David Maskell
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151616
- eISBN:
- 9780191672774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151616.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his ...
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In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his plays. In his plays, he introduced a theatrical language that is active in both the visual and verbal effects. The main argument of this study is that Racine's theatrical language has a more important visual component than is usually conceded. He exploited visual language throughout his career by highlighting decorations, by investing in the exits and entrances of his actors, by emphasizing physical actions, by investing in costumes and stage properties, and by endowing his characters with the skills of an orator through teaching them the proper display of passion, facial expressions, gesture, and tone of voice. In addition, Racine created a link in the speech and action as well as powerful interaction between the speaker and the listener. Theatrics in the seventeenth century conformed to and were constricted by the bounds of genre definition, but Racine unleashed and exploited theatrical language.Less
In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his plays. In his plays, he introduced a theatrical language that is active in both the visual and verbal effects. The main argument of this study is that Racine's theatrical language has a more important visual component than is usually conceded. He exploited visual language throughout his career by highlighting decorations, by investing in the exits and entrances of his actors, by emphasizing physical actions, by investing in costumes and stage properties, and by endowing his characters with the skills of an orator through teaching them the proper display of passion, facial expressions, gesture, and tone of voice. In addition, Racine created a link in the speech and action as well as powerful interaction between the speaker and the listener. Theatrics in the seventeenth century conformed to and were constricted by the bounds of genre definition, but Racine unleashed and exploited theatrical language.
Ágnes Lukács, Peter Rebrus, and Miklós Törkenczy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the ...
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This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the systematic, phonotactically motivated defectiveness of the paradigms of some verbal stems. The aim of this section is to be as theoretically neutral and descriptive as possible to facilitate a good comparison with other types of defectiveness in other languages. The second section of the chapter discusses the results of the experiments which are conducted in order to determine the various aspects of the defectiveness in the verbal paradigm. Some of the aspects tested include: the gap locations such as the occurrence and variation of forms in other designated cells of the verbal paradigm, and the correlations between the occurrence of forms in some designated cells; and the gap properties such as the differences in the classification of some verb stems into various stem-classes, and the range of variation exhibited by the forms that native Hungarian speakers accept as fill-ins for the gaps that are present in the paradigms of the defective verbs.Less
This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the systematic, phonotactically motivated defectiveness of the paradigms of some verbal stems. The aim of this section is to be as theoretically neutral and descriptive as possible to facilitate a good comparison with other types of defectiveness in other languages. The second section of the chapter discusses the results of the experiments which are conducted in order to determine the various aspects of the defectiveness in the verbal paradigm. Some of the aspects tested include: the gap locations such as the occurrence and variation of forms in other designated cells of the verbal paradigm, and the correlations between the occurrence of forms in some designated cells; and the gap properties such as the differences in the classification of some verb stems into various stem-classes, and the range of variation exhibited by the forms that native Hungarian speakers accept as fill-ins for the gaps that are present in the paradigms of the defective verbs.
Elizabeth Minchin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280124
- eISBN:
- 9780191707070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280124.003.12
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the ...
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This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first area of discussion is memory and discourse: the stylized speech-formats and question and answer patterns that we observe in Homer have their origins in the pre-patterned forms of everyday speech. The second area of discussion is discourse and gender. Here the evidence is not uniform. There are areas of consistency and inconsistency in Homer's representation of men's and women's talk in the worlds he describes.Less
This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first area of discussion is memory and discourse: the stylized speech-formats and question and answer patterns that we observe in Homer have their origins in the pre-patterned forms of everyday speech. The second area of discussion is discourse and gender. Here the evidence is not uniform. There are areas of consistency and inconsistency in Homer's representation of men's and women's talk in the worlds he describes.
Marina Chumakina
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265253
- eISBN:
- 9780191760419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The Nakh-Daghestanian language Archi has several types of verbal constructions: periphrases, complex predicates, and phenomena very similar to serial verb constructions. This chapter investigates ...
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The Nakh-Daghestanian language Archi has several types of verbal constructions: periphrases, complex predicates, and phenomena very similar to serial verb constructions. This chapter investigates these constructions, using the approach of canonical typology; this allows different constructions to be ranked in terms of their proximity to the canonical centre. The analysis suggested is relevant for the general typology of multiword constructions, since it identifies tests for distinguishing them: for complex predicates the test will be their syntactic behaviour, for constructions close to serialization it is the fact that they are only available for a subset of verbs, while periphrasis is exhaustive. The chapter also has a descriptive purpose: published research on Archi does not describe all the available meanings for the periphrastic constructions nor their syntactic behaviour, and so an attempt is made to fill these gaps.Less
The Nakh-Daghestanian language Archi has several types of verbal constructions: periphrases, complex predicates, and phenomena very similar to serial verb constructions. This chapter investigates these constructions, using the approach of canonical typology; this allows different constructions to be ranked in terms of their proximity to the canonical centre. The analysis suggested is relevant for the general typology of multiword constructions, since it identifies tests for distinguishing them: for complex predicates the test will be their syntactic behaviour, for constructions close to serialization it is the fact that they are only available for a subset of verbs, while periphrasis is exhaustive. The chapter also has a descriptive purpose: published research on Archi does not describe all the available meanings for the periphrastic constructions nor their syntactic behaviour, and so an attempt is made to fill these gaps.
Nicholas Evans
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265253
- eISBN:
- 9780191760419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Periphrasis has a striking role in the Australian (non-Pama-Nyungan) language Dalabon, where it helps to maintain the paradigm structure, and at the same time reshapes the paradigm by adding new ...
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Periphrasis has a striking role in the Australian (non-Pama-Nyungan) language Dalabon, where it helps to maintain the paradigm structure, and at the same time reshapes the paradigm by adding new categories. The key area concerns divalent prefixal marking in verbs, which has been used as evidence in establishing genetic relatedness of non-Pama-Nyungan languages. In Dalabon, there is a set of prefixes to mark subject-object relations for singular objects. The non-singular objects, however, are coded by preverbal pronouns and this chapter demonstrates the true periphrastic nature of this construction. Dalabon is also viewed in the context of other languages of the family, and this allows us to establish the systemic functions of periphrasis, that of ensuring stability of divalent marking in the paradigm, and that of enlarging the paradigm. More generally, then, the Dalabon data provide new evidence of how morphological paradigms behave in the context of change and renewal.Less
Periphrasis has a striking role in the Australian (non-Pama-Nyungan) language Dalabon, where it helps to maintain the paradigm structure, and at the same time reshapes the paradigm by adding new categories. The key area concerns divalent prefixal marking in verbs, which has been used as evidence in establishing genetic relatedness of non-Pama-Nyungan languages. In Dalabon, there is a set of prefixes to mark subject-object relations for singular objects. The non-singular objects, however, are coded by preverbal pronouns and this chapter demonstrates the true periphrastic nature of this construction. Dalabon is also viewed in the context of other languages of the family, and this allows us to establish the systemic functions of periphrasis, that of ensuring stability of divalent marking in the paradigm, and that of enlarging the paradigm. More generally, then, the Dalabon data provide new evidence of how morphological paradigms behave in the context of change and renewal.
Gregory Stump
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265253
- eISBN:
- 9780191760419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Ancient Sanskrit had two tenses of particular interest: periphrastic perfect and periphrastic future. At first glance, they are rather similar: both realize a particular value of tense through a ...
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Ancient Sanskrit had two tenses of particular interest: periphrastic perfect and periphrastic future. At first glance, they are rather similar: both realize a particular value of tense through a combination of a lexical verb (devoid of personal agreement) and an agreeing auxiliary. There are, however, important differences which are revealed in this chapter: the periphrastic future is available for every verb, and can be distinguished from the synthetic future on semantic grounds, while the periphrastic perfect is available only for certain verbs, and these do not make up a semantically homogeneous group. A formal analysis is proposed, within Paradigm Function Morphology, for the two periphrastic tenses. It is demonstrated that a morphological rather than a purely syntactic account is preferable here. The verbs with a periphrastic perfect make up a conjugation class; on the other hand, the periphrastic future is formalized as a morphosyntactic property whose default realization is periphrastic.Less
Ancient Sanskrit had two tenses of particular interest: periphrastic perfect and periphrastic future. At first glance, they are rather similar: both realize a particular value of tense through a combination of a lexical verb (devoid of personal agreement) and an agreeing auxiliary. There are, however, important differences which are revealed in this chapter: the periphrastic future is available for every verb, and can be distinguished from the synthetic future on semantic grounds, while the periphrastic perfect is available only for certain verbs, and these do not make up a semantically homogeneous group. A formal analysis is proposed, within Paradigm Function Morphology, for the two periphrastic tenses. It is demonstrated that a morphological rather than a purely syntactic account is preferable here. The verbs with a periphrastic perfect make up a conjugation class; on the other hand, the periphrastic future is formalized as a morphosyntactic property whose default realization is periphrastic.
Gergana Popova and Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265253
- eISBN:
- 9780191760419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Bulgarian has several relevant verbal constructions, and this chapter concentrates on those where one instance of periphrasis is embedded within another. For example, the (periphrastic) future ...
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Bulgarian has several relevant verbal constructions, and this chapter concentrates on those where one instance of periphrasis is embedded within another. For example, the (periphrastic) future perfect has a periphrastic form of the verb ‘be’ as one component, giving a construction with embedded periphrasis. The formal account proposed for these nested constructions combines a realizational approach to morphology with a lexical non-transformational framework for syntax. While periphrasis constitutes part of the morphological paradigm, and the relatedness of different periphrastic constructions can be understood in terms of the cross-categorization of features, the syntactic structure of these constructions does not mirror the same nesting. To solve this mismatch, and to capture the nesting effect, a set of rules for Bulgarian periphrastic forms is proposed, involving realization rules which are a composition of two separate rules. The complexity of nested periphrases receives a formal account, shedding light on the syntax-morphology interface more generally.Less
Bulgarian has several relevant verbal constructions, and this chapter concentrates on those where one instance of periphrasis is embedded within another. For example, the (periphrastic) future perfect has a periphrastic form of the verb ‘be’ as one component, giving a construction with embedded periphrasis. The formal account proposed for these nested constructions combines a realizational approach to morphology with a lexical non-transformational framework for syntax. While periphrasis constitutes part of the morphological paradigm, and the relatedness of different periphrastic constructions can be understood in terms of the cross-categorization of features, the syntactic structure of these constructions does not mirror the same nesting. To solve this mismatch, and to capture the nesting effect, a set of rules for Bulgarian periphrastic forms is proposed, involving realization rules which are a composition of two separate rules. The complexity of nested periphrases receives a formal account, shedding light on the syntax-morphology interface more generally.
William Croft
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199248582
- eISBN:
- 9780191740657
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248582.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Chapter 10, “Envoi”, summarizes the book (NB: this is only a little over one page long!)
Chapter 10, “Envoi”, summarizes the book (NB: this is only a little over one page long!)
Heiko Narrog
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694372
- eISBN:
- 9780191742279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694372.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. It was the goal of this study to provide a new overall model for modal meanings and semantic change in the ...
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This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. It was the goal of this study to provide a new overall model for modal meanings and semantic change in the area of verbal categories in general. In a limited space, only a limited amount of topics and data could be discussed. Language change takes place within specific discourse and social contexts. The cross-linguistic approach of this study can only complement but not take the place of detailed corpus-based studies on specific forms and constructions in specific languages. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the framework espoused here is compatible with a wider range of language data than are previous models and hypotheses, and that it should be useful for the analysis of semantic change in modality and other verbal categories on a micro-level as well.Less
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. It was the goal of this study to provide a new overall model for modal meanings and semantic change in the area of verbal categories in general. In a limited space, only a limited amount of topics and data could be discussed. Language change takes place within specific discourse and social contexts. The cross-linguistic approach of this study can only complement but not take the place of detailed corpus-based studies on specific forms and constructions in specific languages. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the framework espoused here is compatible with a wider range of language data than are previous models and hypotheses, and that it should be useful for the analysis of semantic change in modality and other verbal categories on a micro-level as well.
Gilles Boyé and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns ...
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This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.Less
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.
Claude Hagège
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199575008
- eISBN:
- 9780191722578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575008.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter focuses on the specific features by which adpositions (Adps) distinguish themselves from other strategies used by languages to build syntactic relationships between units in the ...
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This chapter focuses on the specific features by which adpositions (Adps) distinguish themselves from other strategies used by languages to build syntactic relationships between units in the framework of sentences and clauses. It considers syntactic facts, some of which are the preferred, or even exclusive, domain, of Adps and Adp-phrases. The chapter successively examines Adp-phrases (i) as core and peripheral complements of verbal predicates; (ii) as complements of nominal heads; (iii) as serving the predicative function; and (iv) as scopes of certain operations, i.e., as heads with respect to certain dependent elements and as focus in sentences. Finally, it offers some examples of the syntactic diversity of Adp-phrases.Less
This chapter focuses on the specific features by which adpositions (Adps) distinguish themselves from other strategies used by languages to build syntactic relationships between units in the framework of sentences and clauses. It considers syntactic facts, some of which are the preferred, or even exclusive, domain, of Adps and Adp-phrases. The chapter successively examines Adp-phrases (i) as core and peripheral complements of verbal predicates; (ii) as complements of nominal heads; (iii) as serving the predicative function; and (iv) as scopes of certain operations, i.e., as heads with respect to certain dependent elements and as focus in sentences. Finally, it offers some examples of the syntactic diversity of Adp-phrases.
Jeff Good
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract ...
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This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.Less
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.
Jay H. Jasanoff
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199249053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719370
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an ...
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This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an Indo-European (IE) language had dramatic consequences for our conception of the IE parent language. For most of the 20th century, attention focused mainly on the peculiarities of Hittite phonology, especially the consonant h and its implications for the evolving laryngeal theory. Yet the morphological ‘disconnects’ between Hittite and the other early languages are more profound than the phonological differences. The Hittite verbal system lacks most of the familiar tense-aspect categories of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. On the other hand, it presents the novelty of the hi-conjugation, a purely formal conjugation class to which nearly half of all Hittite active verbs belong. Repeated attempts to explain the hi-conjugation on the basis of the classical model of the PIE verbal system have failed. This book takes the alternative view that the hi-conjugation — in the form here called the ‘h2e-conjugation’ — was an inherited category of the parent language. Separate chapters are devoted to showing how the individual classes of Hittite hi-verbs can be identified with well-known present and aorist types in the ‘classical’ IE languages and derived from preforms which, though grammatically active, inflected with the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings. In the course of the survey, many seemingly independent peculiarities of the PIE verbal system are systematically explained for the first time.Less
This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an Indo-European (IE) language had dramatic consequences for our conception of the IE parent language. For most of the 20th century, attention focused mainly on the peculiarities of Hittite phonology, especially the consonant h and its implications for the evolving laryngeal theory. Yet the morphological ‘disconnects’ between Hittite and the other early languages are more profound than the phonological differences. The Hittite verbal system lacks most of the familiar tense-aspect categories of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. On the other hand, it presents the novelty of the hi-conjugation, a purely formal conjugation class to which nearly half of all Hittite active verbs belong. Repeated attempts to explain the hi-conjugation on the basis of the classical model of the PIE verbal system have failed. This book takes the alternative view that the hi-conjugation — in the form here called the ‘h2e-conjugation’ — was an inherited category of the parent language. Separate chapters are devoted to showing how the individual classes of Hittite hi-verbs can be identified with well-known present and aorist types in the ‘classical’ IE languages and derived from preforms which, though grammatically active, inflected with the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings. In the course of the survey, many seemingly independent peculiarities of the PIE verbal system are systematically explained for the first time.
Gregory D. S. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280315
- eISBN:
- 9780191707186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280315.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
This chapter discusses the ‘doubled’ inflectional pattern. Unlike the previous two patterns of inflection where the auxiliary verb (AUX-headed) or the lexical verb (LEX-headed) serves as the ...
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This chapter discusses the ‘doubled’ inflectional pattern. Unlike the previous two patterns of inflection where the auxiliary verb (AUX-headed) or the lexical verb (LEX-headed) serves as the inflectional head, there are also a number of languages with AVCs where both the lexical verb and auxiliary verb serve as inflectional co-heads. With respect to the categories doubly marked in this doubled macro-pattern of inflection of auxiliary verb constructions, by far the most common doubled category is subject, occurring in around 80% of the examples. Doubled tense/aspect marking or fully doubly inflected forms (all TAM and referent categories, etc.) are much less common cross-linguistically speaking, but nevertheless occur in a range of unrelated languages. Although AVCs of the doubled pattern show a co-head relation between the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb inflectionally speaking, the auxiliary verb, as in the other patterns, is often the structural head, with the lexical verb bearing some overt index of dependency. On rare occasions, it is instead the auxiliary that is dependent-marked in doubled inflectional forms. The Doubled inflectional pattern of AVCs frequently arises from an original core serialized verb construction.Less
This chapter discusses the ‘doubled’ inflectional pattern. Unlike the previous two patterns of inflection where the auxiliary verb (AUX-headed) or the lexical verb (LEX-headed) serves as the inflectional head, there are also a number of languages with AVCs where both the lexical verb and auxiliary verb serve as inflectional co-heads. With respect to the categories doubly marked in this doubled macro-pattern of inflection of auxiliary verb constructions, by far the most common doubled category is subject, occurring in around 80% of the examples. Doubled tense/aspect marking or fully doubly inflected forms (all TAM and referent categories, etc.) are much less common cross-linguistically speaking, but nevertheless occur in a range of unrelated languages. Although AVCs of the doubled pattern show a co-head relation between the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb inflectionally speaking, the auxiliary verb, as in the other patterns, is often the structural head, with the lexical verb bearing some overt index of dependency. On rare occasions, it is instead the auxiliary that is dependent-marked in doubled inflectional forms. The Doubled inflectional pattern of AVCs frequently arises from an original core serialized verb construction.
Gregory D. S. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280315
- eISBN:
- 9780191707186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280315.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
This chapter discusses the historical syntax, morphosyntax, and semantics of the developments of auxiliary verb constructions. It begins with an overview of the original structures that gave rise to ...
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This chapter discusses the historical syntax, morphosyntax, and semantics of the developments of auxiliary verb constructions. It begins with an overview of the original structures that gave rise to the patterns themselves, specifically the constructions that give rise to the various inflectional subtypes of auxiliary verb constructions from the perspective of their diachronic relation to serial verb constructions, verb plus clausal complement structures, and clause-chaining formations. Thus, the five inflectional macro-patterns of auxiliary verb constructions attested across the languages of the world are to be explained by their diverse heterogeneous constructional source pool. The particular configurations of combinations of source verbs of differing valence and morphosyntactic properties yield the diverse set of functional constructions attested. This chapter also discusses in brief the historical semantic processes of grammaticalization reflected in the development of auxiliary verb constructions, classifying different typical paths of lexical to functional semantic specialization. It is shown that the semantic-pragmatic paths of development of the specific sub-types of lexical classes of predicates into indexes of functional categories follow particular and relatively straightforward shifts and specializations with respect to individual classes of auxiliaries in the process of their grammaticalization.Less
This chapter discusses the historical syntax, morphosyntax, and semantics of the developments of auxiliary verb constructions. It begins with an overview of the original structures that gave rise to the patterns themselves, specifically the constructions that give rise to the various inflectional subtypes of auxiliary verb constructions from the perspective of their diachronic relation to serial verb constructions, verb plus clausal complement structures, and clause-chaining formations. Thus, the five inflectional macro-patterns of auxiliary verb constructions attested across the languages of the world are to be explained by their diverse heterogeneous constructional source pool. The particular configurations of combinations of source verbs of differing valence and morphosyntactic properties yield the diverse set of functional constructions attested. This chapter also discusses in brief the historical semantic processes of grammaticalization reflected in the development of auxiliary verb constructions, classifying different typical paths of lexical to functional semantic specialization. It is shown that the semantic-pragmatic paths of development of the specific sub-types of lexical classes of predicates into indexes of functional categories follow particular and relatively straightforward shifts and specializations with respect to individual classes of auxiliaries in the process of their grammaticalization.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The Stoic advocacy of freedom from emotion (apatheia) is opposed to Aristotle's of moderate emotion (metriopatheia), which was the majority preference, although Plato has shifting emphases. Some saw ...
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The Stoic advocacy of freedom from emotion (apatheia) is opposed to Aristotle's of moderate emotion (metriopatheia), which was the majority preference, although Plato has shifting emphases. Some saw the two states as ideals for different people or (Plotinus) for different stages of progress. Freedom from emotion is associated with Anaxagoras, the Socratics and Cynics. Pyrrhonians claimed to free themselves from emotion but not from unpleasant sensation. Philodemus' ‘natural anger’ is not so far from Stoic freedom from anger, but the substantive dispute was wrongly called merely verbal. This was part of an attempt not to take opponents seriously, which also often misunderstood the idea of first movements, good emotions (eupatheiai), or selection of indifferents as if these let in emotion, and tendentious paraphrases of the idea of emotion as perturbation or disease were exploited to make the dispute seem verbal.Less
The Stoic advocacy of freedom from emotion (apatheia) is opposed to Aristotle's of moderate emotion (metriopatheia), which was the majority preference, although Plato has shifting emphases. Some saw the two states as ideals for different people or (Plotinus) for different stages of progress. Freedom from emotion is associated with Anaxagoras, the Socratics and Cynics. Pyrrhonians claimed to free themselves from emotion but not from unpleasant sensation. Philodemus' ‘natural anger’ is not so far from Stoic freedom from anger, but the substantive dispute was wrongly called merely verbal. This was part of an attempt not to take opponents seriously, which also often misunderstood the idea of first movements, good emotions (eupatheiai), or selection of indifferents as if these let in emotion, and tendentious paraphrases of the idea of emotion as perturbation or disease were exploited to make the dispute seem verbal.
Robert A. Levine, Sarah E. Levine, Beatrice Schnell-Anzola, Meredith L. Rowe, and Emily Dexter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195309829
- eISBN:
- 9780199932733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309829.003.0051
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter examines evidence from Mexico, Venezuela and Nepal indicating that experience in Western-type schools influences’ women’s maternal behavior in a pedagogical direction, involving verbal ...
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This chapter examines evidence from Mexico, Venezuela and Nepal indicating that experience in Western-type schools influences’ women’s maternal behavior in a pedagogical direction, involving verbal responsiveness to and verbal engagement with preschool children and the tutoring of school-aged children. The studies differed in method and developmental focus but all found signs not only of the pedagogical trend but also of literacy as a mediator of school experience on maternal behavior. In Mexico and Nepal there was also evidence that mothers’ schooling positively influenced children’s competence in early literacy tasks such as vocabulary and word recognition. The findings indicate that the schooling of women is re-shaping the communicative experience of children in many parts of the world, preparing them for participation in Western-type schools, though without eliminating cultural variations in pedagogy and other parental practices.Less
This chapter examines evidence from Mexico, Venezuela and Nepal indicating that experience in Western-type schools influences’ women’s maternal behavior in a pedagogical direction, involving verbal responsiveness to and verbal engagement with preschool children and the tutoring of school-aged children. The studies differed in method and developmental focus but all found signs not only of the pedagogical trend but also of literacy as a mediator of school experience on maternal behavior. In Mexico and Nepal there was also evidence that mothers’ schooling positively influenced children’s competence in early literacy tasks such as vocabulary and word recognition. The findings indicate that the schooling of women is re-shaping the communicative experience of children in many parts of the world, preparing them for participation in Western-type schools, though without eliminating cultural variations in pedagogy and other parental practices.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
D. B. was instructed to reach for circular visual stimuli projected at various eccentricities onto a perimeter screen, usually along the horizontal meridian. A range of sizes and contrasts were ...
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D. B. was instructed to reach for circular visual stimuli projected at various eccentricities onto a perimeter screen, usually along the horizontal meridian. A range of sizes and contrasts were studied and his performance was excellent. Eye movements were ruled out by using ocular recordings and performance was maintained even with durations (67 ms), too short to allow a saccade to reach the stimulus. Flooding of the surround field ruled out a possible stray light artifact and a ‘monkey hemi-spherical perimeter’ was used as verbal location response rather than reaching. He always denied seeing anything, but said with very salient stimuli he felt ‘something stood out from the screen and he felt he could push them back’.Less
D. B. was instructed to reach for circular visual stimuli projected at various eccentricities onto a perimeter screen, usually along the horizontal meridian. A range of sizes and contrasts were studied and his performance was excellent. Eye movements were ruled out by using ocular recordings and performance was maintained even with durations (67 ms), too short to allow a saccade to reach the stimulus. Flooding of the surround field ruled out a possible stray light artifact and a ‘monkey hemi-spherical perimeter’ was used as verbal location response rather than reaching. He always denied seeing anything, but said with very salient stimuli he felt ‘something stood out from the screen and he felt he could push them back’.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
D. B. was asked to discriminate between the presence or absence of a visual stimulus projected briefly onto the perimeter screen or by a stimulus displayed on a screen by a tachistoscopic projector. ...
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D. B. was asked to discriminate between the presence or absence of a visual stimulus projected briefly onto the perimeter screen or by a stimulus displayed on a screen by a tachistoscopic projector. A range of contrasts sizes meridia and eccentricities were studied and compared with his intact hemifield. Sensitivity decreased markedly with increased eccentricity in the blind field for some meridia whereas for some meridia the opposite gradient was found, probably reflecting the density of the visual deficit. With high contrast stimuli, D. B. remarked that he felt that something was ‘coming out from the screen’, but over a large range of conditions in which he performed excellently he said he had no experience and was ‘just guessing’.Less
D. B. was asked to discriminate between the presence or absence of a visual stimulus projected briefly onto the perimeter screen or by a stimulus displayed on a screen by a tachistoscopic projector. A range of contrasts sizes meridia and eccentricities were studied and compared with his intact hemifield. Sensitivity decreased markedly with increased eccentricity in the blind field for some meridia whereas for some meridia the opposite gradient was found, probably reflecting the density of the visual deficit. With high contrast stimuli, D. B. remarked that he felt that something was ‘coming out from the screen’, but over a large range of conditions in which he performed excellently he said he had no experience and was ‘just guessing’.
Jay H. Jasonoff
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199249053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This final chapter reviews the ‘new look’ of the PIE verbal system in the light of the h2e-conjugation theory. In most respects, the new look is no different from the old since all the familiar IE ...
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This final chapter reviews the ‘new look’ of the PIE verbal system in the light of the h2e-conjugation theory. In most respects, the new look is no different from the old since all the familiar IE categories of person-number, tense-aspect, and voice are retained in the revised system. The only innovation is at the formal level: a certain number of present and aorist actives that traditionally would have been set up with the active endings *-m(i), *-s(i), etc. are said here to have taken the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings *-h h2e, *-t h2e, etc. While it is interesting to speculate on how this state of affairs could have arisen, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that the origin of the h2e-conjugation, which lends itself to educated guesswork, is a separate matter from the fact of the h2e-conjugation, which is guaranteed by the comparative method.Less
This final chapter reviews the ‘new look’ of the PIE verbal system in the light of the h2e-conjugation theory. In most respects, the new look is no different from the old since all the familiar IE categories of person-number, tense-aspect, and voice are retained in the revised system. The only innovation is at the formal level: a certain number of present and aorist actives that traditionally would have been set up with the active endings *-m(i), *-s(i), etc. are said here to have taken the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings *-h h2e, *-t h2e, etc. While it is interesting to speculate on how this state of affairs could have arisen, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that the origin of the h2e-conjugation, which lends itself to educated guesswork, is a separate matter from the fact of the h2e-conjugation, which is guaranteed by the comparative method.
