Richard F. Casten
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198507246
- eISBN:
- 9780191709333
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507246.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This textbook on nuclear structure takes a unique and complementary approach compared to existing texts on the topic. Avoiding complicated calculations and complex mathematical formalism, it explains ...
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This textbook on nuclear structure takes a unique and complementary approach compared to existing texts on the topic. Avoiding complicated calculations and complex mathematical formalism, it explains nuclear structure by building on a few elementary physical ideas. Even such apparently intricate topics as shell model residual interactions, the Nilsson model, and the random phase approximation analysis of collective vibrations are explained in a simple, intuitive way so that predictions can usually be made without calculations, essentially by inspection. Frequent comparison with data allows the relevance of theoretical approaches to be immediately evident. This edition includes new chapters on exotic nuclei and radioactive beams, and on correlations of collective observables. Completely new discussions are given of isospin, the shell model, nature of collective vibrations, multi-phonon states, superdeformation, bandmixing, geometric collective model, Fermi gas model, basic properties of simple nuclear potentials, the deuteron, and low energy nuclear structure, as well as other topics.Less
This textbook on nuclear structure takes a unique and complementary approach compared to existing texts on the topic. Avoiding complicated calculations and complex mathematical formalism, it explains nuclear structure by building on a few elementary physical ideas. Even such apparently intricate topics as shell model residual interactions, the Nilsson model, and the random phase approximation analysis of collective vibrations are explained in a simple, intuitive way so that predictions can usually be made without calculations, essentially by inspection. Frequent comparison with data allows the relevance of theoretical approaches to be immediately evident. This edition includes new chapters on exotic nuclei and radioactive beams, and on correlations of collective observables. Completely new discussions are given of isospin, the shell model, nature of collective vibrations, multi-phonon states, superdeformation, bandmixing, geometric collective model, Fermi gas model, basic properties of simple nuclear potentials, the deuteron, and low energy nuclear structure, as well as other topics.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in ...
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Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in recalibrating one’s being from a state of imbalance or illness to one of health and vitality. Specifically, this chapter explores the physics and metaphysics of sound and music, linking the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to a dynamic coined as the Human Certainty Principle, which is a deep knowing that often accompanies and facilitates healing, and which relates to a confluence of issues among science, spirituality, and experience, including a flexibility of consciousness that can be understood as a transformation of brainwave states. These issues are explored through examples in Pamir, including dafsâz, and diverse experiences outside of Pamir, including marriage and family therapy counseling, and a drum circle with Babatunde Olatunji. The concept of spiritual cognition is explored throughout.Less
Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in recalibrating one’s being from a state of imbalance or illness to one of health and vitality. Specifically, this chapter explores the physics and metaphysics of sound and music, linking the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to a dynamic coined as the Human Certainty Principle, which is a deep knowing that often accompanies and facilitates healing, and which relates to a confluence of issues among science, spirituality, and experience, including a flexibility of consciousness that can be understood as a transformation of brainwave states. These issues are explored through examples in Pamir, including dafsâz, and diverse experiences outside of Pamir, including marriage and family therapy counseling, and a drum circle with Babatunde Olatunji. The concept of spiritual cognition is explored throughout.
Tee L. Guidotti
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380002
- eISBN:
- 9780199893881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380002.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or ...
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Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or deafness. 2) Vibration, either whole-body vibration or segmental vibration, which occurs when a particular body part is affected by vibrations from tools. 3) Pressure above or below atmospheric pressure in the workers' surroundings is associated with health risks in certain occupations, such as undersea diving and aviation. Conditions in the workplace may expose the worker to unusually high or low pressures. Examples are decompression sickness and high altitude sickness. 4) Temperature extremes are found in many occupations. The human body regulates its own internal level of heat, or core temperature, within a broad range through a variety of mechanisms (including sweating) but cannot adjust to extreme variations outside that range or when the mechanisms of adaptation are not working. 5) Ionizing radiation, either electromagnetic ionizing radiation (gamma radiation), or particle radiation. The major concern with exposure to ionizing radiation is severe tissue damage at very high levels and a risk of cancer in the future at lesser levels. 6) Nonionizing radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths when the energy level is too low to ionize atoms but sufficient to cause physical changes in cells. Ultraviolet radiation is the most common form and causes sunburn and prolonged exposure over time causes cataracts and skin cancer. Keywords: physical hazards, noise, vibration, pressure, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, tissue damage, cancerLess
Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or deafness. 2) Vibration, either whole-body vibration or segmental vibration, which occurs when a particular body part is affected by vibrations from tools. 3) Pressure above or below atmospheric pressure in the workers' surroundings is associated with health risks in certain occupations, such as undersea diving and aviation. Conditions in the workplace may expose the worker to unusually high or low pressures. Examples are decompression sickness and high altitude sickness. 4) Temperature extremes are found in many occupations. The human body regulates its own internal level of heat, or core temperature, within a broad range through a variety of mechanisms (including sweating) but cannot adjust to extreme variations outside that range or when the mechanisms of adaptation are not working. 5) Ionizing radiation, either electromagnetic ionizing radiation (gamma radiation), or particle radiation. The major concern with exposure to ionizing radiation is severe tissue damage at very high levels and a risk of cancer in the future at lesser levels. 6) Nonionizing radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths when the energy level is too low to ionize atoms but sufficient to cause physical changes in cells. Ultraviolet radiation is the most common form and causes sunburn and prolonged exposure over time causes cataracts and skin cancer. Keywords: physical hazards, noise, vibration, pressure, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, tissue damage, cancer
C. Julian Chen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211500
- eISBN:
- 9780191705991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211500.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses vibration isolation of STM and AFM. First, the basic concepts of vibration isolation are illustrated by a one-dimensional system using elementary mechanics. The source of ...
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This chapter discusses vibration isolation of STM and AFM. First, the basic concepts of vibration isolation are illustrated by a one-dimensional system using elementary mechanics. The source of vibration, the environmental vibration, its characteristics, and methods of measurement are presented. The importance of vibration isolation at the laboratory foundation level and the proper mechanical design of STM and AFM are then discussed. The focus of this chapter in on the most important vibration isolation system: two-stage suspension spring with eddy-current damping. A detailed analysis of the two-stage spring system as well as aspects of practical design is presented. The principles and design charts for eddy-current damping system are discussed. Finally, the commercial pneumatic vibration isolation system is briefly discussed.Less
This chapter discusses vibration isolation of STM and AFM. First, the basic concepts of vibration isolation are illustrated by a one-dimensional system using elementary mechanics. The source of vibration, the environmental vibration, its characteristics, and methods of measurement are presented. The importance of vibration isolation at the laboratory foundation level and the proper mechanical design of STM and AFM are then discussed. The focus of this chapter in on the most important vibration isolation system: two-stage suspension spring with eddy-current damping. A detailed analysis of the two-stage spring system as well as aspects of practical design is presented. The principles and design charts for eddy-current damping system are discussed. Finally, the commercial pneumatic vibration isolation system is briefly discussed.
R. E. Peierls
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507819
- eISBN:
- 9780191709913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507819.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents a general theory of crystal lattices. Topics covered include adiabatic approximation, equilibrium, types of binding, atomic vibrations, properties of normal vibrations, elastic ...
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This chapter presents a general theory of crystal lattices. Topics covered include adiabatic approximation, equilibrium, types of binding, atomic vibrations, properties of normal vibrations, elastic constants, and quantum theory.Less
This chapter presents a general theory of crystal lattices. Topics covered include adiabatic approximation, equilibrium, types of binding, atomic vibrations, properties of normal vibrations, elastic constants, and quantum theory.
I. M. Vardavas and F. W. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227471
- eISBN:
- 9780191711138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227471.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
This chapter examines the transfer of thermal radiation through atmospheres. The properties of atomic and molecular spectral lines are given. The basic theory of vibrational and rotational energy ...
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This chapter examines the transfer of thermal radiation through atmospheres. The properties of atomic and molecular spectral lines are given. The basic theory of vibrational and rotational energy transitions leading to molecular band absorption of infrared radiation is developed, together with mathematical representations of band absorption. Simple broad-band formulations for calculating the absorption of the most important absorption bands of the key greenhouse gases are given together with an introduction to calculations based on high resolution spectral data. Thermal infrared transfer in cloudy skies is introduced, and the data requirements for models for this type of radiation transfer are given.Less
This chapter examines the transfer of thermal radiation through atmospheres. The properties of atomic and molecular spectral lines are given. The basic theory of vibrational and rotational energy transitions leading to molecular band absorption of infrared radiation is developed, together with mathematical representations of band absorption. Simple broad-band formulations for calculating the absorption of the most important absorption bands of the key greenhouse gases are given together with an introduction to calculations based on high resolution spectral data. Thermal infrared transfer in cloudy skies is introduced, and the data requirements for models for this type of radiation transfer are given.
Monika Renz, Mark Kyburz, and John Peck
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170888
- eISBN:
- 9780231540230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170888.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
The specific auditive and musical sensitivity of dying patients is comparable to intrauterine hearing. Patients enter a state beyond space, time, and body (non-local, endless).
The specific auditive and musical sensitivity of dying patients is comparable to intrauterine hearing. Patients enter a state beyond space, time, and body (non-local, endless).
Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Chung Wai Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter applies the group theoretic technique introduced in Chapter 6 to a number of chemically interesting problems. These problems include molecular orbital treatment of AH ...
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This chapter applies the group theoretic technique introduced in Chapter 6 to a number of chemically interesting problems. These problems include molecular orbital treatment of AH n (n = 2-6) molecules and cyclic conjugated polyenes (with and without d-orbital participation), construction of hybrid orbitals, relationship between molecular orbital and hybridization theories, molecular vibrations, etc. A large number of worked examples have been selected to illustrate that group theory can be used to simplify the physical problem and yield solutions of chemical significance. The advantage of this method becomes more obvious when the symmetry of the chemical system increases. Indeed, for highly symmetric molecules, very complex problems can have simple and elegant solutions. Even for less symmetric systems, symmetry arguments can still lead to meaningful results and conclusions that cannot be easily obtained otherwise.Less
This chapter applies the group theoretic technique introduced in Chapter 6 to a number of chemically interesting problems. These problems include molecular orbital treatment of AH n (n = 2-6) molecules and cyclic conjugated polyenes (with and without d-orbital participation), construction of hybrid orbitals, relationship between molecular orbital and hybridization theories, molecular vibrations, etc. A large number of worked examples have been selected to illustrate that group theory can be used to simplify the physical problem and yield solutions of chemical significance. The advantage of this method becomes more obvious when the symmetry of the chemical system increases. Indeed, for highly symmetric molecules, very complex problems can have simple and elegant solutions. Even for less symmetric systems, symmetry arguments can still lead to meaningful results and conclusions that cannot be easily obtained otherwise.
S. G. Tikhodeev and H. Ueba
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238873
- eISBN:
- 9780191716652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238873.003.0020
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A ...
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This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A theoretical description of the inelastic electron tunneling is given in terms of the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique.Less
This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A theoretical description of the inelastic electron tunneling is given in terms of the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique.
Norman F. Ramsey
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520214
- eISBN:
- 9780191706325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520214.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter discusses the interactions of different components with each other. The magnetic moment of one nucleus in a molecule can interact directly with the magnetic field from another nucleus in ...
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This chapter discusses the interactions of different components with each other. The magnetic moment of one nucleus in a molecule can interact directly with the magnetic field from another nucleus in the same molecule, giving rise to nuclear spin-spin interaction or it can interact indirectly through an electron coupled spin-spin interaction. The nuclear magnetic moment can also interact with the magnetic field arising from the molecular rotation giving rise to spin-rotation interaction. Likewise, if the nucleus is non-spherical and has an electric quadrupole moment it will contribute another orientation dependent energy term. The observed radio-frequency spectrum is also slightly altered by the orientation dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility of the molecule. When necessary, the effects of molecular vibrations on the spectra can be calculated. These and other interactions are combined in a Hamiltonian, which is used to determine experimentally which values of the interaction parameters produce a theoretical radio-frequency spectrum in closest agreement with experiment. Tables of molecular parameters obtained in this way for H2, D2, and HD are given.Less
This chapter discusses the interactions of different components with each other. The magnetic moment of one nucleus in a molecule can interact directly with the magnetic field from another nucleus in the same molecule, giving rise to nuclear spin-spin interaction or it can interact indirectly through an electron coupled spin-spin interaction. The nuclear magnetic moment can also interact with the magnetic field arising from the molecular rotation giving rise to spin-rotation interaction. Likewise, if the nucleus is non-spherical and has an electric quadrupole moment it will contribute another orientation dependent energy term. The observed radio-frequency spectrum is also slightly altered by the orientation dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility of the molecule. When necessary, the effects of molecular vibrations on the spectra can be calculated. These and other interactions are combined in a Hamiltonian, which is used to determine experimentally which values of the interaction parameters produce a theoretical radio-frequency spectrum in closest agreement with experiment. Tables of molecular parameters obtained in this way for H2, D2, and HD are given.
John M. Picker
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195151916
- eISBN:
- 9780199787944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151916.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter argues that George Eliot recognized the advent of an age defined by new emphases on and understandings of the capacity for listening. This argument suggests that Victorian science — ...
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This chapter argues that George Eliot recognized the advent of an age defined by new emphases on and understandings of the capacity for listening. This argument suggests that Victorian science — especially the work of Hermann von Helmholtz and his followers — at first gave substance and form to sounds that had once seemed indefinite and immaterial, and Victorian technology then fundamentally destabilized aural communication. Coming at the end of a series of works that in their breadth of perception still leave many readers in silent awe, the so-called post-realist Daniel Deronda confronts with singular tenacity the question of not only what the later Victorian novel might possibly have left to say, but also how it might say it. Eliot finds a partial answer in thematizing the exchange of speech and sound itself. Deronda acknowledges at once the frustrating challenges and newly charged power of contact in an era heralding amplified sounds, wired voices, and bottled talk.Less
This chapter argues that George Eliot recognized the advent of an age defined by new emphases on and understandings of the capacity for listening. This argument suggests that Victorian science — especially the work of Hermann von Helmholtz and his followers — at first gave substance and form to sounds that had once seemed indefinite and immaterial, and Victorian technology then fundamentally destabilized aural communication. Coming at the end of a series of works that in their breadth of perception still leave many readers in silent awe, the so-called post-realist Daniel Deronda confronts with singular tenacity the question of not only what the later Victorian novel might possibly have left to say, but also how it might say it. Eliot finds a partial answer in thematizing the exchange of speech and sound itself. Deronda acknowledges at once the frustrating challenges and newly charged power of contact in an era heralding amplified sounds, wired voices, and bottled talk.
D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570264
- eISBN:
- 9780191715266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570264.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about ...
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Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about the structure of water have been based on two approaches. The first involves formulating a model for liquid water, treating the model in a particular fashion — involving massive approximations — using methods of statistical mechanics, and comparing the calculated values of macroscopic properties with those that are observed. This chapter focuses on the second approach, which is to deduce aspects of the structure of the liquid from the macroscopic properties of water.Less
Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about the structure of water have been based on two approaches. The first involves formulating a model for liquid water, treating the model in a particular fashion — involving massive approximations — using methods of statistical mechanics, and comparing the calculated values of macroscopic properties with those that are observed. This chapter focuses on the second approach, which is to deduce aspects of the structure of the liquid from the macroscopic properties of water.
C. N. Hinshelwood
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570257
- eISBN:
- 9780191717659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570257.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses the relationship between interatomic forces and certain other molecular characteristics that are more or less connected. Topics covered include vibration frequencies and force ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship between interatomic forces and certain other molecular characteristics that are more or less connected. Topics covered include vibration frequencies and force constants, normal modes of vibration, dissociation energies and related quantities, resonance, and bond lengths.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship between interatomic forces and certain other molecular characteristics that are more or less connected. Topics covered include vibration frequencies and force constants, normal modes of vibration, dissociation energies and related quantities, resonance, and bond lengths.
R. E. Peierls
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507819
- eISBN:
- 9780191709913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507819.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses the interaction of light with non-conducting crystals. Topics covered include infrared absorption, X-ray diffraction, effect of atomic vibrations, scattering of light, and ...
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This chapter discusses the interaction of light with non-conducting crystals. Topics covered include infrared absorption, X-ray diffraction, effect of atomic vibrations, scattering of light, and scattering of neutrons.Less
This chapter discusses the interaction of light with non-conducting crystals. Topics covered include infrared absorption, X-ray diffraction, effect of atomic vibrations, scattering of light, and scattering of neutrons.
R. E. Peierls
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507819
- eISBN:
- 9780191709913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507819.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
An electron in the field of force of a perfect lattice has stationary states in which the mean velocity and hence the mean transport of charge and of energy do not vanish. This means that an electric ...
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An electron in the field of force of a perfect lattice has stationary states in which the mean velocity and hence the mean transport of charge and of energy do not vanish. This means that an electric current and energy flux can be set up without an electric field or a temperature gradient to maintain them. In other words, the electric and thermal resistivities are zero in a perfect lattice. The actual resistivities therefore depend on disturbances, which, for the equilibrium problems of Chapter IV, are usually negligible. The problem of treating these disturbances is similar to problem of the calculation of transport phenomena in the kinetic theory of gases, but the nature of interactions and importance of quantum effects brings in a number of new points. Collision time, thermal conductivity, static obstacles, effects of lattice vibrations, collisions between electrons, collisions at high temperatures, low temperatures, and validity of assumptions are discussed.Less
An electron in the field of force of a perfect lattice has stationary states in which the mean velocity and hence the mean transport of charge and of energy do not vanish. This means that an electric current and energy flux can be set up without an electric field or a temperature gradient to maintain them. In other words, the electric and thermal resistivities are zero in a perfect lattice. The actual resistivities therefore depend on disturbances, which, for the equilibrium problems of Chapter IV, are usually negligible. The problem of treating these disturbances is similar to problem of the calculation of transport phenomena in the kinetic theory of gases, but the nature of interactions and importance of quantum effects brings in a number of new points. Collision time, thermal conductivity, static obstacles, effects of lattice vibrations, collisions between electrons, collisions at high temperatures, low temperatures, and validity of assumptions are discussed.
C. U. M. Smith, Eugenio Frixione, Stanley Finger, and William Clower
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199766499
- eISBN:
- 9780199950263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766499.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter introduces the vibration theory, which was unable to dethrone the doctrine of animal spirit. It discusses Isaac Newton's “aether,” which supposedly encompassed the universe and ...
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This chapter introduces the vibration theory, which was unable to dethrone the doctrine of animal spirit. It discusses Isaac Newton's “aether,” which supposedly encompassed the universe and everything in it, including all living beings. Newton suggested a neurophysiology that was based on vibrations in the aether, which were confined in the nerves' “capillamenta.” It then studies David Hartley, who adapted Newton's idea and turned it into a comprehensive and physiological psychology. This chapter stresses that the vibration theory was able to reflect a growing disillusionment with the received doctrine, but didn't find favor with mainstream physiologists and anatomists.Less
This chapter introduces the vibration theory, which was unable to dethrone the doctrine of animal spirit. It discusses Isaac Newton's “aether,” which supposedly encompassed the universe and everything in it, including all living beings. Newton suggested a neurophysiology that was based on vibrations in the aether, which were confined in the nerves' “capillamenta.” It then studies David Hartley, who adapted Newton's idea and turned it into a comprehensive and physiological psychology. This chapter stresses that the vibration theory was able to reflect a growing disillusionment with the received doctrine, but didn't find favor with mainstream physiologists and anatomists.
Peter W. Johnson and Martin G. Cherniack
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190662677
- eISBN:
- 9780190662707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes vibration exposure in the workplace and its adverse health consequences. Both whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration are described. The deleterious effects from hand-arm ...
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This chapter describes vibration exposure in the workplace and its adverse health consequences. Both whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration are described. The deleterious effects from hand-arm vibration induced by power tools on peripheral nerves and small blood vessels have been documented for more than a century. Whole-body vibration increases spinal load and can contribute to muscle fatigue and deterioration of intervertebral lumbar discs. Neck pain and low back pain are also associated with whole-body vibration from various types of equipment and vehicles. The pathophysiology of various vibration-associated disorders are discussed. Prevention and control measures are described in detail. Control of whole-body vibration rests mainly on primary prevention and selection of appropriate equipment (primarily vehicle and equipment seating) to reduce whole-body vibration exposure.Less
This chapter describes vibration exposure in the workplace and its adverse health consequences. Both whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration are described. The deleterious effects from hand-arm vibration induced by power tools on peripheral nerves and small blood vessels have been documented for more than a century. Whole-body vibration increases spinal load and can contribute to muscle fatigue and deterioration of intervertebral lumbar discs. Neck pain and low back pain are also associated with whole-body vibration from various types of equipment and vehicles. The pathophysiology of various vibration-associated disorders are discussed. Prevention and control measures are described in detail. Control of whole-body vibration rests mainly on primary prevention and selection of appropriate equipment (primarily vehicle and equipment seating) to reduce whole-body vibration exposure.
Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M. Blundell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562091
- eISBN:
- 9780191718236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562091.003.0024
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
In a solid, energy can be stored in vibrations of the atoms which are arranged in a lattice. In the same way that photons are quantized electromagnetic waves that describe the elementary excitations ...
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In a solid, energy can be stored in vibrations of the atoms which are arranged in a lattice. In the same way that photons are quantized electromagnetic waves that describe the elementary excitations of the electromagnetic field, phonons are the quantized lattice waves that describe the elementary excitations of vibrations of the lattice. This chapter discusses the analogous behaviour of lattice vibrations, quantized as phonons. It introduces the Einstein model and Debye model of the thermal properties of solids.Less
In a solid, energy can be stored in vibrations of the atoms which are arranged in a lattice. In the same way that photons are quantized electromagnetic waves that describe the elementary excitations of the electromagnetic field, phonons are the quantized lattice waves that describe the elementary excitations of vibrations of the lattice. This chapter discusses the analogous behaviour of lattice vibrations, quantized as phonons. It introduces the Einstein model and Debye model of the thermal properties of solids.
Raymond Brun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552689
- eISBN:
- 9780191720277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552689.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
For cases where the zero order distribution function is out of equilibrium, the Chapman-Enskog method may also be applied (SNE solution). This chapter analyses Navier-Stokes equations, including ...
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For cases where the zero order distribution function is out of equilibrium, the Chapman-Enskog method may also be applied (SNE solution). This chapter analyses Navier-Stokes equations, including specific transport terms and relaxation and/or kinetic equations. Examples of vibrational non-equilibrium gases are developed. The case of dissociating gases is examined and the interaction between vibrational relaxation and chemical kinetics is particularly pointed out. Thus, the chemical dissociation rate constants are modified and the relaxation equations take the dissociation and the recombination into account. Particular points are examined in the appendices, such as the computation of various specific transport terms and parameters characteristic of the vibration-dissociation interaction.Less
For cases where the zero order distribution function is out of equilibrium, the Chapman-Enskog method may also be applied (SNE solution). This chapter analyses Navier-Stokes equations, including specific transport terms and relaxation and/or kinetic equations. Examples of vibrational non-equilibrium gases are developed. The case of dissociating gases is examined and the interaction between vibrational relaxation and chemical kinetics is particularly pointed out. Thus, the chemical dissociation rate constants are modified and the relaxation equations take the dissociation and the recombination into account. Particular points are examined in the appendices, such as the computation of various specific transport terms and parameters characteristic of the vibration-dissociation interaction.
R. F. Casten
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198507246
- eISBN:
- 9780191709333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507246.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
A microscopic approach to deriving the structure, energies and systematics of collective states from the shell model appears in two forms, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation and the random phase ...
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A microscopic approach to deriving the structure, energies and systematics of collective states from the shell model appears in two forms, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation and the random phase approximation (RPA). The reader who is at all versed in nuclear structure physics may have encountered calculations carried out in the RPA or references to such techniques. This chapter presents a simple derivation and discusses the basic ideas involved, and then illustrates the techniques with a particular calculation for rare earth nuclei. The end result is a set of predictions for comparison with experiment as well as a deeper understanding of the microscopic nature of many aspects of collective behavior. It allows predictions of the basic structure of particular collective states without detailed or complex calculations. Simply by visual inspection of a Nilsson diagram, the energy behavior of collective vibrations can be predicted. This chapter also discusses the structure of collective vibrations and vibrations in deformed nuclei.Less
A microscopic approach to deriving the structure, energies and systematics of collective states from the shell model appears in two forms, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation and the random phase approximation (RPA). The reader who is at all versed in nuclear structure physics may have encountered calculations carried out in the RPA or references to such techniques. This chapter presents a simple derivation and discusses the basic ideas involved, and then illustrates the techniques with a particular calculation for rare earth nuclei. The end result is a set of predictions for comparison with experiment as well as a deeper understanding of the microscopic nature of many aspects of collective behavior. It allows predictions of the basic structure of particular collective states without detailed or complex calculations. Simply by visual inspection of a Nilsson diagram, the energy behavior of collective vibrations can be predicted. This chapter also discusses the structure of collective vibrations and vibrations in deformed nuclei.
