Ann E. Cudd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187434
- eISBN:
- 9780199786213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187431.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of ...
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This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of groups, harming the victims and benefiting the correlative privileged social groups. It argues that women as a group are oppressed materially through violence, and that there is a credible, psychologically effective threat of greater harm that is transmitted by the obvious material harm that they do suffer.Less
This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of groups, harming the victims and benefiting the correlative privileged social groups. It argues that women as a group are oppressed materially through violence, and that there is a credible, psychologically effective threat of greater harm that is transmitted by the obvious material harm that they do suffer.
James Ptacek (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864331
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Despite significant accomplishments over the past 35 years, antiviolence activists know that justice for most abused women remains elusive. Most victims of violence against women do not call the ...
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Despite significant accomplishments over the past 35 years, antiviolence activists know that justice for most abused women remains elusive. Most victims of violence against women do not call the police or seek help from the courts. Are there new ways that survivors might find justice? This book examines new alternative justice practices for victims. These informal, dialogue-based practices, referred to as “restorative justice,” seek to decrease the role of the state in responding to crime, and increase the involvement of communities in meeting the needs of victims and offenders. Restorative Justice and Violence Against Women considers both the dangers and potential benefits of using restorative justice in response to these crimes. The contributors include antiviolence activists and scholars from the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. A range of perspectives on these alternative justice practices is presented. This book also contains rich descriptions of new programs that combine restorative justice with feminist antiviolence approaches. The hope is that this will inspire survivors, advocates, community activists, and scholars to create new ways for abused women to find justice.Less
Despite significant accomplishments over the past 35 years, antiviolence activists know that justice for most abused women remains elusive. Most victims of violence against women do not call the police or seek help from the courts. Are there new ways that survivors might find justice? This book examines new alternative justice practices for victims. These informal, dialogue-based practices, referred to as “restorative justice,” seek to decrease the role of the state in responding to crime, and increase the involvement of communities in meeting the needs of victims and offenders. Restorative Justice and Violence Against Women considers both the dangers and potential benefits of using restorative justice in response to these crimes. The contributors include antiviolence activists and scholars from the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. A range of perspectives on these alternative justice practices is presented. This book also contains rich descriptions of new programs that combine restorative justice with feminist antiviolence approaches. The hope is that this will inspire survivors, advocates, community activists, and scholars to create new ways for abused women to find justice.
James Ptacek
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This introductory chapter discusses the recent interest in restorative justice among feminist activists and scholars. The interest is in part a response to the co-optation of antiviolence activism by ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the recent interest in restorative justice among feminist activists and scholars. The interest is in part a response to the co-optation of antiviolence activism by the criminal legal system. Feminist investigations of restorative justice are placed in the context of several other developments in community organizing. This includes the “safety and accountability audit” designed by Ellen Pence, and efforts to address violence against women of color by Incite! Women of Color Against Violence. While many feminists have been critical of using restorative justice for crimes against women, others have found restorative approaches beneficial in these cases, especially when they are adapted to meet the needs of survivors. These three developments—safety audits, organizing around violence against women of color, and restorative justice—present three different challenges to previous forms of antiviolence work.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the recent interest in restorative justice among feminist activists and scholars. The interest is in part a response to the co-optation of antiviolence activism by the criminal legal system. Feminist investigations of restorative justice are placed in the context of several other developments in community organizing. This includes the “safety and accountability audit” designed by Ellen Pence, and efforts to address violence against women of color by Incite! Women of Color Against Violence. While many feminists have been critical of using restorative justice for crimes against women, others have found restorative approaches beneficial in these cases, especially when they are adapted to meet the needs of survivors. These three developments—safety audits, organizing around violence against women of color, and restorative justice—present three different challenges to previous forms of antiviolence work.
Andrea Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter critiques both criminal justice and restorative justice models for addressing violence against women. While advocates for criminal justice and restorative justice models have sharp ...
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This chapter critiques both criminal justice and restorative justice models for addressing violence against women. While advocates for criminal justice and restorative justice models have sharp disagreements with each other; they all tend to uncritically rely on the state-based approaches for addressing violence. Such approaches fail to address the role of the state itself in instigating and perpetuating violence against women, particularly poor women and women of color. In contrast to such state-based approaches, this chapter offers non-state based grassroots organizing models as an alternative strategy for addressing the root causes of gender violence.Less
This chapter critiques both criminal justice and restorative justice models for addressing violence against women. While advocates for criminal justice and restorative justice models have sharp disagreements with each other; they all tend to uncritically rely on the state-based approaches for addressing violence. Such approaches fail to address the role of the state itself in instigating and perpetuating violence against women, particularly poor women and women of color. In contrast to such state-based approaches, this chapter offers non-state based grassroots organizing models as an alternative strategy for addressing the root causes of gender violence.
Michelle L. Meloy and Susan L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765102
- eISBN:
- 9780199944187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765102.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Legal remedies in addition to efforts at education, prevention, and direct intervention have painstakingly become a reality in a society slow to acknowledge violence against women. Yet ...
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Legal remedies in addition to efforts at education, prevention, and direct intervention have painstakingly become a reality in a society slow to acknowledge violence against women. Yet intimate-partner violence remains a fact of life for far too many women. Not all violent relationships escalate to a murderous situation, but approximately 33% of all murdered women are killed by their husband or partner. In comparison, only 3% of all murdered men are killed by an intimate partner. Furthermore, of all the cases identified as intimate-partner homicide, three out of every four victims was a female. This chapter provides an historical overview and critique of the research on crimes of sexual and interpersonal violence committed against women: sexual assault, battering, and stalking. The findings from empirical studies presented in this chapter assist with the debunking of claims and myths about victimization.Less
Legal remedies in addition to efforts at education, prevention, and direct intervention have painstakingly become a reality in a society slow to acknowledge violence against women. Yet intimate-partner violence remains a fact of life for far too many women. Not all violent relationships escalate to a murderous situation, but approximately 33% of all murdered women are killed by their husband or partner. In comparison, only 3% of all murdered men are killed by an intimate partner. Furthermore, of all the cases identified as intimate-partner homicide, three out of every four victims was a female. This chapter provides an historical overview and critique of the research on crimes of sexual and interpersonal violence committed against women: sexual assault, battering, and stalking. The findings from empirical studies presented in this chapter assist with the debunking of claims and myths about victimization.
Michelle L. Meloy and Susan L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765102
- eISBN:
- 9780199944187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765102.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines several complex victim-related issues that were not extensively addressed elsewhere in the book, such as the politics of victimization and topics germane to the social and legal ...
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This chapter examines several complex victim-related issues that were not extensively addressed elsewhere in the book, such as the politics of victimization and topics germane to the social and legal labeling of crime victims and victimizations. It raises unresolved questions about female victims and the politics of the victimization discourse, debating whether the responses are largely symbolic or whether they offer real reform. It also analyzes the policy outcomes associated with Violence Against Women Act monies and reviews several promising state-level prevention programs aimed at reducing the victimization of women and children. In addition, it offers some overall recommendations regarding the future directions of the victims' rights movement aimed at ending violence against women. The chapter concludes by considering alternatives to victims' use of the formal criminal justice system, looking at the potential of restorative justice and other dispute resolution alternatives.Less
This chapter examines several complex victim-related issues that were not extensively addressed elsewhere in the book, such as the politics of victimization and topics germane to the social and legal labeling of crime victims and victimizations. It raises unresolved questions about female victims and the politics of the victimization discourse, debating whether the responses are largely symbolic or whether they offer real reform. It also analyzes the policy outcomes associated with Violence Against Women Act monies and reviews several promising state-level prevention programs aimed at reducing the victimization of women and children. In addition, it offers some overall recommendations regarding the future directions of the victims' rights movement aimed at ending violence against women. The chapter concludes by considering alternatives to victims' use of the formal criminal justice system, looking at the potential of restorative justice and other dispute resolution alternatives.
Jennifer Nedelsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195147964
- eISBN:
- 9780199918133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147964.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
The heart of the book's argument has been that values like equality or autonomy are made possible by structures of relationship. Thus transformative projects such as feminism involve restructuring ...
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The heart of the book's argument has been that values like equality or autonomy are made possible by structures of relationship. Thus transformative projects such as feminism involve restructuring relations. This chapter provides multiple examples of what it means to bring a relational analysis to bear on the problem of violence against women. It also takes up some of the most important challenges to projects of restructuring relations though law. I conclude that the values that my approach invokes will inevitably be contested, and that the judgments about the structures of relations that will advance them will be inevitably tentative or speculative. But I argue that judges are de facto making choices among competing values now. A relational approach would make those choices more apparent. Similarly, judges make judgments about the effects of their legal interpretations. A relational approach will generate a higher degree of self-consciousness about all these judgments, and thus improve their quality. I also make the case that this approach is immediately useable in existing legal systems.Less
The heart of the book's argument has been that values like equality or autonomy are made possible by structures of relationship. Thus transformative projects such as feminism involve restructuring relations. This chapter provides multiple examples of what it means to bring a relational analysis to bear on the problem of violence against women. It also takes up some of the most important challenges to projects of restructuring relations though law. I conclude that the values that my approach invokes will inevitably be contested, and that the judgments about the structures of relations that will advance them will be inevitably tentative or speculative. But I argue that judges are de facto making choices among competing values now. A relational approach would make those choices more apparent. Similarly, judges make judgments about the effects of their legal interpretations. A relational approach will generate a higher degree of self-consciousness about all these judgments, and thus improve their quality. I also make the case that this approach is immediately useable in existing legal systems.
Julie Stubbs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter reviews debates about the use of Restorative Justice (RJ) for gendered violence, such as domestic violence or family violence. It identifies theoretical and empirical limitations to the ...
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This chapter reviews debates about the use of Restorative Justice (RJ) for gendered violence, such as domestic violence or family violence. It identifies theoretical and empirical limitations to the capacity of generic models of RJ to promote victim interests for offences related to violence against women. Part 2 considers gendered violence in Indigenous communities and notes that research and commentary often fails to recognize Indigenous women’s needs and interests. It concludes that the best way forward is to move beyond oppositional contrasts between RJ and criminal justice to develop hybrid models that adopt anti-subordination as a principle, supported by the requisite resources to protect that end, in working towards safe and just outcomes.Less
This chapter reviews debates about the use of Restorative Justice (RJ) for gendered violence, such as domestic violence or family violence. It identifies theoretical and empirical limitations to the capacity of generic models of RJ to promote victim interests for offences related to violence against women. Part 2 considers gendered violence in Indigenous communities and notes that research and commentary often fails to recognize Indigenous women’s needs and interests. It concludes that the best way forward is to move beyond oppositional contrasts between RJ and criminal justice to develop hybrid models that adopt anti-subordination as a principle, supported by the requisite resources to protect that end, in working towards safe and just outcomes.
Jennifer Nedelsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195147964
- eISBN:
- 9780199918133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147964.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Chapter 5 opens with the claim that the liberal state has failed to protect women and children from violence. We must therefore rethink the role of the liberal state and the conception of rights ...
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Chapter 5 opens with the claim that the liberal state has failed to protect women and children from violence. We must therefore rethink the role of the liberal state and the conception of rights optimal for making good on liberalism's most basic aspirations. The chapter shows how the relational approach provides a better way of understanding the problem of violence and of assessing solutions than the traditional liberal, boundary based conceptions of rights. Violence, however, also powerfully evokes the need for legally protected boundaries. Thus violence against women poses a challenge not only to liberalism, but to my project of replacing boundaries with relationship as the central organizing concept for rights. I take up this challenge to the relational approach in the context of the liberal state's failure on its own terms. This challenge also allows me to further address one of the key anxieties that I think my approach provokes: this sort of relational analysis will lead to a vast expansion of the scope of the state. Juxtaposing Judith Shklar and Robert Cover, I argue that rethinking the role of the state is essential to dismantling hierarchies that are embedded in the culture and sustained by “private” violence.Less
Chapter 5 opens with the claim that the liberal state has failed to protect women and children from violence. We must therefore rethink the role of the liberal state and the conception of rights optimal for making good on liberalism's most basic aspirations. The chapter shows how the relational approach provides a better way of understanding the problem of violence and of assessing solutions than the traditional liberal, boundary based conceptions of rights. Violence, however, also powerfully evokes the need for legally protected boundaries. Thus violence against women poses a challenge not only to liberalism, but to my project of replacing boundaries with relationship as the central organizing concept for rights. I take up this challenge to the relational approach in the context of the liberal state's failure on its own terms. This challenge also allows me to further address one of the key anxieties that I think my approach provokes: this sort of relational analysis will lead to a vast expansion of the scope of the state. Juxtaposing Judith Shklar and Robert Cover, I argue that rethinking the role of the state is essential to dismantling hierarchies that are embedded in the culture and sustained by “private” violence.
Ronnee Schreiber
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195331813
- eISBN:
- 9780199851829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331813.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter demonstrates how the CWA and IWF invoke a complex set of arguments to articulate their positions on violence against women and to mediate among the challenges they face as conservative ...
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This chapter demonstrates how the CWA and IWF invoke a complex set of arguments to articulate their positions on violence against women and to mediate among the challenges they face as conservative and women's organizations. Their narratives reflect a desire to transform the meaning of violence against women while attending to the political context in which this issue has become prominent. While tackling the problem of violence against women involves myriad goals and policies, CWA and IWF address the issue in fairly narrow terms.Less
This chapter demonstrates how the CWA and IWF invoke a complex set of arguments to articulate their positions on violence against women and to mediate among the challenges they face as conservative and women's organizations. Their narratives reflect a desire to transform the meaning of violence against women while attending to the political context in which this issue has become prominent. While tackling the problem of violence against women involves myriad goals and policies, CWA and IWF address the issue in fairly narrow terms.
Pamela Rubin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
A government proposal to implement restorative justice in Nova Scotia met with resistance by women’s antiviolence organizations. The government’s plan included both sexual offences and partner ...
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A government proposal to implement restorative justice in Nova Scotia met with resistance by women’s antiviolence organizations. The government’s plan included both sexual offences and partner assaults among crimes eligible for restorative processes. Neither antiviolence organizations nor the public were involved in the development of this initiative. This chapter describes the negotiations between women’s organizations and the Nova Scotia Department of Justice over this initiative. In response to the government’s proposal, feminist organizations conducted focus groups with survivors to gather their perspectives on restorative justice. The findings of this research are presented, along with recommendations towards a more collaborative dialogue between the government and women’s antiviolence organizations.Less
A government proposal to implement restorative justice in Nova Scotia met with resistance by women’s antiviolence organizations. The government’s plan included both sexual offences and partner assaults among crimes eligible for restorative processes. Neither antiviolence organizations nor the public were involved in the development of this initiative. This chapter describes the negotiations between women’s organizations and the Nova Scotia Department of Justice over this initiative. In response to the government’s proposal, feminist organizations conducted focus groups with survivors to gather their perspectives on restorative justice. The findings of this research are presented, along with recommendations towards a more collaborative dialogue between the government and women’s antiviolence organizations.
Celeste Montoya
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199927197
- eISBN:
- 9780199332946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199927197.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, European Union
This chapter provides the historical background of how violence against women became a European Union issue. It addresses the EU as part of a regional advocacy network that is embedded within a ...
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This chapter provides the historical background of how violence against women became a European Union issue. It addresses the EU as part of a regional advocacy network that is embedded within a global transnational network. Using historical analysis, it traces the efforts of transnational activists to get gender violence on the EU policy agenda and emphasizes the importance of initiatives undertaken by other international and regional institutions, such as the United Nations and the Council of Europe. It shows how shifting political opportunities in the international arena link and interact and respond to those occurring within the European Union. It also provides an overview of policies and initiatives adopted by the EU in the context of and in contrast with global and national approaches.Less
This chapter provides the historical background of how violence against women became a European Union issue. It addresses the EU as part of a regional advocacy network that is embedded within a global transnational network. Using historical analysis, it traces the efforts of transnational activists to get gender violence on the EU policy agenda and emphasizes the importance of initiatives undertaken by other international and regional institutions, such as the United Nations and the Council of Europe. It shows how shifting political opportunities in the international arena link and interact and respond to those occurring within the European Union. It also provides an overview of policies and initiatives adopted by the EU in the context of and in contrast with global and national approaches.
Nancy Whittier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325102
- eISBN:
- 9780199869350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325102.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter returns to the question of activists' engagement with the state, examining the different forms that movement organizations' relationships with state authorities took during the 1990s and ...
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This chapter returns to the question of activists' engagement with the state, examining the different forms that movement organizations' relationships with state authorities took during the 1990s and 2000s, when the therapeutic state around child sexual abuse was well‐developed, and shows the kinds of access and compromise these relationships brought. It discusses entry of activists into state agencies, movement organizations' professionalization, and increasing funding to provide services to the state, arguing that some groups became part of a para‐state. It traces organizations' use of crime victims compensation funds and activists' attempts to increase criminal and civil penalties for child sexual abuse Finally, the chapter analyzes newer organizations' involvement with public health initiatives to prevent child sexual abuse. Overall, the chapter argues that activists' involvement with the state was shaped by the priorities and pressures of the state, showing the continued power of medical and criminal approaches over others. Yet activists, particularly in the public health wing, continued to bring larger political goals into their work, illustrating the paradoxical nature of social movement outcomes.Less
This chapter returns to the question of activists' engagement with the state, examining the different forms that movement organizations' relationships with state authorities took during the 1990s and 2000s, when the therapeutic state around child sexual abuse was well‐developed, and shows the kinds of access and compromise these relationships brought. It discusses entry of activists into state agencies, movement organizations' professionalization, and increasing funding to provide services to the state, arguing that some groups became part of a para‐state. It traces organizations' use of crime victims compensation funds and activists' attempts to increase criminal and civil penalties for child sexual abuse Finally, the chapter analyzes newer organizations' involvement with public health initiatives to prevent child sexual abuse. Overall, the chapter argues that activists' involvement with the state was shaped by the priorities and pressures of the state, showing the continued power of medical and criminal approaches over others. Yet activists, particularly in the public health wing, continued to bring larger political goals into their work, illustrating the paradoxical nature of social movement outcomes.
Celeste Montoya
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199927197
- eISBN:
- 9780199332946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199927197.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, European Union
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of EU policy itself. Discourse analysis is utilized to provide a detailed examination and critical assessment of the ways the EU has addressed violence ...
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This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of EU policy itself. Discourse analysis is utilized to provide a detailed examination and critical assessment of the ways the EU has addressed violence against women. This chapter provides a temporal analysis across multiple generations of EU policies in order to understand the ways gender violence has evolved as an issue. It also addresses EU institutions and actors as unique sites of discourse, making comparisons across institutions regarding the different ways they address violence against women. Included in the analysis is attention to references to international instruments, the roles and responsibilities attributed to EU institutions and to member and candidate states, the framing and scope of violence against women, and recommended measures.Less
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of EU policy itself. Discourse analysis is utilized to provide a detailed examination and critical assessment of the ways the EU has addressed violence against women. This chapter provides a temporal analysis across multiple generations of EU policies in order to understand the ways gender violence has evolved as an issue. It also addresses EU institutions and actors as unique sites of discourse, making comparisons across institutions regarding the different ways they address violence against women. Included in the analysis is attention to references to international instruments, the roles and responsibilities attributed to EU institutions and to member and candidate states, the framing and scope of violence against women, and recommended measures.
Susan Tiefenbrun
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385779
- eISBN:
- 9780199776061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination ...
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This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination against women and an increase in forced prostitution and trafficking in China. Millions of women are missing in China because of female child abandonment and infanticide. The scarcity of women has resulted in a major increase in the trafficking and sale of foreign women into China. As China shifted from a planned economy to a market economy in 1979, the price of women in China increased in accordance with the market economy principle of supply and demand. The One-Child Policy has caused women to become a high-cost commodity.Less
This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination against women and an increase in forced prostitution and trafficking in China. Millions of women are missing in China because of female child abandonment and infanticide. The scarcity of women has resulted in a major increase in the trafficking and sale of foreign women into China. As China shifted from a planned economy to a market economy in 1979, the price of women in China increased in accordance with the market economy principle of supply and demand. The One-Child Policy has caused women to become a high-cost commodity.
Kara Ellerby
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479893607
- eISBN:
- 9781479803521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479893607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores policies aimed at addressing violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, trafficking, and sexual harassment. Most states criminalize all or some of ...
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This chapter explores policies aimed at addressing violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, trafficking, and sexual harassment. Most states criminalize all or some of these, thanks primarily to active feminist movements within and between states. However, violence against women remains an epidemic, in part because of gendered beliefs about violence. These include notions that violence against women is a “women’s issue”; it is not really violence; it is a private affair; and it is a woman’s fault. These pervasive beliefs mar efforts to prosecute violence though a “leaky” justice pipeline in which women are discouraged from seeking redress. Global organizations that promote women’s empowerment as a way to eradicate violence ignore how neoliberal economic order is destabilizing gender roles. Paradoxically, women’s cheap, temporary, and informal labor are preferred, undermining men’s gender roles that are reinforced with violence.Less
This chapter explores policies aimed at addressing violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, trafficking, and sexual harassment. Most states criminalize all or some of these, thanks primarily to active feminist movements within and between states. However, violence against women remains an epidemic, in part because of gendered beliefs about violence. These include notions that violence against women is a “women’s issue”; it is not really violence; it is a private affair; and it is a woman’s fault. These pervasive beliefs mar efforts to prosecute violence though a “leaky” justice pipeline in which women are discouraged from seeking redress. Global organizations that promote women’s empowerment as a way to eradicate violence ignore how neoliberal economic order is destabilizing gender roles. Paradoxically, women’s cheap, temporary, and informal labor are preferred, undermining men’s gender roles that are reinforced with violence.
Elizabeth M. Schneider
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198268208
- eISBN:
- 9780191683442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268208.003.0021
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
The beating of wives or girlfriends is a long-hidden aspect of family life that has existed over time and throughout cultures. There has been a dramatic change in both public and legal recognition at ...
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The beating of wives or girlfriends is a long-hidden aspect of family life that has existed over time and throughout cultures. There has been a dramatic change in both public and legal recognition at the end of the century that has resulted from the work of feminism. Although many aspects of family law have been influenced by the struggle for gender equality, legal transformation on domestic violence has been spearheaded by the women’s rights movement. This chapter examines some of the crucial aspects of this process and the legal reforms which have resulted. In 1992, the United States Supreme Court recognised the pervasiveness and severity of intimate violence for the first time in Planned Parenthood v Casey, and in 1994 Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act. Planned Parenthood v Casey is widely known as the decision in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld constitutional protection for women’s right to reproductive choice. In its decision, the Court recounted the seriousness and the pervasiveness of the problem of domestic violence.Less
The beating of wives or girlfriends is a long-hidden aspect of family life that has existed over time and throughout cultures. There has been a dramatic change in both public and legal recognition at the end of the century that has resulted from the work of feminism. Although many aspects of family law have been influenced by the struggle for gender equality, legal transformation on domestic violence has been spearheaded by the women’s rights movement. This chapter examines some of the crucial aspects of this process and the legal reforms which have resulted. In 1992, the United States Supreme Court recognised the pervasiveness and severity of intimate violence for the first time in Planned Parenthood v Casey, and in 1994 Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act. Planned Parenthood v Casey is widely known as the decision in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld constitutional protection for women’s right to reproductive choice. In its decision, the Court recounted the seriousness and the pervasiveness of the problem of domestic violence.
Susan Tiefenbrun
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385779
- eISBN:
- 9780199776061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.010
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter focuses on the development of a culture of violence in many parts of the world, especially Africa, which has given rise to genocide, mass violence, and child soldiering. Child soldiering ...
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This chapter focuses on the development of a culture of violence in many parts of the world, especially Africa, which has given rise to genocide, mass violence, and child soldiering. Child soldiering is a variant of human trafficking that is one of the worst human rights violations as it rises to the level of slavery (a universal crime). The recruitment of a child (a person under age eighteen) for the purpose of participation in armed conflict is considered trafficking in persons.Less
This chapter focuses on the development of a culture of violence in many parts of the world, especially Africa, which has given rise to genocide, mass violence, and child soldiering. Child soldiering is a variant of human trafficking that is one of the worst human rights violations as it rises to the level of slavery (a universal crime). The recruitment of a child (a person under age eighteen) for the purpose of participation in armed conflict is considered trafficking in persons.
Celeste Montoya
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199927197
- eISBN:
- 9780199332946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199927197.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, European Union
This chapter poses the puzzle of increased rhetorical attention to women’s human rights in global governance, but uneven responsiveness at the local level. It emphasizes the importance of research ...
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This chapter poses the puzzle of increased rhetorical attention to women’s human rights in global governance, but uneven responsiveness at the local level. It emphasizes the importance of research that advances understandings of transnational interactions by exploring the different processes and strategies connecting the global to the local. It introduces the European Union as an important case for studying the interactions between global, regional, and local process of transnational advocacy across a broad range of diverse countries. It provides an overview of a mixed method analysis that combines empiricism with a critical and intersectional feminist analysis as a means of comprehensively assessing the implications of transnational strategies aimed at addressing the complex and multifaceted issue of violence against women.Less
This chapter poses the puzzle of increased rhetorical attention to women’s human rights in global governance, but uneven responsiveness at the local level. It emphasizes the importance of research that advances understandings of transnational interactions by exploring the different processes and strategies connecting the global to the local. It introduces the European Union as an important case for studying the interactions between global, regional, and local process of transnational advocacy across a broad range of diverse countries. It provides an overview of a mixed method analysis that combines empiricism with a critical and intersectional feminist analysis as a means of comprehensively assessing the implications of transnational strategies aimed at addressing the complex and multifaceted issue of violence against women.
Lisa D. Brush
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195398502
- eISBN:
- 9780199897483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398502.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the ...
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This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the central role of women’s work in addressing them. The hegemonic explanations for poverty and abuse include victim empowerment folklore, criminological expertise and law-and-order logic, the politics of disgust, and work-first common sense. The chapter then presents an alternative approach (drawn from feminist structural challenges to conventional wisdom) that focuses on how women are trapped by poverty and abuse. The chapter concludes the chapter with a critical description of the contradictory dynamics of the institutionalization of conventional wisdom in two key U.S. policies on poverty and battering: the Personal Responsibility Act and the Violence Against Women Act.Less
This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the central role of women’s work in addressing them. The hegemonic explanations for poverty and abuse include victim empowerment folklore, criminological expertise and law-and-order logic, the politics of disgust, and work-first common sense. The chapter then presents an alternative approach (drawn from feminist structural challenges to conventional wisdom) that focuses on how women are trapped by poverty and abuse. The chapter concludes the chapter with a critical description of the contradictory dynamics of the institutionalization of conventional wisdom in two key U.S. policies on poverty and battering: the Personal Responsibility Act and the Violence Against Women Act.
