist Army. Republican wartime mobilization, however, should also be considered relatively successful given the severe strains imposed by the civil nature of the conflict.Less
This book is a comparative study of Nationalist and Republican conscripts during Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. It analyses the conflict from the perspective of those who did not embrace one or other side’s ideologies and were involved against their will. While militants on both sides joined the conflict voluntarily, the large majority of combatants went to war as conscripts.The book firstly examines the manner in which both sides implemented mass conscription. It then analyses the process of conscription from call‐up to placement in a unit. It also looks at the methods employed to motivate and maintain the morale of drafted men, as well as the approaches to discipline in the two armies. Finally, it examines situations in which men avoided military service. These accounted for constant manpower losses on both sides and were particularly marked for the Republic. The Nationalist Army managed its conscripted men better than the Popular Army, and this is vital to understand the outcome of the war. Despite lower wages, Nationalist soldiers suffered fewer shortages and their families were better cared for in the rearguard. The Nationalists used an effective combination of threats and rewards to ensure the adequate service of their conscript soldiers. The same technique was also used to turn more than half of Republican prisoners of war and incorporate them into the Nationalist Army. Republican wartime mobilization, however, should also be considered relatively successful given the severe strains imposed by the civil nature of the conflict.
Cynthia B. Meyers
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823253708
- eISBN:
- 9780823268931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823253708.003.0009
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This chapter studies how the advertising and commercial radio industries responded to World War II and participated in the war economy. World War II provided the advertising and commercial radio ...
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This chapter studies how the advertising and commercial radio industries responded to World War II and participated in the war economy. World War II provided the advertising and commercial radio industries with the opportunity to expand audiences, contribute to the war effort, and demonstrate their focus on American culture and business. During the war, government agencies coordinated with business interests to help disseminate war information not just as propaganda programs, but also as specific themes integrated throughout commercial radio entertainment. William B. Lewis, adman and Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) executive, integrated propaganda and entertainment in order to reach audiences, mobilizing Americans for total war.Less
This chapter studies how the advertising and commercial radio industries responded to World War II and participated in the war economy. World War II provided the advertising and commercial radio industries with the opportunity to expand audiences, contribute to the war effort, and demonstrate their focus on American culture and business. During the war, government agencies coordinated with business interests to help disseminate war information not just as propaganda programs, but also as specific themes integrated throughout commercial radio entertainment. William B. Lewis, adman and Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) executive, integrated propaganda and entertainment in order to reach audiences, mobilizing Americans for total war.
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the return of interest groups in the French government following the adoption of the Constitution of year III. The war effort was one of the most important conflicts among the ...
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This chapter examines the return of interest groups in the French government following the adoption of the Constitution of year III. The war effort was one of the most important conflicts among the state elites. From the Thermidorian Convention to the Consulate, various factions challenged the government's war aims and its methods for pursuing them. This chapter suggests that the changes in military control and administration brought about by the French Revolution stemmed largely from conflict over state power.Less
This chapter examines the return of interest groups in the French government following the adoption of the Constitution of year III. The war effort was one of the most important conflicts among the state elites. From the Thermidorian Convention to the Consulate, various factions challenged the government's war aims and its methods for pursuing them. This chapter suggests that the changes in military control and administration brought about by the French Revolution stemmed largely from conflict over state power.
Conrad Russell
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198224822
- eISBN:
- 9780191678578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198224822.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
The military preparations from 1626 to 1628 were undertaken on a greater scale than anything since 1588. Yet, even with the most dedicated efforts, the results were lamentable. This is primarily due ...
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The military preparations from 1626 to 1628 were undertaken on a greater scale than anything since 1588. Yet, even with the most dedicated efforts, the results were lamentable. This is primarily due to lack of money. The chief catalyst of change was war. What is new in the debates of 1628 was the concentration on the issues of liberties. What brought these concerns together were the centralization, and the finance, required by organizing a war effort. Though most of the things that the Parliament of 1628 pushed for were not achieved, they at least succeeded in putting an end to the king's war effort. The passing of the Petition of Right was celebrated by numerous bonfires.Less
The military preparations from 1626 to 1628 were undertaken on a greater scale than anything since 1588. Yet, even with the most dedicated efforts, the results were lamentable. This is primarily due to lack of money. The chief catalyst of change was war. What is new in the debates of 1628 was the concentration on the issues of liberties. What brought these concerns together were the centralization, and the finance, required by organizing a war effort. Though most of the things that the Parliament of 1628 pushed for were not achieved, they at least succeeded in putting an end to the king's war effort. The passing of the Petition of Right was celebrated by numerous bonfires.
Mark Rawlinson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184560
- eISBN:
- 9780191674303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184560.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that the character of wartime writing was strongly determined by its relations to the discourses with which, in the broadest ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that the character of wartime writing was strongly determined by its relations to the discourses with which, in the broadest sense, Britain's war effort was administered. The complexity of those discourses — correlated with the fundamental structure of war — does not permit the description of wartime culture in terms of either top-down propaganda or of spontaneous consensus. In consequence, it is not plausible to ascribe straightforwardly consensual or oppositional meanings to many wartime texts.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that the character of wartime writing was strongly determined by its relations to the discourses with which, in the broadest sense, Britain's war effort was administered. The complexity of those discourses — correlated with the fundamental structure of war — does not permit the description of wartime culture in terms of either top-down propaganda or of spontaneous consensus. In consequence, it is not plausible to ascribe straightforwardly consensual or oppositional meanings to many wartime texts.
Nicholas D. Molnar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231201
- eISBN:
- 9780823240791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823231201.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter analyzes Patton's defense of the Sherman in the face of scathing criticism following the Battle of the Bulge. It argues that the general's advocacy on behalf of ...
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This chapter analyzes Patton's defense of the Sherman in the face of scathing criticism following the Battle of the Bulge. It argues that the general's advocacy on behalf of the tank salvaged its reputation both at the time and for generations to come. It shatters Patton's defense of the Sherman, and unhesitatingly demonstrates that all too often the men assigned to America's premier tank “were slaughtered because of the use of such an inferior” weapon. Patton, who understood all too well the Sherman's myriad flaws, rushed to defend the tank because he knew that it would remain the armored division's workhorse and that public criticism would only hurt the morale of his tankers and in turn the war effort. The chapter concludes that Patton's defense of the Sherman inadvertently contributed to a host of postwar studies that championed the tragically flawed weapon and played a role in fostering contemporary popular culture's depictions of the Sherman as a war-winning weapon.Less
This chapter analyzes Patton's defense of the Sherman in the face of scathing criticism following the Battle of the Bulge. It argues that the general's advocacy on behalf of the tank salvaged its reputation both at the time and for generations to come. It shatters Patton's defense of the Sherman, and unhesitatingly demonstrates that all too often the men assigned to America's premier tank “were slaughtered because of the use of such an inferior” weapon. Patton, who understood all too well the Sherman's myriad flaws, rushed to defend the tank because he knew that it would remain the armored division's workhorse and that public criticism would only hurt the morale of his tankers and in turn the war effort. The chapter concludes that Patton's defense of the Sherman inadvertently contributed to a host of postwar studies that championed the tragically flawed weapon and played a role in fostering contemporary popular culture's depictions of the Sherman as a war-winning weapon.
Brian Barton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198217527
- eISBN:
- 9780191678240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217527.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In Northern Ireland, attitudes, patterns of behavior, and the overall pace of life remained uniquely static and unchanging. Within the first six months of war, rationing in certain supplies had ...
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In Northern Ireland, attitudes, patterns of behavior, and the overall pace of life remained uniquely static and unchanging. Within the first six months of war, rationing in certain supplies had forced some modification in public consumption; travel restrictions and censorship resulted in a progressive narrowing of cultural life, and parts of the province were already struggling to absorb the burgeoning military camps set up to accommodate British troops. Nevertheless, during the spring of 1940, a Belfast diarist was justified in describing Northern Ireland as ‘probably the pleasantest place in Europe’. In addition, informed British visitors were shocked by the entirely different atmosphere that they detected in Northern Ireland, in comparison with other regions of the United Kingdom. The entire absence of any real sense of urgency regarding the war effort and the general slackness in public attitudes.Less
In Northern Ireland, attitudes, patterns of behavior, and the overall pace of life remained uniquely static and unchanging. Within the first six months of war, rationing in certain supplies had forced some modification in public consumption; travel restrictions and censorship resulted in a progressive narrowing of cultural life, and parts of the province were already struggling to absorb the burgeoning military camps set up to accommodate British troops. Nevertheless, during the spring of 1940, a Belfast diarist was justified in describing Northern Ireland as ‘probably the pleasantest place in Europe’. In addition, informed British visitors were shocked by the entirely different atmosphere that they detected in Northern Ireland, in comparison with other regions of the United Kingdom. The entire absence of any real sense of urgency regarding the war effort and the general slackness in public attitudes.
Inger L. Stole
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037122
- eISBN:
- 9780252094231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037122.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter looks at the strategizing and planning efforts that went into the Advertising Council. It outlines the Council’s organizational setup and its working relationship with the government’s ...
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This chapter looks at the strategizing and planning efforts that went into the Advertising Council. It outlines the Council’s organizational setup and its working relationship with the government’s Office of War Information (OWI) during its first year of existence. It also presents the Council’s criteria for accepting the government’s domestic information campaigns and how individual campaigns were prepared and implemented in actual advertisements. By providing their services to the government through the Council at no charge, advertisers hoped to impress upon the American people that theirs was a patriotic institution helping the war effort. The chapter concludes with a discourse regarding the advertisers’ victory in the battle to keep advertising a tax-deductible expense for business.Less
This chapter looks at the strategizing and planning efforts that went into the Advertising Council. It outlines the Council’s organizational setup and its working relationship with the government’s Office of War Information (OWI) during its first year of existence. It also presents the Council’s criteria for accepting the government’s domestic information campaigns and how individual campaigns were prepared and implemented in actual advertisements. By providing their services to the government through the Council at no charge, advertisers hoped to impress upon the American people that theirs was a patriotic institution helping the war effort. The chapter concludes with a discourse regarding the advertisers’ victory in the battle to keep advertising a tax-deductible expense for business.
David Pratten
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625536
- eISBN:
- 9780748670659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625536.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic ...
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This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic issues — the manilla exchange rate, tax collection, school funding and palm oil production — would dominate their concerns, along with a growing list of ‘social ills’ which would fall under their increasingly vigilant and vociferous purview, including court corruption, masquerade violence, child betrothal, human trafficking and juvenile delinquency. The political ground shifted quickly during the war with the effect that the views of the progressive elite and the radical nationalists began to converge. At the beginning of the war government propaganda efforts sought to deflect local agitation by enlisting the support of the anti-colonial nationalist faction. By the end of the war, however, the nationalist agenda had broadened its constituency and it was not only the radical core that the Colonial Government attempted to outflank but also the improvement unions and the conservative press that had affiliated to and were supporting emergent nationalist political parties.Less
This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic issues — the manilla exchange rate, tax collection, school funding and palm oil production — would dominate their concerns, along with a growing list of ‘social ills’ which would fall under their increasingly vigilant and vociferous purview, including court corruption, masquerade violence, child betrothal, human trafficking and juvenile delinquency. The political ground shifted quickly during the war with the effect that the views of the progressive elite and the radical nationalists began to converge. At the beginning of the war government propaganda efforts sought to deflect local agitation by enlisting the support of the anti-colonial nationalist faction. By the end of the war, however, the nationalist agenda had broadened its constituency and it was not only the radical core that the Colonial Government attempted to outflank but also the improvement unions and the conservative press that had affiliated to and were supporting emergent nationalist political parties.
Kiril Tomoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780801444111
- eISBN:
- 9781501730023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801444111.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter examines the Composers' Union during the Great Patriotic War. The war was an important moment in the development of the Soviet music profession. During a chaotic and traumatic ...
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This chapter examines the Composers' Union during the Great Patriotic War. The war was an important moment in the development of the Soviet music profession. During a chaotic and traumatic evacuation, the Composers' Union expanded contacts and implicit commitments between the central body and local chapters, clarified the institutional relationship between its professional and resource distribution functions, and drew a solid boundary on membership by permanently excluding performers. At the same time, an influx of new members, mainly songwriters, changed the face of Composers' Union membership. Most importantly, the leadership of the Composers' Union helped to stimulate and support composers' and musicologists' response to the call to professional arms. The Composers' Union as a whole and its members individually produced just the sort of music that the war effort required. For this service, the members of the Composers' Union gained lasting juridical access to a comparatively privileged strata of Soviet society.Less
This chapter examines the Composers' Union during the Great Patriotic War. The war was an important moment in the development of the Soviet music profession. During a chaotic and traumatic evacuation, the Composers' Union expanded contacts and implicit commitments between the central body and local chapters, clarified the institutional relationship between its professional and resource distribution functions, and drew a solid boundary on membership by permanently excluding performers. At the same time, an influx of new members, mainly songwriters, changed the face of Composers' Union membership. Most importantly, the leadership of the Composers' Union helped to stimulate and support composers' and musicologists' response to the call to professional arms. The Composers' Union as a whole and its members individually produced just the sort of music that the war effort required. For this service, the members of the Composers' Union gained lasting juridical access to a comparatively privileged strata of Soviet society.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226222677
- eISBN:
- 9780226222691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226222691.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
This chapter begins the examination of the practice and discourse of anthropology during the war years, exploring the influence of the conflict on the day-to-day work of anthropologists. With normal ...
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This chapter begins the examination of the practice and discourse of anthropology during the war years, exploring the influence of the conflict on the day-to-day work of anthropologists. With normal avenues for anthropological work cut off, many anthropologists turned the focus of their science toward the conflict itself in an attempt to support the war effort and gain the recognition of the state. As a result, anthropologists fully mobilized their discipline for war, throwing their support behind the German government, signing patriotic decrees, and condemning the enemies of the Central Powers. Anthropologists gave lectures on the anthropological makeup of the enemy, undertook investigations of wartime nutrition in German schoolchildren, and commented on the Allied use of colonial troops. All the while, the shortages and limitations caused by the war affected the institutions in which they did their work. The new wartime context encouraged members of the discipline to practice an increasingly nationalistic anthropology, and facilitated the erosion of the distinctions and precepts at the heart of the liberal tradition.Less
This chapter begins the examination of the practice and discourse of anthropology during the war years, exploring the influence of the conflict on the day-to-day work of anthropologists. With normal avenues for anthropological work cut off, many anthropologists turned the focus of their science toward the conflict itself in an attempt to support the war effort and gain the recognition of the state. As a result, anthropologists fully mobilized their discipline for war, throwing their support behind the German government, signing patriotic decrees, and condemning the enemies of the Central Powers. Anthropologists gave lectures on the anthropological makeup of the enemy, undertook investigations of wartime nutrition in German schoolchildren, and commented on the Allied use of colonial troops. All the while, the shortages and limitations caused by the war affected the institutions in which they did their work. The new wartime context encouraged members of the discipline to practice an increasingly nationalistic anthropology, and facilitated the erosion of the distinctions and precepts at the heart of the liberal tradition.
Paul Grainge, Mark Jancovich, and Sharon Monteith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748619061
- eISBN:
- 9780748670888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748619061.003.0012
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter discusses the United States film industry during the Second World War. The film industry and its personnel were recruited for the war effort. Directors such as Frank Capra and John Ford ...
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This chapter discusses the United States film industry during the Second World War. The film industry and its personnel were recruited for the war effort. Directors such as Frank Capra and John Ford were conscripted into the armed forces where they made a series of documentaries that supported US involvement. Hollywood was also enlisted in other ways. The Office of War Information (OWI) worked with the film industry to mobilise support for the war and maintain morale during it. In the process, a whole host of films sought to illustrate the dangers of the menace posed by the Axis powers. The chapter also includes the study, ‘What to Show the World: The Office of War Information and Hollywood, 1942–1945’ by Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black, which examines the OWI and its control over the content of motion-pictures during the Second World War.Less
This chapter discusses the United States film industry during the Second World War. The film industry and its personnel were recruited for the war effort. Directors such as Frank Capra and John Ford were conscripted into the armed forces where they made a series of documentaries that supported US involvement. Hollywood was also enlisted in other ways. The Office of War Information (OWI) worked with the film industry to mobilise support for the war and maintain morale during it. In the process, a whole host of films sought to illustrate the dangers of the menace posed by the Axis powers. The chapter also includes the study, ‘What to Show the World: The Office of War Information and Hollywood, 1942–1945’ by Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black, which examines the OWI and its control over the content of motion-pictures during the Second World War.
