Philip Manow and Eric Seils
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Germany was comparatively successful in weathering the macroeconomic crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its industrial sector remained highly competitive throughout. Nevertheless, unemployment ...
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Germany was comparatively successful in weathering the macroeconomic crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its industrial sector remained highly competitive throughout. Nevertheless, unemployment has been high and is still rising. The impact of unification is only a part of the explanation. Instead, the very formula for Germany's past success is also the key to its current problems. Cooperative labour relations, on which German international competitiveness depends, were maintained by using the welfare state's generous exit options from the labour market for older and less productive workers. Given the prevailing mode of financing the “Bismarckian” welfare state, however, the resulting rise of social security contributions added to the costs of labour throughout the economy. As the government relied on the same solution in coping with the massive employment losses in East Germany after unification, non‐wage labour costs have risen to a level that can be sustained only by highly productive types of work. This constrains the growth of private services that have compensated industrial job losses in other countries.Less
Germany was comparatively successful in weathering the macroeconomic crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its industrial sector remained highly competitive throughout. Nevertheless, unemployment has been high and is still rising. The impact of unification is only a part of the explanation. Instead, the very formula for Germany's past success is also the key to its current problems. Cooperative labour relations, on which German international competitiveness depends, were maintained by using the welfare state's generous exit options from the labour market for older and less productive workers. Given the prevailing mode of financing the “Bismarckian” welfare state, however, the resulting rise of social security contributions added to the costs of labour throughout the economy. As the government relied on the same solution in coping with the massive employment losses in East Germany after unification, non‐wage labour costs have risen to a level that can be sustained only by highly productive types of work. This constrains the growth of private services that have compensated industrial job losses in other countries.
Martin Ruef
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162775
- eISBN:
- 9781400852642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162775.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor for former slaves in the mid-1860s was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. ...
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This chapter studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor for former slaves in the mid-1860s was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. Despite similarities in coercion and the organization of labor, the valuation of wage labor under the bureau was linked to human capital investments and statistical discrimination in ways that were fundamentally different from the valuations observed in appraisals, purchases, and hires within the antebellum slave market. This shift in the logic of valuation produced uncertainty among bureau agents, employers, and former bondsmen and women themselves as to how black workers would be compensated within the emerging free labor market of the American South.Less
This chapter studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor for former slaves in the mid-1860s was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. Despite similarities in coercion and the organization of labor, the valuation of wage labor under the bureau was linked to human capital investments and statistical discrimination in ways that were fundamentally different from the valuations observed in appraisals, purchases, and hires within the antebellum slave market. This shift in the logic of valuation produced uncertainty among bureau agents, employers, and former bondsmen and women themselves as to how black workers would be compensated within the emerging free labor market of the American South.
Jonah D. Levy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job ...
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The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.Less
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.
V. K. Ramachandran (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198286479
- eISBN:
- 9780191684524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286479.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. ...
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This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.Less
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.
Helen I. Safa
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290230
- eISBN:
- 9780191684807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290230.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In a number of developing countries, specifically for those open economies in the Caribbean Basin, export-led industrialization has assumed a major role in various development strategies during the ...
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In a number of developing countries, specifically for those open economies in the Caribbean Basin, export-led industrialization has assumed a major role in various development strategies during the 1980s. To be able to reduce unemployment and to acquire enough resources through foreign exchange for their debt payments, many countries have resorted to participating in export-led industrialization measures. The US Agency for International Development (AID) has asserted that countries in the Caribbean and Latin American regions should utilize such measures to achieve ‘security through development’ and political stability through providing funds for training, constructing export processing zones, and exporting market information. This chapter looks into how export manufacturing has led to how economies of the Caribbean Basin have veered away from traditional exports and the impacts of such on gender subordination and women's wage labour.Less
In a number of developing countries, specifically for those open economies in the Caribbean Basin, export-led industrialization has assumed a major role in various development strategies during the 1980s. To be able to reduce unemployment and to acquire enough resources through foreign exchange for their debt payments, many countries have resorted to participating in export-led industrialization measures. The US Agency for International Development (AID) has asserted that countries in the Caribbean and Latin American regions should utilize such measures to achieve ‘security through development’ and political stability through providing funds for training, constructing export processing zones, and exporting market information. This chapter looks into how export manufacturing has led to how economies of the Caribbean Basin have veered away from traditional exports and the impacts of such on gender subordination and women's wage labour.
Huw Beynon, Damian Grimshaw, Jill Rubery, and Kevin Ward
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199248698
- eISBN:
- 9780191697760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248698.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
This chapter argues that the different employment practices and policies can be interpreted as a function of two interrelated factors: wage labour costs and work intensity. In this way, the separate ...
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This chapter argues that the different employment practices and policies can be interpreted as a function of two interrelated factors: wage labour costs and work intensity. In this way, the separate dynamics of change across dimensions of employment policy can be seen as a more interrelated set for transformations. These are linked, to a large extent, to the change in general power relations in the labour market, which have allowed a redefinition of the fundamental wage-effort relationship at the heart of the employment relationship.Less
This chapter argues that the different employment practices and policies can be interpreted as a function of two interrelated factors: wage labour costs and work intensity. In this way, the separate dynamics of change across dimensions of employment policy can be seen as a more interrelated set for transformations. These are linked, to a large extent, to the change in general power relations in the labour market, which have allowed a redefinition of the fundamental wage-effort relationship at the heart of the employment relationship.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally ...
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The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub‐Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub‐Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.
David F. Crew
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195053111
- eISBN:
- 9780199854479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195053111.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter talks about the shift from unemployment to work relief. Before the Depression, local welfare offices became the dumping grounds for the unemployed. The Weimar welfare offices wanted to ...
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This chapter talks about the shift from unemployment to work relief. Before the Depression, local welfare offices became the dumping grounds for the unemployed. The Weimar welfare offices wanted to get able-bodied unemployed back into work. Welfare experts were attracted to the idea of work relief because it promised to preserve welfare clients' commitment to industrial labor discipline and their intellectual and physical abilities to resume wage labor when the opportunity arose. Work relief assumed two basic forms: obligatory labor and welfare or relief work. In obligatory labor, the client does not receive a wage but a supplement on top of any support payment. While welfare work enables the client to earn his or her own living. Many Germans found it difficult to separate themselves from a state of unemployment to work relief in the German welfare state in terms of the following: workhouse, correctional education and youth unemployment schemes, and Weimar labor law.Less
This chapter talks about the shift from unemployment to work relief. Before the Depression, local welfare offices became the dumping grounds for the unemployed. The Weimar welfare offices wanted to get able-bodied unemployed back into work. Welfare experts were attracted to the idea of work relief because it promised to preserve welfare clients' commitment to industrial labor discipline and their intellectual and physical abilities to resume wage labor when the opportunity arose. Work relief assumed two basic forms: obligatory labor and welfare or relief work. In obligatory labor, the client does not receive a wage but a supplement on top of any support payment. While welfare work enables the client to earn his or her own living. Many Germans found it difficult to separate themselves from a state of unemployment to work relief in the German welfare state in terms of the following: workhouse, correctional education and youth unemployment schemes, and Weimar labor law.
Simon Deakin and Frank Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198152811
- eISBN:
- 9780191673153
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152811.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law, Company and Commercial Law
The emergence of a ‘labour market’ in industrial societies implies not just greater competition and increased mobility of economic resources, but also the specific form of the work relationship which ...
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The emergence of a ‘labour market’ in industrial societies implies not just greater competition and increased mobility of economic resources, but also the specific form of the work relationship which is described by the idea of wage labour and its legal expression, the contract of employment. This book examines the evolution of the contract of employment in Britain through a close investigation of changes in its juridical form during and since the industrial revolution. The initial conditions of industrialization and the subsequent growth of a particular type of welfare state are shown to have decisively shaped the evolutionary path of British labour and social security law. In particular, the book argues that nature of the legal transition which accompanied industrialization in Britain cannot be adequately captured by the conventional idea of a movement from status to contract. What emerged from the industrial revolution was not a general model of the contract of employment, but rather a hierarchical conception of service, which originated in the Master and Servant Acts and was slowly assimilated into the common law. It was only as a result of the growing influence of collective bargaining and social legislation, and with the spread of large-scale enterprises and of bureaucratic forms of organization, that the modern term ‘employee’ began to be applied to all wage and salary earners. The concept of the contract of employment which is familiar to modern labour lawyers is thus a much more recent phenomenon than has been widely supposed. This has important implications for conceptualizations of the modern labour market, and for the way in which current proposals to move ‘beyond’ the employment model, in the face of intensifying technological and institutional change, should be addressed.Less
The emergence of a ‘labour market’ in industrial societies implies not just greater competition and increased mobility of economic resources, but also the specific form of the work relationship which is described by the idea of wage labour and its legal expression, the contract of employment. This book examines the evolution of the contract of employment in Britain through a close investigation of changes in its juridical form during and since the industrial revolution. The initial conditions of industrialization and the subsequent growth of a particular type of welfare state are shown to have decisively shaped the evolutionary path of British labour and social security law. In particular, the book argues that nature of the legal transition which accompanied industrialization in Britain cannot be adequately captured by the conventional idea of a movement from status to contract. What emerged from the industrial revolution was not a general model of the contract of employment, but rather a hierarchical conception of service, which originated in the Master and Servant Acts and was slowly assimilated into the common law. It was only as a result of the growing influence of collective bargaining and social legislation, and with the spread of large-scale enterprises and of bureaucratic forms of organization, that the modern term ‘employee’ began to be applied to all wage and salary earners. The concept of the contract of employment which is familiar to modern labour lawyers is thus a much more recent phenomenon than has been widely supposed. This has important implications for conceptualizations of the modern labour market, and for the way in which current proposals to move ‘beyond’ the employment model, in the face of intensifying technological and institutional change, should be addressed.
Saskia T. Roselaar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577231
- eISBN:
- 9780191723414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577231.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the economic developments of the second century BC. The traditional picture of this period is one of increasing occupation of ager publicus by the rich commercial elite, who ...
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This chapter discusses the economic developments of the second century BC. The traditional picture of this period is one of increasing occupation of ager publicus by the rich commercial elite, who established large slave‐staffed estates on public land. This chapter argues that this picture cannot hold because the location of ager publicus, as established in Chapter 2, is not the same as the location of the main development of such commercial estates. It argues that the pressure on the land was indeed high in some areas of Italy, especially around Rome, partially as a result of growing demand for land among commercial producers, and partly as a result of population growth. The land in this area was mainly private, which may have led small farmers to sell their land and move to the cities, but at the end of the second century BC possibilities for wage labour declined, which led to an increase of poverty among the rural and urban poor.Less
This chapter discusses the economic developments of the second century BC. The traditional picture of this period is one of increasing occupation of ager publicus by the rich commercial elite, who established large slave‐staffed estates on public land. This chapter argues that this picture cannot hold because the location of ager publicus, as established in Chapter 2, is not the same as the location of the main development of such commercial estates. It argues that the pressure on the land was indeed high in some areas of Italy, especially around Rome, partially as a result of growing demand for land among commercial producers, and partly as a result of population growth. The land in this area was mainly private, which may have led small farmers to sell their land and move to the cities, but at the end of the second century BC possibilities for wage labour declined, which led to an increase of poverty among the rural and urban poor.
Karen E. Rignall
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501756122
- eISBN:
- 9781501756146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501756122.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter investigates the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor — on and off the land — over the previous half century as the Moroccan southeast was integrated into ...
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This chapter investigates the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor — on and off the land — over the previous half century as the Moroccan southeast was integrated into capitalist markets. The chapter takes the personal experiences of work, familial ties, and social change as a window into the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor in the Mgoun Valley. It then links an ethnography of work to agrarian practice, tracing how new labor relations simultaneously transformed and sustained the social reciprocity that undergirded moral economies in the valley. The chapter presents a snapshot of the transformations in livelihoods and agriculture through the initially deceptive results of the author's household survey. It also discusses the exclusions produced by the communal orientations that framed both agriculture and wage labor, from the gendered experience of work to the marginalization of households without access to certain kinds of labor.Less
This chapter investigates the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor — on and off the land — over the previous half century as the Moroccan southeast was integrated into capitalist markets. The chapter takes the personal experiences of work, familial ties, and social change as a window into the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor in the Mgoun Valley. It then links an ethnography of work to agrarian practice, tracing how new labor relations simultaneously transformed and sustained the social reciprocity that undergirded moral economies in the valley. The chapter presents a snapshot of the transformations in livelihoods and agriculture through the initially deceptive results of the author's household survey. It also discusses the exclusions produced by the communal orientations that framed both agriculture and wage labor, from the gendered experience of work to the marginalization of households without access to certain kinds of labor.
James C. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300191165
- eISBN:
- 9780300206814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300191165.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some ...
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This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some form of wage labor and then on to sharecropping, shifts that reflected both struggles over racial control and the demands of bright tobacco, which remained the region's economic engine.Less
This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some form of wage labor and then on to sharecropping, shifts that reflected both struggles over racial control and the demands of bright tobacco, which remained the region's economic engine.
Andrew Parnaby
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731633
- eISBN:
- 9780199894420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731633.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
Aboriginal people in North America, like indigenous peoples elsewhere, have been engaged in paid work for centuries. Yet despite a long, diverse history, this dimension of aboriginal life has been ...
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Aboriginal people in North America, like indigenous peoples elsewhere, have been engaged in paid work for centuries. Yet despite a long, diverse history, this dimension of aboriginal life has been understudied by historians of North America, at least when compared with the voluminous important work exploring “traditional” native cultures; the impact of settlement, trade, disease, technology, warfare, and Christianity on indigenous life; and the coercive nature of colonial Indian policies. This chapter—a comparative examination of the Mi'kmaq of Cape Breton and the Squamish of British Columbia in mid-19th-century British North America—addresses this scholarly silence. To this end, it considers how Mi'kmaq and Squamish families pursued agriculture and wage labor, mobilized traditional skills toward different economic objectives, and maintained, at least to some extent, customary rounds of seasonal resource procurement. Mid-19th-century Cape Breton and British Columbia were contested places, as the forces of immigration, capitalism, and state formation reconfigured customary patterns of indigenous life and labour in significant and divergent ways. The chapter is about those changing material contexts, their similarities and differences, and how indigenous peoples on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts sought to understand them, negotiate their pressures and possibilities, and blunt their negative effects.Less
Aboriginal people in North America, like indigenous peoples elsewhere, have been engaged in paid work for centuries. Yet despite a long, diverse history, this dimension of aboriginal life has been understudied by historians of North America, at least when compared with the voluminous important work exploring “traditional” native cultures; the impact of settlement, trade, disease, technology, warfare, and Christianity on indigenous life; and the coercive nature of colonial Indian policies. This chapter—a comparative examination of the Mi'kmaq of Cape Breton and the Squamish of British Columbia in mid-19th-century British North America—addresses this scholarly silence. To this end, it considers how Mi'kmaq and Squamish families pursued agriculture and wage labor, mobilized traditional skills toward different economic objectives, and maintained, at least to some extent, customary rounds of seasonal resource procurement. Mid-19th-century Cape Breton and British Columbia were contested places, as the forces of immigration, capitalism, and state formation reconfigured customary patterns of indigenous life and labour in significant and divergent ways. The chapter is about those changing material contexts, their similarities and differences, and how indigenous peoples on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts sought to understand them, negotiate their pressures and possibilities, and blunt their negative effects.
Tirthankar Roy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198074175
- eISBN:
- 9780199082148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074175.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
In 1900, most of India's manufacturing workers were employed in industries that did not use either machinery or large factories. A century later, more than two-thirds of manufacturing employment ...
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In 1900, most of India's manufacturing workers were employed in industries that did not use either machinery or large factories. A century later, more than two-thirds of manufacturing employment remained intensive in manual labour and were concentrated in small firms, some of which had roots in the traditional handicrafts. During the colonial period, the scale of employment in the handicrafts declined. Small firms and industries producing handicrafts experienced major turmoil and increasing differentiation. Commercialization polarized and differentiated the handicrafts industry, essentially transforming traditional industry and giving rise to modern small-scale industry in colonial India. This change was characterized by the growing scope for commercial and industrial capital in the business, as well as increasing use of wage labour in place of family labour.Less
In 1900, most of India's manufacturing workers were employed in industries that did not use either machinery or large factories. A century later, more than two-thirds of manufacturing employment remained intensive in manual labour and were concentrated in small firms, some of which had roots in the traditional handicrafts. During the colonial period, the scale of employment in the handicrafts declined. Small firms and industries producing handicrafts experienced major turmoil and increasing differentiation. Commercialization polarized and differentiated the handicrafts industry, essentially transforming traditional industry and giving rise to modern small-scale industry in colonial India. This change was characterized by the growing scope for commercial and industrial capital in the business, as well as increasing use of wage labour in place of family labour.
Jean Ensminger
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
An analysis of the role of market integration and fairness in the responses of the Orma of northern Kenya in the Ultimatum, Dictator, and Public Goods Games is presented. The Orma are a ...
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An analysis of the role of market integration and fairness in the responses of the Orma of northern Kenya in the Ultimatum, Dictator, and Public Goods Games is presented. The Orma are a pastoral–nomadic community who are divided into three sections in the Tana River District and are dependent mainly on cattle, but in increasing numbers are diversifying into trade and wage labour; this research took place among the geographically central Galole Orma. The chapter describes the political economy of the Orma, and the methods used for the study, and presents and analyses the results of the three games, looking at the effects of wage/trade income in the Ultimatum and Dictator Games. The results are consistent with the general finding from the overall cross‐cultural project that shows fairness increasing with market integration. Something appears to trigger fair‐mindedness in association with exposure to market institutions, maybe a higher premium on reputation, and eventually, this norm appears to be internalized, as evidenced by its emergence in the anonymous, one‐shot, economic experiments.Less
An analysis of the role of market integration and fairness in the responses of the Orma of northern Kenya in the Ultimatum, Dictator, and Public Goods Games is presented. The Orma are a pastoral–nomadic community who are divided into three sections in the Tana River District and are dependent mainly on cattle, but in increasing numbers are diversifying into trade and wage labour; this research took place among the geographically central Galole Orma. The chapter describes the political economy of the Orma, and the methods used for the study, and presents and analyses the results of the three games, looking at the effects of wage/trade income in the Ultimatum and Dictator Games. The results are consistent with the general finding from the overall cross‐cultural project that shows fairness increasing with market integration. Something appears to trigger fair‐mindedness in association with exposure to market institutions, maybe a higher premium on reputation, and eventually, this norm appears to be internalized, as evidenced by its emergence in the anonymous, one‐shot, economic experiments.
E. Fouksman
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529208931
- eISBN:
- 9781529208962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529208931.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Can those who cannot access wage labour imagine alternatives to it? Drawing on in-depth interviews with the long-term unemployed in rural Namibia, this chapter explores perceptions of work and ...
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Can those who cannot access wage labour imagine alternatives to it? Drawing on in-depth interviews with the long-term unemployed in rural Namibia, this chapter explores perceptions of work and redistributive policy proposals such as cash transfers and universal basic income (UBI). The chapter shows that even at the site of the 2008-9 basic income pilot in Namibia, the long-term unemployed continue to see wage work or entrepreneurship as a ‘proper’ source of income, as well as the basis for social, psychological and physical wellbeing. I argue that in thinking beyond the wage, both theorists and policy makers must consider not only income security but also alternative sources of meaning, absorption and social embeddedness in order to forge a new social, political and economic imaginary that lies beyond the confines of wage labour.Less
Can those who cannot access wage labour imagine alternatives to it? Drawing on in-depth interviews with the long-term unemployed in rural Namibia, this chapter explores perceptions of work and redistributive policy proposals such as cash transfers and universal basic income (UBI). The chapter shows that even at the site of the 2008-9 basic income pilot in Namibia, the long-term unemployed continue to see wage work or entrepreneurship as a ‘proper’ source of income, as well as the basis for social, psychological and physical wellbeing. I argue that in thinking beyond the wage, both theorists and policy makers must consider not only income security but also alternative sources of meaning, absorption and social embeddedness in order to forge a new social, political and economic imaginary that lies beyond the confines of wage labour.
Philip Manow
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198842538
- eISBN:
- 9780191878503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198842538.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Once the period of high growth had passed, the welfare state maintained wage coordination by providing labor and capital with the resources to alleviate their deepening distributional conflicts—with ...
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Once the period of high growth had passed, the welfare state maintained wage coordination by providing labor and capital with the resources to alleviate their deepening distributional conflicts—with an increasingly negative impact on the overall functioning of the German variety of capitalism. The fact that the welfare state provided social actors with the possibility of externalizing the growing costs of adjusting to the period of “diminished expectations” led to a pathological pattern of ever higher non-wage labor costs, poor job growth, and high structural unemployment. This contributed to Germany’s “welfare-without-work”—and “budgets-without-balance”—malaise in the 1970s and 1980s.Less
Once the period of high growth had passed, the welfare state maintained wage coordination by providing labor and capital with the resources to alleviate their deepening distributional conflicts—with an increasingly negative impact on the overall functioning of the German variety of capitalism. The fact that the welfare state provided social actors with the possibility of externalizing the growing costs of adjusting to the period of “diminished expectations” led to a pathological pattern of ever higher non-wage labor costs, poor job growth, and high structural unemployment. This contributed to Germany’s “welfare-without-work”—and “budgets-without-balance”—malaise in the 1970s and 1980s.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally ...
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The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub-Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub-Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.
Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108927
- eISBN:
- 9780300128758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108927.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter explores the transformation of the South African society during the four decades of apartheid, focusing on the processes of class formation and the changing patterns of income ...
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This chapter explores the transformation of the South African society during the four decades of apartheid, focusing on the processes of class formation and the changing patterns of income inequality. One process of social change is deagrarianisation, which transformed South Africa into a society that was unusually dependent on wage labour. Between 1950 and 1975, the overall distribution of incomes displayed elements of both continuity and change. By 1975, there were clear indications of a growing differentiation within the African population, but race still remained a key factor in inequality. The chapter concludes with alternative trajectories that South Africa might have followed: the route of land reform and the route of uncontrolled urbanisation.Less
This chapter explores the transformation of the South African society during the four decades of apartheid, focusing on the processes of class formation and the changing patterns of income inequality. One process of social change is deagrarianisation, which transformed South Africa into a society that was unusually dependent on wage labour. Between 1950 and 1975, the overall distribution of incomes displayed elements of both continuity and change. By 1975, there were clear indications of a growing differentiation within the African population, but race still remained a key factor in inequality. The chapter concludes with alternative trajectories that South Africa might have followed: the route of land reform and the route of uncontrolled urbanisation.
Jarod Roll
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781469656298
- eISBN:
- 9781469656311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656298.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The working miners who turned to zinc production in the 1870s transformed the fundamental nature of the district in the 1880s. This chapter explores how their zinc producing operations encouraged ...
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The working miners who turned to zinc production in the 1870s transformed the fundamental nature of the district in the 1880s. This chapter explores how their zinc producing operations encouraged gradual increases in the scale of mining that used more machines and a new reliance on wage labor. Although these changes threatened the continuation of the poor man’s camp, most working miners continued to expect the future to be like the past, to expect that they too could succeed in capitalism like the miners before them. These expectations frustrated organizers from the era’s biggest labor union, the Knights of Labor. Miners rejected the solidarity of the Knights, which included calls for government regulation of the mines, particularly regarding health and safety, and instead continued to pursue risk as the best chance at working-class prosperity.Less
The working miners who turned to zinc production in the 1870s transformed the fundamental nature of the district in the 1880s. This chapter explores how their zinc producing operations encouraged gradual increases in the scale of mining that used more machines and a new reliance on wage labor. Although these changes threatened the continuation of the poor man’s camp, most working miners continued to expect the future to be like the past, to expect that they too could succeed in capitalism like the miners before them. These expectations frustrated organizers from the era’s biggest labor union, the Knights of Labor. Miners rejected the solidarity of the Knights, which included calls for government regulation of the mines, particularly regarding health and safety, and instead continued to pursue risk as the best chance at working-class prosperity.
