Robert Sugden
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Some of the special problems involved in eliciting preferences for public goods (with which many applications of contingent valuation are concerned) are considered. The defining characteristic of a ...
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Some of the special problems involved in eliciting preferences for public goods (with which many applications of contingent valuation are concerned) are considered. The defining characteristic of a public good is that the same units of the good are consumed by, or give utility to, more than one individual. The different sections of the chapter address: the theory of public goods, incentive compatibility—as a theoretical problem and as a problem for survey research, the link between preference and choice, voluntary contributions to public goods, and voting to elicit preferences.Less
Some of the special problems involved in eliciting preferences for public goods (with which many applications of contingent valuation are concerned) are considered. The defining characteristic of a public good is that the same units of the good are consumed by, or give utility to, more than one individual. The different sections of the chapter address: the theory of public goods, incentive compatibility—as a theoretical problem and as a problem for survey research, the link between preference and choice, voluntary contributions to public goods, and voting to elicit preferences.
Olivia S. Mitchell and Kent Smetters
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266913
- eISBN:
- 9780191601323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266913.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter examines the rate of return guarantee options in defined contribution (DC) plans. Guarantees in DC plans offer fixed nominal rates of return over a calendar year. Rate of return ...
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This chapter examines the rate of return guarantee options in defined contribution (DC) plans. Guarantees in DC plans offer fixed nominal rates of return over a calendar year. Rate of return guarantees have few behavioural effects on workers, since participants do not determine investments in their pension accounts. The guarantee could affect the extent to which workers assume risk in their nonpension investments, since it makes their investments in their DC plan relatively low risk.Less
This chapter examines the rate of return guarantee options in defined contribution (DC) plans. Guarantees in DC plans offer fixed nominal rates of return over a calendar year. Rate of return guarantees have few behavioural effects on workers, since participants do not determine investments in their pension accounts. The guarantee could affect the extent to which workers assume risk in their nonpension investments, since it makes their investments in their DC plan relatively low risk.
Thordis Ingadottir
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199276745
- eISBN:
- 9780191707650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276745.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
One of the most important departures of the internationalized criminal courts and tribunals from typical full international tribunals is the way in which they are funded. While the bulk of the cost ...
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One of the most important departures of the internationalized criminal courts and tribunals from typical full international tribunals is the way in which they are funded. While the bulk of the cost of the international panels in Kosovo and East Timor is incorporated in the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)/United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) respectively, important budgetary items were left to national authorities. These tribunals have also brazenly accepted voluntary contributions, whether in terms of personnel or equipment. The Special Court in Sierra Leone became the first internationalized tribunal to be funded solely by voluntary contributions.Less
One of the most important departures of the internationalized criminal courts and tribunals from typical full international tribunals is the way in which they are funded. While the bulk of the cost of the international panels in Kosovo and East Timor is incorporated in the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)/United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) respectively, important budgetary items were left to national authorities. These tribunals have also brazenly accepted voluntary contributions, whether in terms of personnel or equipment. The Special Court in Sierra Leone became the first internationalized tribunal to be funded solely by voluntary contributions.
Martin Gorsky, John Mohan, and Tim Willis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065781
- eISBN:
- 9781781701423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065781.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the development of the official policy towards the idea of voluntary contribution within the health service in Great Britain. It discusses the perception of the hospital ...
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This chapter examines the development of the official policy towards the idea of voluntary contribution within the health service in Great Britain. It discusses the perception of the hospital contributory schemes from the perspective of those responsible for translating general plans for an extension of health care into practical proposals. It investigates at what point the elimination of the contributory schemes from the structure of the National Health Service (NHS) became inevitable. This chapter suggests that the final shape of the NHS was not the outcome of an unproblematic consensus but a product of negotiation between the interested parties.Less
This chapter examines the development of the official policy towards the idea of voluntary contribution within the health service in Great Britain. It discusses the perception of the hospital contributory schemes from the perspective of those responsible for translating general plans for an extension of health care into practical proposals. It investigates at what point the elimination of the contributory schemes from the structure of the National Health Service (NHS) became inevitable. This chapter suggests that the final shape of the NHS was not the outcome of an unproblematic consensus but a product of negotiation between the interested parties.
Ananish Chaudhuri and Tirnud Paichayontvijit
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073970
- eISBN:
- 9780199081615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073970.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Numerous studies have investigated the issue of private provision of public goods using a linear public goods game. This game creates conflict between cooperation, which contributes to the public ...
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Numerous studies have investigated the issue of private provision of public goods using a linear public goods game. This game creates conflict between cooperation, which contributes to the public good, and self-interest, which involves free-riding on others' contributions. Using decision-making experiments, this chapter examines voluntary contributions to a public good. It considers two separate mechanisms for sustaining cooperation over time: recommended play and costly punishments. It compares behaviour in these two experimental treatments to a control treatment with no recommendations or punishments. It also analyses behaviour in groups with a fixed composition over time as well as behaviour in groups with members who are randomly re-matched at the end of each round. The chapter shows that contributions in the initial rounds are higher in the treatment with recommendations than in the baseline and punishment treatments. Contributions decrease much faster with recommendation, whereas contributions increase in treatments with punishment over time.Less
Numerous studies have investigated the issue of private provision of public goods using a linear public goods game. This game creates conflict between cooperation, which contributes to the public good, and self-interest, which involves free-riding on others' contributions. Using decision-making experiments, this chapter examines voluntary contributions to a public good. It considers two separate mechanisms for sustaining cooperation over time: recommended play and costly punishments. It compares behaviour in these two experimental treatments to a control treatment with no recommendations or punishments. It also analyses behaviour in groups with a fixed composition over time as well as behaviour in groups with members who are randomly re-matched at the end of each round. The chapter shows that contributions in the initial rounds are higher in the treatment with recommendations than in the baseline and punishment treatments. Contributions decrease much faster with recommendation, whereas contributions increase in treatments with punishment over time.
James A. Mirrlees
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is ...
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This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. Consequently, a discussion of global public finance/economics is presented here that considers the lessons from optimal tax design when applied at a global level. The different sections of the chapter look at: global taxation; taxation for aid; the possibility of an international agreement whereby income taxation is applied to nationals (rather than residents) and countries report people's income to their country of nationality (international allocation of tax bases); supranational taxation; subsidies and transfers; voluntary contributions and taxation; and development assistance expansion. An appendix considers the conditions for marginal tax rates to be independent of the revenue requirement.Less
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. Consequently, a discussion of global public finance/economics is presented here that considers the lessons from optimal tax design when applied at a global level. The different sections of the chapter look at: global taxation; taxation for aid; the possibility of an international agreement whereby income taxation is applied to nationals (rather than residents) and countries report people's income to their country of nationality (international allocation of tax bases); supranational taxation; subsidies and transfers; voluntary contributions and taxation; and development assistance expansion. An appendix considers the conditions for marginal tax rates to be independent of the revenue requirement.
Barbara Ibrahim and Dina H. Sherif (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774162077
- eISBN:
- 9781617970283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774162077.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Persistent societal problems and wealth creation in the Arab region are driving a new generation of actors to commit their resources for the greater public welfare. Widely known as philanthropy, ...
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Persistent societal problems and wealth creation in the Arab region are driving a new generation of actors to commit their resources for the greater public welfare. Widely known as philanthropy, voluntary contributions to causes that serve a public good are a longstanding and important aspect of cultures in the Arab region. What is of particular interest today is the proliferation of ways in which this private giving is being channeled into new institutional forms. In significant ways, some local philanthropy is becoming more strategic in its aims—by which is meant utilizing resources effectively to address the underlying causes of important social problems. Through an examination of philanthropic trends in eight key Middle Eastern countries, this book seeks to shed light on the forms of institutionalized giving that currently exist, as well as to provide recommendations for how charitable contributions can be most effective as vehicles of future social change. Drawing on data collected from endowed corporate foundations, public–private partnerships between business leaders and governmental agencies, and small-scale community-based organizations, this study marks attempts to map the dynamic contemporary landscape of philanthropy in the Arab region.Less
Persistent societal problems and wealth creation in the Arab region are driving a new generation of actors to commit their resources for the greater public welfare. Widely known as philanthropy, voluntary contributions to causes that serve a public good are a longstanding and important aspect of cultures in the Arab region. What is of particular interest today is the proliferation of ways in which this private giving is being channeled into new institutional forms. In significant ways, some local philanthropy is becoming more strategic in its aims—by which is meant utilizing resources effectively to address the underlying causes of important social problems. Through an examination of philanthropic trends in eight key Middle Eastern countries, this book seeks to shed light on the forms of institutionalized giving that currently exist, as well as to provide recommendations for how charitable contributions can be most effective as vehicles of future social change. Drawing on data collected from endowed corporate foundations, public–private partnerships between business leaders and governmental agencies, and small-scale community-based organizations, this study marks attempts to map the dynamic contemporary landscape of philanthropy in the Arab region.
Atle L. Wold
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474403313
- eISBN:
- 9781474415965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403313.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter explores the various ways in which Scots demonstrated their loyalty to the British state in the 1790s. It is argued here that loyalism, and not patriotism, is the better term to use when ...
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This chapter explores the various ways in which Scots demonstrated their loyalty to the British state in the 1790s. It is argued here that loyalism, and not patriotism, is the better term to use when assessing Scottish support for the government and the British state in the 1790s, and a main theme explored in this analysis is the question of what constitutes genuine loyalty, and how this can be measured. The evidence on loyalism is extensive, and it is clear that the Scots demonstrated their loyalty to the state in a number of different ways, such as loyalist resolutions, suggestions for policy initiatives, offers of personal service to the state, and a variety of voluntary financial contributions. A main argument in this chapter is that, in general terms, loyalism in Scotland comes across as very constructive in its outlook – that it was loyalism on the government’s terms.Less
This chapter explores the various ways in which Scots demonstrated their loyalty to the British state in the 1790s. It is argued here that loyalism, and not patriotism, is the better term to use when assessing Scottish support for the government and the British state in the 1790s, and a main theme explored in this analysis is the question of what constitutes genuine loyalty, and how this can be measured. The evidence on loyalism is extensive, and it is clear that the Scots demonstrated their loyalty to the state in a number of different ways, such as loyalist resolutions, suggestions for policy initiatives, offers of personal service to the state, and a variety of voluntary financial contributions. A main argument in this chapter is that, in general terms, loyalism in Scotland comes across as very constructive in its outlook – that it was loyalism on the government’s terms.
Barbara Lethem Ibrahim and Dina H. Sherif
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774162077
- eISBN:
- 9781617970283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774162077.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the ways in which persistent societal problems coupled with rapid wealth creation in the Arab region are driving ...
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This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the ways in which persistent societal problems coupled with rapid wealth creation in the Arab region are driving a new generation of private citizens to commit resources for the greater public welfare. The book focuses on the ways that philanthropic giving currently is formalized into institutions. This is important because of the potential impact institutions can have over time. The chapter then discusses the Arab traditions of giving, Arab philanthropy today, the methodology used in this study, research constraints, and emerging themes in the study findings.Less
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the ways in which persistent societal problems coupled with rapid wealth creation in the Arab region are driving a new generation of private citizens to commit resources for the greater public welfare. The book focuses on the ways that philanthropic giving currently is formalized into institutions. This is important because of the potential impact institutions can have over time. The chapter then discusses the Arab traditions of giving, Arab philanthropy today, the methodology used in this study, research constraints, and emerging themes in the study findings.
Antonio Rangel and Richard Zeckhauser
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226092553
- eISBN:
- 9780226092560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226092560.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Using an overlapping-generations model with randomness in both total endowments and the distribution of endowments between generations, this chapter examines whether markets or governments can ...
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Using an overlapping-generations model with randomness in both total endowments and the distribution of endowments between generations, this chapter examines whether markets or governments can generate efficient intergenerational risk sharing. The model makes the standard simplifying assumption that each generation lives only two periods and that only two generations are therefore alive at any one time. In this setting, a long-lived asset can facilitate intergenerational risk sharing by inducing young generations to pay old generations for their claims to the asset. Both markets and governments have the potential to promote risk sharing, markets through the trade of financial instruments, governments through social insurance programs. Each has potential on the intergenerational front since there are financial instruments that last for many generations and some social insurance programs, such as social security or subsidized education, transfer resources across generations. This chapter argues that voluntary contributions are unlikely to work in practice and that efficient government intergenerational transfers may be incompatible with a democratic political system since future generations cannot vote to express their interests.Less
Using an overlapping-generations model with randomness in both total endowments and the distribution of endowments between generations, this chapter examines whether markets or governments can generate efficient intergenerational risk sharing. The model makes the standard simplifying assumption that each generation lives only two periods and that only two generations are therefore alive at any one time. In this setting, a long-lived asset can facilitate intergenerational risk sharing by inducing young generations to pay old generations for their claims to the asset. Both markets and governments have the potential to promote risk sharing, markets through the trade of financial instruments, governments through social insurance programs. Each has potential on the intergenerational front since there are financial instruments that last for many generations and some social insurance programs, such as social security or subsidized education, transfer resources across generations. This chapter argues that voluntary contributions are unlikely to work in practice and that efficient government intergenerational transfers may be incompatible with a democratic political system since future generations cannot vote to express their interests.
Ronny Patz and Klaus H. Goetz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198838333
- eISBN:
- 9780191874673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198838333.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The case of the WHO reveals the largest discrepancy between key formal rules governing budgeting procedures and the reality of budgeting dynamics and administration. The highly regionalized and ...
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The case of the WHO reveals the largest discrepancy between key formal rules governing budgeting procedures and the reality of budgeting dynamics and administration. The highly regionalized and fragmented structure of the WHO results in a budget process that is much more complex in practice than formal rules suggest. To accommodate strong regional interests and regionally organized principals, while at the same time managing budget constraints, the WHO budget process combines bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal administrative and political coordination. Due to the increasing importance of earmarked voluntary contributions for the financing of the WHO to approximately 80 percent of its budget, including very substantive financial support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation of around a quarter of its budget, new administrative structures and procedures have been introduced. For example, the Financing Dialogue has become a new element of budgeting in international organizations that attempts to regain control over an ever-more segmented budgetary landscape.Less
The case of the WHO reveals the largest discrepancy between key formal rules governing budgeting procedures and the reality of budgeting dynamics and administration. The highly regionalized and fragmented structure of the WHO results in a budget process that is much more complex in practice than formal rules suggest. To accommodate strong regional interests and regionally organized principals, while at the same time managing budget constraints, the WHO budget process combines bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal administrative and political coordination. Due to the increasing importance of earmarked voluntary contributions for the financing of the WHO to approximately 80 percent of its budget, including very substantive financial support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation of around a quarter of its budget, new administrative structures and procedures have been introduced. For example, the Financing Dialogue has become a new element of budgeting in international organizations that attempts to regain control over an ever-more segmented budgetary landscape.
