Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter provides an overview of the key driving forces influencing the makeup and behavior of boards of directors. Theories of resource dependence, institutionalization, and agency are all ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the key driving forces influencing the makeup and behavior of boards of directors. Theories of resource dependence, institutionalization, and agency are all examined, with still-unanswered questions posed as propositions. The concept of board vigilance is introduced as perhaps the central construct in corporate governance. Vigilant boards are effective at monitoring and disciplining managers and are appropriately involved in strategic decision making. What accounts for board vigilance is of fundamental importance in research and in practice. While the relative power of a CEO to a board is a key influence, recent research has also considered a variety of interpersonal mechanisms that are at play. What remains is a key set of research opportunities to explore the vigilance dynamic in much greater detail, including the development of considerably more valid measures of vigilance than has historically been the case.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the key driving forces influencing the makeup and behavior of boards of directors. Theories of resource dependence, institutionalization, and agency are all examined, with still-unanswered questions posed as propositions. The concept of board vigilance is introduced as perhaps the central construct in corporate governance. Vigilant boards are effective at monitoring and disciplining managers and are appropriately involved in strategic decision making. What accounts for board vigilance is of fundamental importance in research and in practice. While the relative power of a CEO to a board is a key influence, recent research has also considered a variety of interpersonal mechanisms that are at play. What remains is a key set of research opportunities to explore the vigilance dynamic in much greater detail, including the development of considerably more valid measures of vigilance than has historically been the case.
Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter picks up from the previous by synthesizing what we know about the consequences of board involvement and vigilance. The problem of appropriate measurement of board vigilance continues to ...
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This chapter picks up from the previous by synthesizing what we know about the consequences of board involvement and vigilance. The problem of appropriate measurement of board vigilance continues to slow down effective empirical work, but there is considerable potential for further development. The idea that board members are sometimes actively involved in strategy and governance has picked up steam in recent years, and is in contrast to traditional views of boards as relatively inert. Research has identified a variety of mechanisms through which boards act, many of which highlight the importance of studying cultural, network, and interpersonal issues related to board behavior. The net effect of this vigilance and involvement plays out in a variety of strategic and organizational outcomes, yet many of the interesting research opportunities focus on more analytical treatment of board effects. The chapter concludes with a short section on boards as supra-top management teams, an idea that continues to hold considerable research potential.Less
This chapter picks up from the previous by synthesizing what we know about the consequences of board involvement and vigilance. The problem of appropriate measurement of board vigilance continues to slow down effective empirical work, but there is considerable potential for further development. The idea that board members are sometimes actively involved in strategy and governance has picked up steam in recent years, and is in contrast to traditional views of boards as relatively inert. Research has identified a variety of mechanisms through which boards act, many of which highlight the importance of studying cultural, network, and interpersonal issues related to board behavior. The net effect of this vigilance and involvement plays out in a variety of strategic and organizational outcomes, yet many of the interesting research opportunities focus on more analytical treatment of board effects. The chapter concludes with a short section on boards as supra-top management teams, an idea that continues to hold considerable research potential.
Philip Pettit
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294962
- eISBN:
- 9780191598708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294964.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Sandel’s claims are indeterminate about the precise nature of America’s lost republican ideals, about what those ideals would require of us as citizens, and about where they would lead governmental ...
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Sandel’s claims are indeterminate about the precise nature of America’s lost republican ideals, about what those ideals would require of us as citizens, and about where they would lead governmental policy; reworking Sandel’s narrative around another account of republicanism removes the indeterminacies. Republican freedom–freedom as nondomination, which grows out of a neo-Roman tradition–is distinct both from liberty as noninterference and from liberty as democratic participation. The relationship between people’s freedom and the institutions that would support that freedom in the ideal republic is constitutive: if freedom is nondomination, then it is just the protected and empowered status enjoyed in the presence of the institutions. The price of liberty is eternal vigilance, in particular vigilance in looking at those in power and in challenging, where necessary, their claims and initiatives–and the foundation of this vigilance is civic virtue. While this reworking would make for changes in some central claims about republican freedom, republican virtue, and republican policy, it would sustain most of the themes that the book puts on parade.Less
Sandel’s claims are indeterminate about the precise nature of America’s lost republican ideals, about what those ideals would require of us as citizens, and about where they would lead governmental policy; reworking Sandel’s narrative around another account of republicanism removes the indeterminacies. Republican freedom–freedom as nondomination, which grows out of a neo-Roman tradition–is distinct both from liberty as noninterference and from liberty as democratic participation. The relationship between people’s freedom and the institutions that would support that freedom in the ideal republic is constitutive: if freedom is nondomination, then it is just the protected and empowered status enjoyed in the presence of the institutions. The price of liberty is eternal vigilance, in particular vigilance in looking at those in power and in challenging, where necessary, their claims and initiatives–and the foundation of this vigilance is civic virtue. While this reworking would make for changes in some central claims about republican freedom, republican virtue, and republican policy, it would sustain most of the themes that the book puts on parade.
Stephen Small
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257799
- eISBN:
- 9780191717833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257799.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Flushed with the success of the free trade agitation, many Irish patriots turned their attentions to legislative independence between 1780 and 1782. This chapter analyses the nature of their thought ...
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Flushed with the success of the free trade agitation, many Irish patriots turned their attentions to legislative independence between 1780 and 1782. This chapter analyses the nature of their thought in these years, examining the role of classical republicanism in patriot rhetoric and showing how a political language common to radicals, patriots, and opposition Whigs across the English-speaking world was especially resonant in Ireland. Particular attention is paid to the use of classical republicanism in the construction of the Volunteers as civic heroes. Other key classical republican themes are also analysed, including vigilance, fear of standing armies beyond parliamentary control, and historical models of cyclical decay. The fusion of classical and commercial arguments in patriot thought is discussed, along with the critiques of the Volunteers that began to emerge from a conservative patriot perspective.Less
Flushed with the success of the free trade agitation, many Irish patriots turned their attentions to legislative independence between 1780 and 1782. This chapter analyses the nature of their thought in these years, examining the role of classical republicanism in patriot rhetoric and showing how a political language common to radicals, patriots, and opposition Whigs across the English-speaking world was especially resonant in Ireland. Particular attention is paid to the use of classical republicanism in the construction of the Volunteers as civic heroes. Other key classical republican themes are also analysed, including vigilance, fear of standing armies beyond parliamentary control, and historical models of cyclical decay. The fusion of classical and commercial arguments in patriot thought is discussed, along with the critiques of the Volunteers that began to emerge from a conservative patriot perspective.
Lily Gurton-Wachter
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804796958
- eISBN:
- 9780804798761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804796958.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This book argues that the concept of “attention” became particularly unhinged at the turn of the nineteenth century in Britain, oscillating widely between disciplines—from theology to pedagogy, from ...
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This book argues that the concept of “attention” became particularly unhinged at the turn of the nineteenth century in Britain, oscillating widely between disciplines—from theology to pedagogy, from philosophy to science, and most forcefully, from poetics to the rhetoric and practices of war. Reading Romanticism as a poetics of attention brings into view the way that Romantic poetry experiments with the rhythms of attention and its lapse, and reveals a Romantic understanding of the experience of reading as fundamentally shaped by the claims made on attention by pedagogy, medicine, science, ethics, aesthetics, theology, and the military. Through close readings of the poetry of Blake, Coleridge, Cowper, Keats, Charlotte Smith, and Wordsworth, Watchwords uncovers a strain of poetics especially concerned with the militarization of attention, a poetics that defines itself and its reader’s attention as a resistance to, and reconfiguration of, the vigilance demanded by war. The book traces the ethical, affective, political, and literary contours of attention at the turn of the nineteenth century in Britain to find the interdisciplinary stakes of a literature of mere looking, a poetics of the simple act of noticing what is overlooked. The minimal posture of looking away, or looking differently, emerges as a response to a political crisis in attention precipitated by the pervasive demands on both soldiers and civilians to keep watch for a French invasion. While Romantic poetry criticizes this political watchfulness, it also maintains unexpected debts to the forms of apprehension and vulnerability prompted by war.Less
This book argues that the concept of “attention” became particularly unhinged at the turn of the nineteenth century in Britain, oscillating widely between disciplines—from theology to pedagogy, from philosophy to science, and most forcefully, from poetics to the rhetoric and practices of war. Reading Romanticism as a poetics of attention brings into view the way that Romantic poetry experiments with the rhythms of attention and its lapse, and reveals a Romantic understanding of the experience of reading as fundamentally shaped by the claims made on attention by pedagogy, medicine, science, ethics, aesthetics, theology, and the military. Through close readings of the poetry of Blake, Coleridge, Cowper, Keats, Charlotte Smith, and Wordsworth, Watchwords uncovers a strain of poetics especially concerned with the militarization of attention, a poetics that defines itself and its reader’s attention as a resistance to, and reconfiguration of, the vigilance demanded by war. The book traces the ethical, affective, political, and literary contours of attention at the turn of the nineteenth century in Britain to find the interdisciplinary stakes of a literature of mere looking, a poetics of the simple act of noticing what is overlooked. The minimal posture of looking away, or looking differently, emerges as a response to a political crisis in attention precipitated by the pervasive demands on both soldiers and civilians to keep watch for a French invasion. While Romantic poetry criticizes this political watchfulness, it also maintains unexpected debts to the forms of apprehension and vulnerability prompted by war.
Michael David-Fox
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794577
- eISBN:
- 9780199932245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794577.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter traces Soviet cultural diplomacy through three radically divergent periods: the mid-1930s height of the Popular Front, the Great Terror and show trials from 1936–38, and the Nazi-Soviet ...
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This chapter traces Soviet cultural diplomacy through three radically divergent periods: the mid-1930s height of the Popular Front, the Great Terror and show trials from 1936–38, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939–41. Although the Soviet system for receiving foreigners that had emerged in the 1920s was not fundamentally reworked in the 1930s, prewar Stalinism was marked by sea-shifts in ideology and attitudes toward the outside world. The first was the rise of a “superiority complex,” in which virtually everything Soviet was deemed the best in the world, at least officially. The second was a decisive internal Soviet tilt, underway already at the height of European anti-fascism in the mid-1930s, away from the optimistic Soviet quest to engage and dominate Western cultural politics in favor of “vigilance,” ideological xenophobia, and the hunt for hidden enemies. During the Great Terror, international contacts that had previously brought prestige to Soviet cultural mediators suddenly became the grounds for mass physical annihilation as VOKS and Soviet international organizations were decimated; during the Pact period of Soviet cultural diplomacy, reduced to a shadow of its former self, became largely a matter of sending symbolic signals to the Nazis.Less
This chapter traces Soviet cultural diplomacy through three radically divergent periods: the mid-1930s height of the Popular Front, the Great Terror and show trials from 1936–38, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939–41. Although the Soviet system for receiving foreigners that had emerged in the 1920s was not fundamentally reworked in the 1930s, prewar Stalinism was marked by sea-shifts in ideology and attitudes toward the outside world. The first was the rise of a “superiority complex,” in which virtually everything Soviet was deemed the best in the world, at least officially. The second was a decisive internal Soviet tilt, underway already at the height of European anti-fascism in the mid-1930s, away from the optimistic Soviet quest to engage and dominate Western cultural politics in favor of “vigilance,” ideological xenophobia, and the hunt for hidden enemies. During the Great Terror, international contacts that had previously brought prestige to Soviet cultural mediators suddenly became the grounds for mass physical annihilation as VOKS and Soviet international organizations were decimated; during the Pact period of Soviet cultural diplomacy, reduced to a shadow of its former self, became largely a matter of sending symbolic signals to the Nazis.
John M. MacDougall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252233
- eISBN:
- 9780520941021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252233.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter explores the rise in political and religious vigilance in post-New Order Lombok, Indonesia, and the role that militias played in denying Soleh, a nationalist activist in Lombok, the ...
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This chapter explores the rise in political and religious vigilance in post-New Order Lombok, Indonesia, and the role that militias played in denying Soleh, a nationalist activist in Lombok, the social horizons he once relied upon to define his political and personal reality. It presents a case to examine how social disorder and political violence are experienced by a leading intellectual who has been deeply involved in Indonesian politics on the island of Lombok. The chapter also discusses an alternative type of political madness in which individual paranoia mirrors local and national political events.Less
This chapter explores the rise in political and religious vigilance in post-New Order Lombok, Indonesia, and the role that militias played in denying Soleh, a nationalist activist in Lombok, the social horizons he once relied upon to define his political and personal reality. It presents a case to examine how social disorder and political violence are experienced by a leading intellectual who has been deeply involved in Indonesian politics on the island of Lombok. The chapter also discusses an alternative type of political madness in which individual paranoia mirrors local and national political events.
Matthew Pinsker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056036
- eISBN:
- 9780813053806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056036.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter reexamines the legal and sometimes violent contest between antislavery and proslavery forces regarding enforcement of the federal fugitive slave code in the urban North. It argues that ...
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This chapter reexamines the legal and sometimes violent contest between antislavery and proslavery forces regarding enforcement of the federal fugitive slave code in the urban North. It argues that recent scholarship on this subject has made clearer that northern vigilance committees and abolitionists were remarkably successful in pursuing various legal and political strategies on the ground, even in cities with strong anti-black, proslavery sentiment and even after passage of the draconian Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Relying on personal liberty statutes, sympathetic juries, targeted mobbing, and a host of other tactics, the vigilance movement largely succeeded not only in frustrating slave catchers on northern territory but also in protecting their own operatives from violence and legal repercussions.Less
This chapter reexamines the legal and sometimes violent contest between antislavery and proslavery forces regarding enforcement of the federal fugitive slave code in the urban North. It argues that recent scholarship on this subject has made clearer that northern vigilance committees and abolitionists were remarkably successful in pursuing various legal and political strategies on the ground, even in cities with strong anti-black, proslavery sentiment and even after passage of the draconian Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Relying on personal liberty statutes, sympathetic juries, targeted mobbing, and a host of other tactics, the vigilance movement largely succeeded not only in frustrating slave catchers on northern territory but also in protecting their own operatives from violence and legal repercussions.
Ioana Tudor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235063
- eISBN:
- 9780191715785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235063.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The FET standard may not be given a fixed content since it is a standard; therefore it is through its application to individual cases that it acquires content. An alternative method, therefore, for ...
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The FET standard may not be given a fixed content since it is a standard; therefore it is through its application to individual cases that it acquires content. An alternative method, therefore, for examining the content given to the FET is to analyse the actual situations in which it has been applied in existing case law. This chapter examines in detail, with extensive reference to case law, nine situations in which FET has been applied, namely: lack of respect for the obligation of vigilance and protection, denial of due process or procedural fairness, non-observance of the investor's legitimate expectations, coercion and harassment by the organs of the State, failure to offer a stable and predictable legal framework, unjustified enrichment, evidence of bad faith, absence of transparency, and arbitrary and discriminatory treatment.Less
The FET standard may not be given a fixed content since it is a standard; therefore it is through its application to individual cases that it acquires content. An alternative method, therefore, for examining the content given to the FET is to analyse the actual situations in which it has been applied in existing case law. This chapter examines in detail, with extensive reference to case law, nine situations in which FET has been applied, namely: lack of respect for the obligation of vigilance and protection, denial of due process or procedural fairness, non-observance of the investor's legitimate expectations, coercion and harassment by the organs of the State, failure to offer a stable and predictable legal framework, unjustified enrichment, evidence of bad faith, absence of transparency, and arbitrary and discriminatory treatment.
Christine Logel, Jennifer Peach, and Steven J. Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199732449
- eISBN:
- 9780199918508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732449.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
We propose that there might be important differences in people’s experience of stereotype threat depending on the group to which they belong, and on the nature of the stereotypes that apply to their ...
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We propose that there might be important differences in people’s experience of stereotype threat depending on the group to which they belong, and on the nature of the stereotypes that apply to their group. In this chapter, we describe similarities and differences in the experience of threat that arises from two of the most commonly investigated stereotypes: those about gender and those about race. Although little research has examined women and racial minorities simultaneously, we draw on evidence from separate studies to make divergent predictions about the experience of stereotype threat among women and among non-Asian racial minorities. Proposing a modern version of W.E.B. Du Bois’ “double consciousness,” we suggest that the experience of stereotype threat may differ depending on how motivated group members are to avoid the stereotype, and how vigilant they are for signs that they may be judged in light of a negative stereotype.Less
We propose that there might be important differences in people’s experience of stereotype threat depending on the group to which they belong, and on the nature of the stereotypes that apply to their group. In this chapter, we describe similarities and differences in the experience of threat that arises from two of the most commonly investigated stereotypes: those about gender and those about race. Although little research has examined women and racial minorities simultaneously, we draw on evidence from separate studies to make divergent predictions about the experience of stereotype threat among women and among non-Asian racial minorities. Proposing a modern version of W.E.B. Du Bois’ “double consciousness,” we suggest that the experience of stereotype threat may differ depending on how motivated group members are to avoid the stereotype, and how vigilant they are for signs that they may be judged in light of a negative stereotype.
PHILIP J. ETHINGTON
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230019
- eISBN:
- 9780520927469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230019.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter re-examines the vexed questions concerning the origins of the infamous Vigilance Committees of 1851 and 1856 in San Francisco, California. It explains that these events have often been ...
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This chapter re-examines the vexed questions concerning the origins of the infamous Vigilance Committees of 1851 and 1856 in San Francisco, California. It explains that these events have often been interpreted as the surface manifestation of deep social processes, and attempts to place these events in the logic of republican–liberal political culture and in the visible actions of men in the contested public sphere. The chapter argues that these famous political organizations had political origins, not social ones.Less
This chapter re-examines the vexed questions concerning the origins of the infamous Vigilance Committees of 1851 and 1856 in San Francisco, California. It explains that these events have often been interpreted as the surface manifestation of deep social processes, and attempts to place these events in the logic of republican–liberal political culture and in the visible actions of men in the contested public sphere. The chapter argues that these famous political organizations had political origins, not social ones.
Glenn Gunzelmann, Kevin A. Gluck, Scott Price, Hans P. A. Van Dongen, and David F. Dinges
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195189193
- eISBN:
- 9780199847457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189193.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter discusses recent efforts at developing mechanisms for capturing the effects of fatigue on human performance. It describes a computational cognitive model, developed in ACT-R (adaptive ...
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This chapter discusses recent efforts at developing mechanisms for capturing the effects of fatigue on human performance. It describes a computational cognitive model, developed in ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational), that performs a sustained attentional task called the psychomotor vigilance task. It uses neurobehavioral evidence from research on sleep deprivation, in addition to previous research from within the ACT-R community, to select and to evaluate a mechanism for producing fatigue effects in the model. Fatigue is represented by decrementing a parameter associated with arousal in ACT-R, while also reducing a threshold value in the architecture to capture attempts at compensating for the negative effects of decreased arousal. These parameters are associated with the production utility computation in ACT-R, which controls the selection/execution cycle to determine which production (if any) to execute on each cognitive cycle. In ACT-R, this mechanism is linked to the basal ganglia and the thalamus. In turn, portions of the thalamus show heightened activation in attentional tasks under conditions of sleep deprivation.Less
This chapter discusses recent efforts at developing mechanisms for capturing the effects of fatigue on human performance. It describes a computational cognitive model, developed in ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational), that performs a sustained attentional task called the psychomotor vigilance task. It uses neurobehavioral evidence from research on sleep deprivation, in addition to previous research from within the ACT-R community, to select and to evaluate a mechanism for producing fatigue effects in the model. Fatigue is represented by decrementing a parameter associated with arousal in ACT-R, while also reducing a threshold value in the architecture to capture attempts at compensating for the negative effects of decreased arousal. These parameters are associated with the production utility computation in ACT-R, which controls the selection/execution cycle to determine which production (if any) to execute on each cognitive cycle. In ACT-R, this mechanism is linked to the basal ganglia and the thalamus. In turn, portions of the thalamus show heightened activation in attentional tasks under conditions of sleep deprivation.
Benjamin Mountford
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520294547
- eISBN:
- 9780520967588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294547.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Concerns about crime and disorder, and how to manage those challenges, predominate in contemporary official and published accounts of all the Pacific gold rushes, as well as in many regional and ...
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Concerns about crime and disorder, and how to manage those challenges, predominate in contemporary official and published accounts of all the Pacific gold rushes, as well as in many regional and national historical studies produced since. During the last two decades, several comparative and global analyses have begun to map some of connections and distinctions between the struggle for order in the Californian and British colonial contexts. This chapter focuses in on some of the specific historical threads that connected the struggle for order in California and Britain’s settler colonies during the 1850s and 1860s. In doing so, it sets out to shed fresh light on the extent to which Californians’ and Britons’ anxieties about the potential impact of gold rushes and their ideas about how they should be managed were often closely interlinked. This chapter is by Benjamin Mountford.Less
Concerns about crime and disorder, and how to manage those challenges, predominate in contemporary official and published accounts of all the Pacific gold rushes, as well as in many regional and national historical studies produced since. During the last two decades, several comparative and global analyses have begun to map some of connections and distinctions between the struggle for order in the Californian and British colonial contexts. This chapter focuses in on some of the specific historical threads that connected the struggle for order in California and Britain’s settler colonies during the 1850s and 1860s. In doing so, it sets out to shed fresh light on the extent to which Californians’ and Britons’ anxieties about the potential impact of gold rushes and their ideas about how they should be managed were often closely interlinked. This chapter is by Benjamin Mountford.
E. Tory Higgins
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195307696
- eISBN:
- 9780199847488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307696.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The notion that motivational needs can disrupt and distort thought processes continues to be the predominant perspective on the role of motivation in unintended thought. This chapter proposes an ...
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The notion that motivational needs can disrupt and distort thought processes continues to be the predominant perspective on the role of motivation in unintended thought. This chapter proposes an alternative motivational perspective in which motivation is related to distinct types of self-regulatory orientation that each have their own strategic rationality. Within each self-regulatory orientation, the use of a specific strategy is both rational and effective. In other words, the strategies suit or fit the self-regulatory state involved in the goal pursuit. This chapter discusses two sources of strategic side effects that have unintended consequences for thought—tradeoffs and value transfer. The first unintended negative side effect of strategic rationality derives from the tradeoffs of strategic self-regulation. In addition to the unintended side effects of the costs of strategic rationality, the benefits of strategic rationality can themselves have unintended side effects that influence thought. To illustrate tradeoffs and value transfer, this chapter reviews research that has examined the effects of eagerness versus vigilance strategies on basic thought processes.Less
The notion that motivational needs can disrupt and distort thought processes continues to be the predominant perspective on the role of motivation in unintended thought. This chapter proposes an alternative motivational perspective in which motivation is related to distinct types of self-regulatory orientation that each have their own strategic rationality. Within each self-regulatory orientation, the use of a specific strategy is both rational and effective. In other words, the strategies suit or fit the self-regulatory state involved in the goal pursuit. This chapter discusses two sources of strategic side effects that have unintended consequences for thought—tradeoffs and value transfer. The first unintended negative side effect of strategic rationality derives from the tradeoffs of strategic self-regulation. In addition to the unintended side effects of the costs of strategic rationality, the benefits of strategic rationality can themselves have unintended side effects that influence thought. To illustrate tradeoffs and value transfer, this chapter reviews research that has examined the effects of eagerness versus vigilance strategies on basic thought processes.
Alan G. Gross and Joseph E. Harmon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190465926
- eISBN:
- 9780197559635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190465926.003.0010
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Equipment and Technology
In the midst of the controversy over the Nemesis affair—over whether a hidden star was the cause of periodic extinctions on Earth—David Raup and Jack Sepkoski were ...
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In the midst of the controversy over the Nemesis affair—over whether a hidden star was the cause of periodic extinctions on Earth—David Raup and Jack Sepkoski were faced with a dilemma peer review had deliberately created: . . . The Tremaine analysis was technically hearsay, because it did not exist in the conventional sense of a scientific publication. To be sure, he sent us a copy of the manuscript shortly before submitting it for publication in a special volume based on the Tucson meeting. We were working on a response but could not say anything substantive about it publically, for fear of having our own paper on the subject disqualified by prior publication in the press. Besides, we had nothing to rebut until Tremaine’s paper was reviewed, revised, and finally published. . . . Precisely: Only peer review followed by publication gave them something to rebut. A survivor after a half-century of criticism concerning its efficacy, peer review remains the best guarantee that published manuscripts and funded grant proposals conform closely to community standards. Moreover, in both the sciences and the humanities, the review criteria are the same: originality, significance to the discipline, argumentative competence, and clarity of expression. When we examine the ways the Internet is transforming peer review, we will see that the transparency and interactivity of the new medium make possible sounder judgments according to these criteria. Interactivity gives practitioners a firmer sense of the disciplinary-specific meanings of the standards on which their judgments are based; transparency broadcasts this firmer sense to the discipline as a whole. Under any form of peer review, knowledge is what it has always been, an agonistic system in flux, the site of a constant struggle for survival in the realm of ideas. But it is a system that cannot function properly unless each component—each bundle of claims, evidence, and argument—exhibits provisional stability. To confer this stability is the task of peer review.
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In the midst of the controversy over the Nemesis affair—over whether a hidden star was the cause of periodic extinctions on Earth—David Raup and Jack Sepkoski were faced with a dilemma peer review had deliberately created: . . . The Tremaine analysis was technically hearsay, because it did not exist in the conventional sense of a scientific publication. To be sure, he sent us a copy of the manuscript shortly before submitting it for publication in a special volume based on the Tucson meeting. We were working on a response but could not say anything substantive about it publically, for fear of having our own paper on the subject disqualified by prior publication in the press. Besides, we had nothing to rebut until Tremaine’s paper was reviewed, revised, and finally published. . . . Precisely: Only peer review followed by publication gave them something to rebut. A survivor after a half-century of criticism concerning its efficacy, peer review remains the best guarantee that published manuscripts and funded grant proposals conform closely to community standards. Moreover, in both the sciences and the humanities, the review criteria are the same: originality, significance to the discipline, argumentative competence, and clarity of expression. When we examine the ways the Internet is transforming peer review, we will see that the transparency and interactivity of the new medium make possible sounder judgments according to these criteria. Interactivity gives practitioners a firmer sense of the disciplinary-specific meanings of the standards on which their judgments are based; transparency broadcasts this firmer sense to the discipline as a whole. Under any form of peer review, knowledge is what it has always been, an agonistic system in flux, the site of a constant struggle for survival in the realm of ideas. But it is a system that cannot function properly unless each component—each bundle of claims, evidence, and argument—exhibits provisional stability. To confer this stability is the task of peer review.
Alan G. Gross and Joseph E. Harmon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190465926
- eISBN:
- 9780197559635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190465926.003.0011
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Equipment and Technology
Just how much confidence should we place in published research findings, even if peer reviewed? What should we ignore, reject, modify, incorporate, pursue? To answer ...
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Just how much confidence should we place in published research findings, even if peer reviewed? What should we ignore, reject, modify, incorporate, pursue? To answer these questions, the sciences and the humanities must be continually in the business of keeping the record of knowledge straight at the edge, an enterprise the Internet can fruitfully enhance. Accordingly, this chapter looks at some Internet-based possibilities concerning this postpublication process: watchdog blogs in the sciences, blogs and discussion forums in the sciences and humanities, and book and article reviews in the humanities. For these activities, as for peer review, Habermas’s ideal speech situation provides a useful theoretical framework. The goal is the same: the achievement of rational consensus concerning the originality, significance, argumentative competence, and clarity of expression of the work in question. After reading Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales—after the sweeping “Prologue,” the dramatic “Pardoner’s Tale,” the raucous “Miller’s Tale,” the sermon that is the “Parson’s Tale”—readers come upon what may well be the world’s first “Retraction Notice”: . . . Now I pray to all who hear or read this little treatise, that if there is anything in it that they like, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all wisdom and goodness. And if there is anything that displeases them, I pray also that they attribute it to inadvertence rather than intent. I would have done better if I could. For the Bible says, “All that is written is written to support the teaching our faith” and that is what I wish to do. Therefore I beseech you meekly, for the mercy of God, that you pray for me that Christ have mercy on me and forgive my sins, especially my translations and works of worldly vanity, which I revoke in my retractions. . . . In acknowledging error, some editors of science journals lack the poet’s candor. One minced no words, responding to a request from the editors of the blog “Retraction Watch”—Adam Marcus and Ivan Oransky—for reasons that a paper was retracted with the following terse comment: “It’s none of your damn business.”
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Just how much confidence should we place in published research findings, even if peer reviewed? What should we ignore, reject, modify, incorporate, pursue? To answer these questions, the sciences and the humanities must be continually in the business of keeping the record of knowledge straight at the edge, an enterprise the Internet can fruitfully enhance. Accordingly, this chapter looks at some Internet-based possibilities concerning this postpublication process: watchdog blogs in the sciences, blogs and discussion forums in the sciences and humanities, and book and article reviews in the humanities. For these activities, as for peer review, Habermas’s ideal speech situation provides a useful theoretical framework. The goal is the same: the achievement of rational consensus concerning the originality, significance, argumentative competence, and clarity of expression of the work in question. After reading Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales—after the sweeping “Prologue,” the dramatic “Pardoner’s Tale,” the raucous “Miller’s Tale,” the sermon that is the “Parson’s Tale”—readers come upon what may well be the world’s first “Retraction Notice”: . . . Now I pray to all who hear or read this little treatise, that if there is anything in it that they like, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all wisdom and goodness. And if there is anything that displeases them, I pray also that they attribute it to inadvertence rather than intent. I would have done better if I could. For the Bible says, “All that is written is written to support the teaching our faith” and that is what I wish to do. Therefore I beseech you meekly, for the mercy of God, that you pray for me that Christ have mercy on me and forgive my sins, especially my translations and works of worldly vanity, which I revoke in my retractions. . . . In acknowledging error, some editors of science journals lack the poet’s candor. One minced no words, responding to a request from the editors of the blog “Retraction Watch”—Adam Marcus and Ivan Oransky—for reasons that a paper was retracted with the following terse comment: “It’s none of your damn business.”
MITSUO KAWATO
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524144
- eISBN:
- 9780191689147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524144.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter proposes several computational hypotheses about consciousness based on the recent studies on motor control and vision. Consciousness is classified into three different levels: vigilance, ...
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This chapter proposes several computational hypotheses about consciousness based on the recent studies on motor control and vision. Consciousness is classified into three different levels: vigilance, coherent perception and behaviour, and self-consciousness. This chapter focuses on the latter two classifications because the bidirectional theories developed in computational studies of motor control and vision primarily have significant implications on them. In the following three sections, the author explains the background of the development of the bidirectional theory for visually guided arm-reaching movements, the bidirectional theory itself, and its extension to different voluntary movements such as handwriting and speech-motor control. The next section introduces a bidirectional theory for vision. Finally, the hypothesis about coherent perception and behaviour is stated in the framework of sensory-motor integration, as well as the hypothesis about self-consciousness.Less
This chapter proposes several computational hypotheses about consciousness based on the recent studies on motor control and vision. Consciousness is classified into three different levels: vigilance, coherent perception and behaviour, and self-consciousness. This chapter focuses on the latter two classifications because the bidirectional theories developed in computational studies of motor control and vision primarily have significant implications on them. In the following three sections, the author explains the background of the development of the bidirectional theory for visually guided arm-reaching movements, the bidirectional theory itself, and its extension to different voluntary movements such as handwriting and speech-motor control. The next section introduces a bidirectional theory for vision. Finally, the hypothesis about coherent perception and behaviour is stated in the framework of sensory-motor integration, as well as the hypothesis about self-consciousness.
Maureen Wright
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719081095
- eISBN:
- 9781781700037
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719081095.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy (1833–1918) was one of the most significant pioneers of the British women's emancipation movement, though her importance is little recognised. Wolstenholme Elmy referred ...
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Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy (1833–1918) was one of the most significant pioneers of the British women's emancipation movement, though her importance is little recognised. Wolstenholme Elmy referred to herself as an ‘initiator’ of movements, and she was at the heart of every campaign Victorian feminists conducted — her most well-known position being that of secretary of the Married Women's Property Committee from 1867–82. A fierce advocate of human rights, as the secretary of the Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights, Wolstenholme Elmy earned the nickname of the ‘parliamentary watch-dog’ from Members of Parliament anxious to escape her persistent lobbying. Also a feminist theorist, she believed wholeheartedly in the rights of women to freedom of their person, and was the first woman ever to speak from a British stage on the sensitive topic of conjugal rape. Wolstenholme Elmy engaged theoretically with the rights of the disenfranchised to exert force in pursuit of the vote, and Emmeline Pankhurst lauded her as ‘first’ among the infamous suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union. As a lifelong pacifist, however, she resigned from the WSPU Executive in the wake of increasingly violent activity from 1912. A prolific correspondent, journalist, speaker and political critic, Wolstenholme Elmy left significant resources, believing they ‘might be of value’ to historians. This book draws on a great deal of this documentation to produce a portrait that does justice to her achievements as a lifelong ‘Insurgent woman’.Less
Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy (1833–1918) was one of the most significant pioneers of the British women's emancipation movement, though her importance is little recognised. Wolstenholme Elmy referred to herself as an ‘initiator’ of movements, and she was at the heart of every campaign Victorian feminists conducted — her most well-known position being that of secretary of the Married Women's Property Committee from 1867–82. A fierce advocate of human rights, as the secretary of the Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights, Wolstenholme Elmy earned the nickname of the ‘parliamentary watch-dog’ from Members of Parliament anxious to escape her persistent lobbying. Also a feminist theorist, she believed wholeheartedly in the rights of women to freedom of their person, and was the first woman ever to speak from a British stage on the sensitive topic of conjugal rape. Wolstenholme Elmy engaged theoretically with the rights of the disenfranchised to exert force in pursuit of the vote, and Emmeline Pankhurst lauded her as ‘first’ among the infamous suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union. As a lifelong pacifist, however, she resigned from the WSPU Executive in the wake of increasingly violent activity from 1912. A prolific correspondent, journalist, speaker and political critic, Wolstenholme Elmy left significant resources, believing they ‘might be of value’ to historians. This book draws on a great deal of this documentation to produce a portrait that does justice to her achievements as a lifelong ‘Insurgent woman’.
Chinmoy Guha (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199489046
- eISBN:
- 9780199093885
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199489046.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This amazing inter-cultural correspondence (1919–1940) between two cultural icons of the twentieth century—Nobel laureates from the East and the West: the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) ...
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This amazing inter-cultural correspondence (1919–1940) between two cultural icons of the twentieth century—Nobel laureates from the East and the West: the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) and the French novelist, playwright and biographer Romain Rolland (1866–1944)—had remained undiscovered for far too long. Published for the first time in English, these letters and telegrams are among the finest exchanges of thought between the East and the West, and script the intellectual history of that period. It is also the story of a profound friendship, where Tagore and Rolland unlock their hearts to each other. The book also records the differences of opinion and misunderstandings between the two outstanding humanists of contemporary history, who often felt isolated in their own countries, on serious issues like Gandhi and fascism. This majestic and serene correspondence, comprising 46 letters and telegrams, along with three dialogues between the two at various times, as well as letters by Rathindranath Tagore and others, is a journey towards the imaging of a different world which would create the possibility of a new space outside cultural hegemony. Edited and annotated by one of India’s foremost French scholars, it is one of the most important quests for an alternative discourse in the last century.Less
This amazing inter-cultural correspondence (1919–1940) between two cultural icons of the twentieth century—Nobel laureates from the East and the West: the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) and the French novelist, playwright and biographer Romain Rolland (1866–1944)—had remained undiscovered for far too long. Published for the first time in English, these letters and telegrams are among the finest exchanges of thought between the East and the West, and script the intellectual history of that period. It is also the story of a profound friendship, where Tagore and Rolland unlock their hearts to each other. The book also records the differences of opinion and misunderstandings between the two outstanding humanists of contemporary history, who often felt isolated in their own countries, on serious issues like Gandhi and fascism. This majestic and serene correspondence, comprising 46 letters and telegrams, along with three dialogues between the two at various times, as well as letters by Rathindranath Tagore and others, is a journey towards the imaging of a different world which would create the possibility of a new space outside cultural hegemony. Edited and annotated by one of India’s foremost French scholars, it is one of the most important quests for an alternative discourse in the last century.
Sunil Khilnani, Vikram Raghavan, and Arun K. Thiruvengadam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081760
- eISBN:
- 9780199082360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081760.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the role of the judiciary in Bangladesh in promoting and enforcing the principles of constitutionalism. It introduces the historical background of Bangladeshi constitutionalism ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the judiciary in Bangladesh in promoting and enforcing the principles of constitutionalism. It introduces the historical background of Bangladeshi constitutionalism and also outlines briefly the constitutional position of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The author discusses how the Bangladeshi judiciary has renounced its constitutional responsibility of protecting the rule of law during the martial law regimes, and become a partner of the usurpers of the Constitution. During the democratic periods, the judges have, however, largely attempted to create a ground for actions in furtherance of constitutionalism. Also, the globalization process generally and the development of global human rights jurisprudence in particular have had a positive impact on the Court's changed role. The author also discusses how Public Interest Litigations (PILs) are helping willing and perceptive judges obtain the goals of justice and constitutionalism. The post-Emergency (2007-2008) judiciary in Bangladesh has engaged itself in regaining public confidence and rebuilding its image. The author concludes that his analyses of the judicial role in achieving and protecting constitutionalism show that while structural and political factors may retard the realization of this judicial role, a willing and able judiciary (steeped in the values of rule of law, justice, and human welfare) may effectively respond to the call for judicial vigilance for the protection of justice and good governance by overcoming any systemic inhibitions, and prohibitive legal and doctrinal boundaries.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the judiciary in Bangladesh in promoting and enforcing the principles of constitutionalism. It introduces the historical background of Bangladeshi constitutionalism and also outlines briefly the constitutional position of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The author discusses how the Bangladeshi judiciary has renounced its constitutional responsibility of protecting the rule of law during the martial law regimes, and become a partner of the usurpers of the Constitution. During the democratic periods, the judges have, however, largely attempted to create a ground for actions in furtherance of constitutionalism. Also, the globalization process generally and the development of global human rights jurisprudence in particular have had a positive impact on the Court's changed role. The author also discusses how Public Interest Litigations (PILs) are helping willing and perceptive judges obtain the goals of justice and constitutionalism. The post-Emergency (2007-2008) judiciary in Bangladesh has engaged itself in regaining public confidence and rebuilding its image. The author concludes that his analyses of the judicial role in achieving and protecting constitutionalism show that while structural and political factors may retard the realization of this judicial role, a willing and able judiciary (steeped in the values of rule of law, justice, and human welfare) may effectively respond to the call for judicial vigilance for the protection of justice and good governance by overcoming any systemic inhibitions, and prohibitive legal and doctrinal boundaries.
