John Foster
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199297139
- eISBN:
- 9780191711398
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297139.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The aim of the book is to refute physical realism and establish in its place a form of phenomenalistic idealism. Physical realism, in the relevant sense, takes the physical world to be something ...
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The aim of the book is to refute physical realism and establish in its place a form of phenomenalistic idealism. Physical realism, in the relevant sense, takes the physical world to be something whose existence is both logically independent of the human mind and philosophically fundamental. There are a number of problems for this realist view, but the main objection is that it does not accord the world the empirical immanence it needs if it is to qualify as our world, as a world for us. Phenomenalistic idealism rejects the realist view in both its aspects. It takes the world to be something whose existence is ultimately constituted by facts about human sensory experience, or by some richer complex of non-physical facts in which such experiential facts centrally feature. The book seeks to establish a specific version of this idealism, in which the experiential facts that centrally feature in the constitutive creation of the world concern the organization of human sensory experience. The basic idea of this version is that, in the context of certain other constitutively relevant factors, this sensory organization creates the physical world by disposing things to appear systematically worldwise at the human empirical viewpoint. Chief among the other relevant factors is the role of God as the one who is responsible for the sensory organization and ordains the system of appearance it yields. It is this that gives the idealistically created world its objectivity and allows it to qualify as a real world.Less
The aim of the book is to refute physical realism and establish in its place a form of phenomenalistic idealism. Physical realism, in the relevant sense, takes the physical world to be something whose existence is both logically independent of the human mind and philosophically fundamental. There are a number of problems for this realist view, but the main objection is that it does not accord the world the empirical immanence it needs if it is to qualify as our world, as a world for us. Phenomenalistic idealism rejects the realist view in both its aspects. It takes the world to be something whose existence is ultimately constituted by facts about human sensory experience, or by some richer complex of non-physical facts in which such experiential facts centrally feature. The book seeks to establish a specific version of this idealism, in which the experiential facts that centrally feature in the constitutive creation of the world concern the organization of human sensory experience. The basic idea of this version is that, in the context of certain other constitutively relevant factors, this sensory organization creates the physical world by disposing things to appear systematically worldwise at the human empirical viewpoint. Chief among the other relevant factors is the role of God as the one who is responsible for the sensory organization and ordains the system of appearance it yields. It is this that gives the idealistically created world its objectivity and allows it to qualify as a real world.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in ...
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With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in the way that we do? Second, what is the source of explicit non-commitment in fleshed-out content? Third, how and why do we flesh out pictures’ bare-bones contents consistently as we change the position from which we view pictures? And finally, anamorphic pictures challenge the answers offered to the first three questions, so how should the current account handle them? This completes the account of pictorial content and picture perception.Less
With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in the way that we do? Second, what is the source of explicit non-commitment in fleshed-out content? Third, how and why do we flesh out pictures’ bare-bones contents consistently as we change the position from which we view pictures? And finally, anamorphic pictures challenge the answers offered to the first three questions, so how should the current account handle them? This completes the account of pictorial content and picture perception.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Chapters 6 and 7 describe the features of pictures’ bare-bones and fleshed-out contents, and raise important questions about how the two relate to one another. This chapter suggests that the relation ...
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Chapters 6 and 7 describe the features of pictures’ bare-bones and fleshed-out contents, and raise important questions about how the two relate to one another. This chapter suggests that the relation between them is analogous to the relation that was supposed to exist between sense data and the objects we take ourselves to perceive. Sense data were a bad idea in the philosophy of perception, but they are a useful tool for understanding pictorial content.Less
Chapters 6 and 7 describe the features of pictures’ bare-bones and fleshed-out contents, and raise important questions about how the two relate to one another. This chapter suggests that the relation between them is analogous to the relation that was supposed to exist between sense data and the objects we take ourselves to perceive. Sense data were a bad idea in the philosophy of perception, but they are a useful tool for understanding pictorial content.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable ...
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This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable correspondence course, an advertising campaign and a marketing strategy.Less
This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable correspondence course, an advertising campaign and a marketing strategy.
Nora Boneh and Edit Doron
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544325
- eISBN:
- 9780191720536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
We argue that habituality is primarily a modal category, which can only indirectly be characterized in aspectual terms, depending on the particular aspectual operators at work in a given language. In ...
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We argue that habituality is primarily a modal category, which can only indirectly be characterized in aspectual terms, depending on the particular aspectual operators at work in a given language. In languages which do not overtly contrast perfective/imperfective aspect, we identify a habitual form, morphologically and aspectually complex, which characterizes an interval in retrospect by means of an actualized habit holding throughout the interval.Less
We argue that habituality is primarily a modal category, which can only indirectly be characterized in aspectual terms, depending on the particular aspectual operators at work in a given language. In languages which do not overtly contrast perfective/imperfective aspect, we identify a habitual form, morphologically and aspectually complex, which characterizes an interval in retrospect by means of an actualized habit holding throughout the interval.
Maura Velázquez‐castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The ...
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This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The constructions at issue, previously labeled ‘reflexive/passive’ and ‘inverse’, are sensitive to viewpoint and levels of proximity between the predicate and its arguments within inactive situations, and to deviations from the default outward directionality of active events.Less
This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The constructions at issue, previously labeled ‘reflexive/passive’ and ‘inverse’, are sensitive to viewpoint and levels of proximity between the predicate and its arguments within inactive situations, and to deviations from the default outward directionality of active events.
Daphna Erdinast-Vulcan
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117858
- eISBN:
- 9780191671081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117858.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
As Conrad experienced what this book refers to as the ‘epic-mythical mode’ — the intentional downgrade or shift to a pre-modern perception of aesthetic and ethical direction — in his own work Conrad ...
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As Conrad experienced what this book refers to as the ‘epic-mythical mode’ — the intentional downgrade or shift to a pre-modern perception of aesthetic and ethical direction — in his own work Conrad was able to realize his ‘act of faith’ or commitment in finding ways to somehow offset modern suggestions. While the epic world view concerns beginnings and peaks across national history, and examining the valorized temporal categories, as Bakhtin believes, the novel viewpoint involves life-size characters and the realities observed throughout history. Lukacs, on the other hand, explores how characters are treated and portrayed in both genres. This chapter looks into the possible failures attributed to making use of the epic point of view.Less
As Conrad experienced what this book refers to as the ‘epic-mythical mode’ — the intentional downgrade or shift to a pre-modern perception of aesthetic and ethical direction — in his own work Conrad was able to realize his ‘act of faith’ or commitment in finding ways to somehow offset modern suggestions. While the epic world view concerns beginnings and peaks across national history, and examining the valorized temporal categories, as Bakhtin believes, the novel viewpoint involves life-size characters and the realities observed throughout history. Lukacs, on the other hand, explores how characters are treated and portrayed in both genres. This chapter looks into the possible failures attributed to making use of the epic point of view.
Christopher Gill
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198152682
- eISBN:
- 9780191710131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152682.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This chapter challenges the rather common view that Hellenistic-Roman thought shows a shift towards a more subjective and individualistic conception of self. It argues that this period expresses an ...
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This chapter challenges the rather common view that Hellenistic-Roman thought shows a shift towards a more subjective and individualistic conception of self. It argues that this period expresses an ‘objective-participant’ conception, like that of Classical Greece. The account of self-knowledge in Plato’s Alcibiades is offered as an illustration of Classical Greek objective-participant thinking about the self. The chapter contests the idea, maintained by some scholars, that we find a shift towards a more subjective conception of self in the Stoic theory of development as appropriation or in Epictetus’ Stoic teachings on practical ethics. It also questions the idea that we can find in ancient thought generally certain themes associated in modern thought with subjective conceptions of selfhood, especially that of the uniquely ‘first-personal’ viewpoint; this point is illustrated by reference to Cyrenaic and Sceptical thought about impressions.Less
This chapter challenges the rather common view that Hellenistic-Roman thought shows a shift towards a more subjective and individualistic conception of self. It argues that this period expresses an ‘objective-participant’ conception, like that of Classical Greece. The account of self-knowledge in Plato’s Alcibiades is offered as an illustration of Classical Greek objective-participant thinking about the self. The chapter contests the idea, maintained by some scholars, that we find a shift towards a more subjective conception of self in the Stoic theory of development as appropriation or in Epictetus’ Stoic teachings on practical ethics. It also questions the idea that we can find in ancient thought generally certain themes associated in modern thought with subjective conceptions of selfhood, especially that of the uniquely ‘first-personal’ viewpoint; this point is illustrated by reference to Cyrenaic and Sceptical thought about impressions.
John Foster
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199297139
- eISBN:
- 9780191711398
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297139.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Physical realism confines our knowledge of the world to properties of structure and organization, leaving its forms of intrinsic content empirically inscrutable. This creates two problems. First, ...
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Physical realism confines our knowledge of the world to properties of structure and organization, leaving its forms of intrinsic content empirically inscrutable. This creates two problems. First, mere knowledge of structure and organization does not seem to provide the materials for an adequate conception of physical space and its occupants. Secondly, if the empirical evidence does not reveal anything about the nature of the supposed space beyond its geometrical structure, it does not reveal whether the external reality is genuinely spatial at all, rather than merely quasi-spatially organized. Along with the problem of perception, these problems suggest that we might abandon physical realism for a certain form of phenomenalistic idealism. This form represents the world as constitutively created by more fundamental factors in which the organization of human sensory experience plays the central role. What gives this sensory organization its idealistic significance is that it disposes things to appear systematically worldwise at the human empirical viewpoint.Less
Physical realism confines our knowledge of the world to properties of structure and organization, leaving its forms of intrinsic content empirically inscrutable. This creates two problems. First, mere knowledge of structure and organization does not seem to provide the materials for an adequate conception of physical space and its occupants. Secondly, if the empirical evidence does not reveal anything about the nature of the supposed space beyond its geometrical structure, it does not reveal whether the external reality is genuinely spatial at all, rather than merely quasi-spatially organized. Along with the problem of perception, these problems suggest that we might abandon physical realism for a certain form of phenomenalistic idealism. This form represents the world as constitutively created by more fundamental factors in which the organization of human sensory experience plays the central role. What gives this sensory organization its idealistic significance is that it disposes things to appear systematically worldwise at the human empirical viewpoint.
John Foster
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199297139
- eISBN:
- 9780191711398
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297139.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
We can envisage hypothetical situations in which the external reality is nomologically organized, with respect to both its internal functioning and its causal relations with human mentality, exactly ...
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We can envisage hypothetical situations in which the external reality is nomologically organized, with respect to both its internal functioning and its causal relations with human mentality, exactly as if it had a different structure from its actual one, and in which the organizationally simulated structure is what gets projected on to the human empirical viewpoint. Because the physical world has to be our world empirically, we are obliged to interpret any such situation as one in which the physical structure coincides with the projected structure rather than with the external structure. This is in conflict with a realist construal of the situation. We are also obliged to say that even if the actual situation is one in which the projected and external structures agree, so that the physical structure matches the external structure, the obtaining of the physical structure logically depends, in part, on the external organization. This refutes physical realism, and does so in a way which, on the assumption that there is a physical world, establishes the truth of the envisaged (canonical) form of phenomenalistic idealism.Less
We can envisage hypothetical situations in which the external reality is nomologically organized, with respect to both its internal functioning and its causal relations with human mentality, exactly as if it had a different structure from its actual one, and in which the organizationally simulated structure is what gets projected on to the human empirical viewpoint. Because the physical world has to be our world empirically, we are obliged to interpret any such situation as one in which the physical structure coincides with the projected structure rather than with the external structure. This is in conflict with a realist construal of the situation. We are also obliged to say that even if the actual situation is one in which the projected and external structures agree, so that the physical structure matches the external structure, the obtaining of the physical structure logically depends, in part, on the external organization. This refutes physical realism, and does so in a way which, on the assumption that there is a physical world, establishes the truth of the envisaged (canonical) form of phenomenalistic idealism.
Andrew Altman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199236282
- eISBN:
- 9780191741357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236282.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter critically examines the jurisprudence of free expression under human rights law and American constitutional doctrine, focusing on the issue of Holocaust denial. It is argued that legal ...
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This chapter critically examines the jurisprudence of free expression under human rights law and American constitutional doctrine, focusing on the issue of Holocaust denial. It is argued that legal prohibitions aimed at Holocaust denial are unjustifiable in any existing liberal state. The argument hinges on a revised form of a doctrine at the heart of a key American free speech case, Brandenburg v. Ohio. The revised Brandenburg doctrine holds that speech ought not to be prohibited, regardless of the viewpoint it advocates, unless the speech is a) intended and likely to bring about immediate lawless conduct, or b) reasonably expected to contribute substantially to widespread violence. This doctrine is defended, and it is shown to tell against prohibitions on Holocaust denial in existing liberal states.Less
This chapter critically examines the jurisprudence of free expression under human rights law and American constitutional doctrine, focusing on the issue of Holocaust denial. It is argued that legal prohibitions aimed at Holocaust denial are unjustifiable in any existing liberal state. The argument hinges on a revised form of a doctrine at the heart of a key American free speech case, Brandenburg v. Ohio. The revised Brandenburg doctrine holds that speech ought not to be prohibited, regardless of the viewpoint it advocates, unless the speech is a) intended and likely to bring about immediate lawless conduct, or b) reasonably expected to contribute substantially to widespread violence. This doctrine is defended, and it is shown to tell against prohibitions on Holocaust denial in existing liberal states.
Deborah Chester
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992880
- eISBN:
- 9781526104199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992880.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
A sometimes difficult concept to grasp in the writing of fiction deals with the three storylines that entwine through a novel. Not subplots, these storylines are the ongoing story which is visible to ...
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A sometimes difficult concept to grasp in the writing of fiction deals with the three storylines that entwine through a novel. Not subplots, these storylines are the ongoing story which is visible to readers, the back story which has to do with the events preceding the novel’s opening, and the hidden story which runs parallel to the ongoing story but is unseen by readers or the protagonist. The middle of a novel is where the hidden story may be briefly revealed through a change of viewpoint and where information from the back story may be shared in order to further motivate the characters.Less
A sometimes difficult concept to grasp in the writing of fiction deals with the three storylines that entwine through a novel. Not subplots, these storylines are the ongoing story which is visible to readers, the back story which has to do with the events preceding the novel’s opening, and the hidden story which runs parallel to the ongoing story but is unseen by readers or the protagonist. The middle of a novel is where the hidden story may be briefly revealed through a change of viewpoint and where information from the back story may be shared in order to further motivate the characters.
Robert Heilbroner
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102864
- eISBN:
- 9780199854974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102864.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter begins the examination of Today by stressing its difference from Yesterday, but it is no less important to recognize an attribute that links the two together, the continued presence of ...
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This chapter begins the examination of Today by stressing its difference from Yesterday, but it is no less important to recognize an attribute that links the two together, the continued presence of the three forces that shaped determinants of Yesterday. The steadily widening and deepening presence of a science-centered social viewpoint is everywhere acknowledged today. The intensified process of internationalization directly concerns the conflict between the generalized need for expansion of the capitalist order and the self-defeating outcome of that drive in a world divided into rivalrous political entities. The exercise of political will as an equalizing force in economic affairs seems to have come to a halt nowadays. The mood of Today in the advanced parts of the world is different from what it was Yesterday.Less
This chapter begins the examination of Today by stressing its difference from Yesterday, but it is no less important to recognize an attribute that links the two together, the continued presence of the three forces that shaped determinants of Yesterday. The steadily widening and deepening presence of a science-centered social viewpoint is everywhere acknowledged today. The intensified process of internationalization directly concerns the conflict between the generalized need for expansion of the capitalist order and the self-defeating outcome of that drive in a world divided into rivalrous political entities. The exercise of political will as an equalizing force in economic affairs seems to have come to a halt nowadays. The mood of Today in the advanced parts of the world is different from what it was Yesterday.
James Weinstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548781
- eISBN:
- 9780191720673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech ...
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This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech restrictions considered in this book, while consistent with the constitutional norms of other democracies, would be unconstitutional in the U.S. The leitmotif of contemporary American free speech doctrine is its intense hostility to content regulation of public discourse, particularly viewpoint regulation. In addition, Brandenburg v. Ohio narrowly confines governmental power to punish the advocacy of law violation. Hate speech bans, whether in the form of public order regulations, prohibitions against group defamation, or bans on Holocaust denial, would be deemed unconstitutional. Under Brandenburg, laws that prohibit mere advocacy of terrorism would also be held to violate the First Amendment. The chapter concludes that much of the explanation for American free speech exceptionalism lies in the U.S. Supreme Court's extensive experience with free speech issues, particularly the lessons it learned from its failure to protect adequately dissent in the early part of the 20th century.Less
This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech restrictions considered in this book, while consistent with the constitutional norms of other democracies, would be unconstitutional in the U.S. The leitmotif of contemporary American free speech doctrine is its intense hostility to content regulation of public discourse, particularly viewpoint regulation. In addition, Brandenburg v. Ohio narrowly confines governmental power to punish the advocacy of law violation. Hate speech bans, whether in the form of public order regulations, prohibitions against group defamation, or bans on Holocaust denial, would be deemed unconstitutional. Under Brandenburg, laws that prohibit mere advocacy of terrorism would also be held to violate the First Amendment. The chapter concludes that much of the explanation for American free speech exceptionalism lies in the U.S. Supreme Court's extensive experience with free speech issues, particularly the lessons it learned from its failure to protect adequately dissent in the early part of the 20th century.
Clive Scott
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198158820
- eISBN:
- 9780191673382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198158820.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, Poetry
This chapter focuses on the principles and attributes surrounding rhythm and metre. This chapter focuses on the way in which generative metrics has been an instrumental in removing rhythm from ...
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This chapter focuses on the principles and attributes surrounding rhythm and metre. This chapter focuses on the way in which generative metrics has been an instrumental in removing rhythm from consciousness by subsuming it within metre. In this chapter several arguments and viewpoints concerning generic metrics and its impact on rhythm, prosody, and scansion are analyzed and assessed.Less
This chapter focuses on the principles and attributes surrounding rhythm and metre. This chapter focuses on the way in which generative metrics has been an instrumental in removing rhythm from consciousness by subsuming it within metre. In this chapter several arguments and viewpoints concerning generic metrics and its impact on rhythm, prosody, and scansion are analyzed and assessed.
Debbie Pinfold
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199245659
- eISBN:
- 9780191697487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245659.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
One of the principal literary devices for achieving a defamiliarization effect has always been to adopt an outsider’s perspective. Due to the difficulties of creating a plausible outsider figure and ...
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One of the principal literary devices for achieving a defamiliarization effect has always been to adopt an outsider’s perspective. Due to the difficulties of creating a plausible outsider figure and viewpoint in literary works, modern authors have often adopted the perspective ‘that of the child’. This chapter suggests that using the child’s viewpoint is a particularly effective defamiliarizing device. The child’s perspective that dealt with here focuses on the way German authors have utilized this perspective to describe the Third Reich. A brief overview of the child figure in German literature is outlined to present the main developments on the subject and how it affects this study. Further, this chapter asserts that in viewing the Third Reich from a child’s unknowing gaze shows how this period of history was once someone’s humdrum normality, and this in itself is defamiliarizing.Less
One of the principal literary devices for achieving a defamiliarization effect has always been to adopt an outsider’s perspective. Due to the difficulties of creating a plausible outsider figure and viewpoint in literary works, modern authors have often adopted the perspective ‘that of the child’. This chapter suggests that using the child’s viewpoint is a particularly effective defamiliarizing device. The child’s perspective that dealt with here focuses on the way German authors have utilized this perspective to describe the Third Reich. A brief overview of the child figure in German literature is outlined to present the main developments on the subject and how it affects this study. Further, this chapter asserts that in viewing the Third Reich from a child’s unknowing gaze shows how this period of history was once someone’s humdrum normality, and this in itself is defamiliarizing.
Paul E. Sigmund
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195072747
- eISBN:
- 9780199854790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072747.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter summarizes the growth and development of the liberation theory. Its strong points were its ability to withstand decades, not diminishing in power but it continued to flourish even in ...
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This chapter summarizes the growth and development of the liberation theory. Its strong points were its ability to withstand decades, not diminishing in power but it continued to flourish even in repressive times. It even stepped out from its first beginnings in Latin American and was embraced by the theologians even in North America. A lot of credit went to the church for its never ending criticism and transformation of its concepts. The chapter further describes liberation theology as what it is known to be now, and how society and government system has used it to help the poor and uplift religious morale. Finally, it poses some challenges for future theologians to ponder, to continue to scrutinize this theology for future viewpoints and issues.Less
This chapter summarizes the growth and development of the liberation theory. Its strong points were its ability to withstand decades, not diminishing in power but it continued to flourish even in repressive times. It even stepped out from its first beginnings in Latin American and was embraced by the theologians even in North America. A lot of credit went to the church for its never ending criticism and transformation of its concepts. The chapter further describes liberation theology as what it is known to be now, and how society and government system has used it to help the poor and uplift religious morale. Finally, it poses some challenges for future theologians to ponder, to continue to scrutinize this theology for future viewpoints and issues.
Mark Turner
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126679
- eISBN:
- 9780199853007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126679.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The ...
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The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The singularity of human life and its impact on perception and understanding is discussed. Despite this singularity, humans are able to have multiple spatial and temporal viewpoints, as well as focus. A person's ability to assume multiple roles and characters throughout his life is also tackled. These concepts allow the construction of constancy across variation. However, humans and their lives present inconstancies and variations. The concept of blended spaces addresses this dilemma by their inherent ability to absorb incompatibilities. The notion of blended characters is then introduced, which involves identity and metaphoric projection. The last section discusses the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR which is a model for projecting conceptual structures across the many levels of the Great Chain — the hierarchy of attributes by types.Less
The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The singularity of human life and its impact on perception and understanding is discussed. Despite this singularity, humans are able to have multiple spatial and temporal viewpoints, as well as focus. A person's ability to assume multiple roles and characters throughout his life is also tackled. These concepts allow the construction of constancy across variation. However, humans and their lives present inconstancies and variations. The concept of blended spaces addresses this dilemma by their inherent ability to absorb incompatibilities. The notion of blended characters is then introduced, which involves identity and metaphoric projection. The last section discusses the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR which is a model for projecting conceptual structures across the many levels of the Great Chain — the hierarchy of attributes by types.
Thomas Nagel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149838
- eISBN:
- 9780199872206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149831.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
In Nagel's view, any challenge to reason involves reason and implicitly authorizes the use of reason. Separating the idea of reason from the idea that its results must carry absolute certainty, Nagel ...
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In Nagel's view, any challenge to reason involves reason and implicitly authorizes the use of reason. Separating the idea of reason from the idea that its results must carry absolute certainty, Nagel stresses the importance of the aspiration of reason for universality. His defense of the authority of reason resembles Descartes’ cogito, which identifies the limits of self‐criticism from an external viewpoint. Rejecting Richard Rorty's pragmatism as inconsistent with the consensus upon which Rorty attempts to “ground” objectivity, Nagel states that epistemological skepticism is only possible with an implicit reliance on the capacity for rational thought.Less
In Nagel's view, any challenge to reason involves reason and implicitly authorizes the use of reason. Separating the idea of reason from the idea that its results must carry absolute certainty, Nagel stresses the importance of the aspiration of reason for universality. His defense of the authority of reason resembles Descartes’ cogito, which identifies the limits of self‐criticism from an external viewpoint. Rejecting Richard Rorty's pragmatism as inconsistent with the consensus upon which Rorty attempts to “ground” objectivity, Nagel states that epistemological skepticism is only possible with an implicit reliance on the capacity for rational thought.
Corey Brettschneider
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147628
- eISBN:
- 9781400842377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147628.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter focuses on democratic persuasion. Although democratic persuasion stresses the importance of an active role for the legitimate state in promoting democratic values, value democracy does ...
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This chapter focuses on democratic persuasion. Although democratic persuasion stresses the importance of an active role for the legitimate state in promoting democratic values, value democracy does not abandon all accounts of neutrality in thinking about freedom of expression. The Supreme Court's doctrine of viewpoint neutrality is appropriate as a standard for limiting state coercion. Viewpoint neutrality means that all viewpoints, regardless of their content, should be protected by freedom of expression, provided they are not direct threats to individuals. However, while viewpoint neutrality is appropriate as a standard for applying the right of free expression to citizens, it is misplaced as a guide to determining the state's own expression and what it should say. The chapter argues that the state should be non-neutral in its persuasive and expressive roles.Less
This chapter focuses on democratic persuasion. Although democratic persuasion stresses the importance of an active role for the legitimate state in promoting democratic values, value democracy does not abandon all accounts of neutrality in thinking about freedom of expression. The Supreme Court's doctrine of viewpoint neutrality is appropriate as a standard for limiting state coercion. Viewpoint neutrality means that all viewpoints, regardless of their content, should be protected by freedom of expression, provided they are not direct threats to individuals. However, while viewpoint neutrality is appropriate as a standard for applying the right of free expression to citizens, it is misplaced as a guide to determining the state's own expression and what it should say. The chapter argues that the state should be non-neutral in its persuasive and expressive roles.
