D.A. BRADING
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264461
- eISBN:
- 9780191734625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264461.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole ...
More
This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole inhabitants who made their own identity pronounced on its building and culture. For 300 years, the city of Mexico was the capital of viceroyalty. It was the capital of New Spain and was the seat of the metropolitan archbishopric of Mexico. During the first decades of the seventeenth century, a generation of young Creoles entered the secular priesthood and the religious orders. They challenged the predominance of European Spaniards, affirmed their talents and identity, and started looking back to the glorious past the conquistadors had destroyed. However, the development of the city was constrained and limited by the city’s status as the viceregal capital of New Spain. Its status hence meant that the city depended on the political decisions and cultural influences emanating from the Spanish. Out of this tension, a creative process of change emerged in which different ethnic groups and cultures intermingled and conflicted to ensure that the social composition and character of Mexico City would be different from the other cities in Spanish America. However, these changes were not brought without due loss. Due to the conquest and the Old World diseases the Mexico population fell to the near brink of oblivion. These epidemics and natural calamities continued to afflict the city throughout the colonial period.Less
This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole inhabitants who made their own identity pronounced on its building and culture. For 300 years, the city of Mexico was the capital of viceroyalty. It was the capital of New Spain and was the seat of the metropolitan archbishopric of Mexico. During the first decades of the seventeenth century, a generation of young Creoles entered the secular priesthood and the religious orders. They challenged the predominance of European Spaniards, affirmed their talents and identity, and started looking back to the glorious past the conquistadors had destroyed. However, the development of the city was constrained and limited by the city’s status as the viceregal capital of New Spain. Its status hence meant that the city depended on the political decisions and cultural influences emanating from the Spanish. Out of this tension, a creative process of change emerged in which different ethnic groups and cultures intermingled and conflicted to ensure that the social composition and character of Mexico City would be different from the other cities in Spanish America. However, these changes were not brought without due loss. Due to the conquest and the Old World diseases the Mexico population fell to the near brink of oblivion. These epidemics and natural calamities continued to afflict the city throughout the colonial period.
Margaret Chowning
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182217
- eISBN:
- 9780199850532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182217.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
After Phelipa de San Antonio and her allies' power within the convent had been minimized, abbesses and bishops attempted to find ways for the nuns in the La Purísima convent to be content or at least ...
More
After Phelipa de San Antonio and her allies' power within the convent had been minimized, abbesses and bishops attempted to find ways for the nuns in the La Purísima convent to be content or at least be at peace while complying with their constitution. Such measures involved lessening the strictness in enforcing the Rule, employing flexibility, allowing the nuns to participate in their own government, relaxing the construal of the vow of poverty, and even providing nuns with special privileges. These measures, however, were faced by certain challenges as broad changes introduced by viceroyalty affected ecclesiastical policy on convents. This chapter looks into how the vida común reforms, particular policies that governed the convent and the bishopric, and other such factors, aided in deterring instances of open rebellion during what was left of the colonial period.Less
After Phelipa de San Antonio and her allies' power within the convent had been minimized, abbesses and bishops attempted to find ways for the nuns in the La Purísima convent to be content or at least be at peace while complying with their constitution. Such measures involved lessening the strictness in enforcing the Rule, employing flexibility, allowing the nuns to participate in their own government, relaxing the construal of the vow of poverty, and even providing nuns with special privileges. These measures, however, were faced by certain challenges as broad changes introduced by viceroyalty affected ecclesiastical policy on convents. This chapter looks into how the vida común reforms, particular policies that governed the convent and the bishopric, and other such factors, aided in deterring instances of open rebellion during what was left of the colonial period.
Mónica Ricketts
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190494889
- eISBN:
- 9780190494919
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190494889.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History, Latin American History
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a ...
More
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.Less
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.
Daniela Bleichmar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226058535
- eISBN:
- 9780226058559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226058559.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the metropolitan and viceregal attempts to locate and exploit valuable natural products like pepper, cinnamon, tea, and cinchona in the Spanish Indies. It explains that the ...
More
This chapter examines the metropolitan and viceregal attempts to locate and exploit valuable natural products like pepper, cinnamon, tea, and cinchona in the Spanish Indies. It explains that the attempts to transport foreign plants to Spain failed but the expeditions succeeded in terms of taxonomic botany. It also explores the geopolitics of natural history investigations in the Hispanic world and analyzes the relationship between Madrid and the viceroyalties as well as those among imperial locales.Less
This chapter examines the metropolitan and viceregal attempts to locate and exploit valuable natural products like pepper, cinnamon, tea, and cinchona in the Spanish Indies. It explains that the attempts to transport foreign plants to Spain failed but the expeditions succeeded in terms of taxonomic botany. It also explores the geopolitics of natural history investigations in the Hispanic world and analyzes the relationship between Madrid and the viceroyalties as well as those among imperial locales.
Brad Epps
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620252
- eISBN:
- 9781789623857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620252.003.0026
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This article examines the presence and absence, visibility and invisibility, of Africa from formulations of the trans-Atlantic focused on Latin America and the Caribbean. It critiques a long ...
More
This article examines the presence and absence, visibility and invisibility, of Africa from formulations of the trans-Atlantic focused on Latin America and the Caribbean. It critiques a long naturalised Ibero-American loop that tends to sidestep triangular and rhizomatic configurations and argues, amongst other things, that Spain’s colonization of the Americas finds in Africa both its prologue and its long, still ongoing, epilogue.Less
This article examines the presence and absence, visibility and invisibility, of Africa from formulations of the trans-Atlantic focused on Latin America and the Caribbean. It critiques a long naturalised Ibero-American loop that tends to sidestep triangular and rhizomatic configurations and argues, amongst other things, that Spain’s colonization of the Americas finds in Africa both its prologue and its long, still ongoing, epilogue.
John Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846312687
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial ...
More
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.Less
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.
Fernanda Molina
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520288140
- eISBN:
- 9780520963184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520288140.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter explores the sexual practices of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sodomites in the viceroyalty of Peru in order to evaluate how sodomy evinces the myriad experiences of individuals ...
More
This chapter explores the sexual practices of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sodomites in the viceroyalty of Peru in order to evaluate how sodomy evinces the myriad experiences of individuals committing the sin. The sodomitical practices in the viceroyalty, being both personal and intimate experiences, not only constituted diverse phenomena—impossible to reduce to one single meaning tied to “nature” and the “unnatural”—but also influenced gender identities and, in the passion of sexual encounters, strengthened erotic and affective bonds. These realities of sodomy challenge the notion of sodomy as simply an act “against nature;” thereby complicating theological and juridical conceptions of sodomy as unnatural.Less
This chapter explores the sexual practices of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sodomites in the viceroyalty of Peru in order to evaluate how sodomy evinces the myriad experiences of individuals committing the sin. The sodomitical practices in the viceroyalty, being both personal and intimate experiences, not only constituted diverse phenomena—impossible to reduce to one single meaning tied to “nature” and the “unnatural”—but also influenced gender identities and, in the passion of sexual encounters, strengthened erotic and affective bonds. These realities of sodomy challenge the notion of sodomy as simply an act “against nature;” thereby complicating theological and juridical conceptions of sodomy as unnatural.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy ...
More
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda (1745–1761). The book discusses the impact of such policies upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local provincial administration. It also considers defence and military reorganisation, the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty, and the creoles' use of fidelismo over separation from metropolitan control as a means to restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America in general and to preserve the privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles in particular. Moreover, the book assesses Peru's economic development in the late-Bourbon era, with some emphasis upon the mining, manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors, before concluding with a discussion of the factors that led to the declaration of the independence of Peru from Spain by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the establishment of the new republic in 1824.Less
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda (1745–1761). The book discusses the impact of such policies upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local provincial administration. It also considers defence and military reorganisation, the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty, and the creoles' use of fidelismo over separation from metropolitan control as a means to restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America in general and to preserve the privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles in particular. Moreover, the book assesses Peru's economic development in the late-Bourbon era, with some emphasis upon the mining, manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors, before concluding with a discussion of the factors that led to the declaration of the independence of Peru from Spain by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the establishment of the new republic in 1824.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter provides an overview of the viceroyalty of Peru in the period 1700–1750, focusing upon the more coherent reform programmes of the second half of the eighteenth century and their impact ...
More
This chapter provides an overview of the viceroyalty of Peru in the period 1700–1750, focusing upon the more coherent reform programmes of the second half of the eighteenth century and their impact upon Peru. It examines developments in the government, finances, economy, and defence of the viceroyalty and shows that the advent of the new dynasty in 1700 had a negligible impact, if any, upon the viceroyalty until the viceregency of Marqués de Castelfuerte. In addition, the chapter considers how the subsequent viceregency of José Antonio Mendoza mirrored the unwillingness in both Spain and Peru to implement structural changes through to their logical conclusions. It also analyses the Marqués de Ensenada's primacy in Madrid and the viceroyalty of José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda; the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713) between Britain and a united France and Spain; and Peru's trade with Spain.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the viceroyalty of Peru in the period 1700–1750, focusing upon the more coherent reform programmes of the second half of the eighteenth century and their impact upon Peru. It examines developments in the government, finances, economy, and defence of the viceroyalty and shows that the advent of the new dynasty in 1700 had a negligible impact, if any, upon the viceroyalty until the viceregency of Marqués de Castelfuerte. In addition, the chapter considers how the subsequent viceregency of José Antonio Mendoza mirrored the unwillingness in both Spain and Peru to implement structural changes through to their logical conclusions. It also analyses the Marqués de Ensenada's primacy in Madrid and the viceroyalty of José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda; the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713) between Britain and a united France and Spain; and Peru's trade with Spain.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter looks at Spain's imperial policies towards Spanish America under the Bourbon monarchy and their impact upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local ...
More
This chapter looks at Spain's imperial policies towards Spanish America under the Bourbon monarchy and their impact upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local administration in provinces. In particular, it examines defence and military reorganisation, arguing that structures designed mainly to protect the viceroyalty from the often imagined threat of foreign attack were employed increasingly to preserve order within Peru. These strategies were used in the face of endemic rural violence, ethnic resistance to the exploitation of the indigenous peoples, and nascent anti-peninsular conspiracies. The chapter also considers the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty and shows that the viceroyalty of Peru experienced a major upheaval in its government and administration during the reign of Spain's third Bourbon king, Charles III, particularly in the period 1776–1784.Less
This chapter looks at Spain's imperial policies towards Spanish America under the Bourbon monarchy and their impact upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local administration in provinces. In particular, it examines defence and military reorganisation, arguing that structures designed mainly to protect the viceroyalty from the often imagined threat of foreign attack were employed increasingly to preserve order within Peru. These strategies were used in the face of endemic rural violence, ethnic resistance to the exploitation of the indigenous peoples, and nascent anti-peninsular conspiracies. The chapter also considers the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty and shows that the viceroyalty of Peru experienced a major upheaval in its government and administration during the reign of Spain's third Bourbon king, Charles III, particularly in the period 1776–1784.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines Peru's economy, demography, and finance in the latter years of the Bourbon monarchy, with some emphasis upon the mining industry owing to its important role in the overall ...
More
This chapter examines Peru's economy, demography, and finance in the latter years of the Bourbon monarchy, with some emphasis upon the mining industry owing to its important role in the overall economic life of the Peruvian viceroyalty, along with the manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors. It shows that the viceroyalty as a whole experienced economic development rather than decline after 1750 and argues that expansion of economic activity was constrained not by imperial restructuring during the final decade of Charles III's reign, but by the relatively limited internal demand of a small population as well as isolation from European markets. Crown finances in the late colonial period were also affected to some extent by the size and ethnic composition of the viceroyalty's population.Less
This chapter examines Peru's economy, demography, and finance in the latter years of the Bourbon monarchy, with some emphasis upon the mining industry owing to its important role in the overall economic life of the Peruvian viceroyalty, along with the manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors. It shows that the viceroyalty as a whole experienced economic development rather than decline after 1750 and argues that expansion of economic activity was constrained not by imperial restructuring during the final decade of Charles III's reign, but by the relatively limited internal demand of a small population as well as isolation from European markets. Crown finances in the late colonial period were also affected to some extent by the size and ethnic composition of the viceroyalty's population.