Search Results

Gender, power, and non-verbal communication

Marianne Schmid Mast, Christina Klöckner, and Judith A Hall

in Handbook of Communication in Oncology and Palliative Care

Both non-verbal communication and gender play an important role in the clinical encounter. They not only affect the impact of the diagnosis, but also patient outcomes such as satisfaction and ... More

Both non-verbal communication and gender play an important role in the clinical encounter. They not only affect the impact of the diagnosis, but also patient outcomes such as satisfaction and appointment-keeping. Dominance or power asymmetries in the providerȓpatient interaction have been assumed to affect the relationship, but have rarely been studied. This chapter gives an overview of the empirical findings pertaining to non-verbal communication, gender, and power within the patient-clinician interaction; shows how gender, non-verbal communication, and power are intertwined; and offers guidance about communication skills training to help physicians and improve outcomes for cancer patients.Less

Social Mechanisms

Paul Thagard

in Mind-Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions

Social mechanisms are systems of parts whose connections enable them to interact in ways that produce regular changes. In the social world, the main parts are individual people, but parts can also be ... More

Social mechanisms are systems of parts whose connections enable them to interact in ways that produce regular changes. In the social world, the main parts are individual people, but parts can also be groups formed out of those individuals. The interactions between individuals and groups are primarily verbal and nonverbal communication but can also include purely physical acts such as fighting and the inferences that people make about each other. There are many kinds of verbal communication using speaking and writing, and even more kinds of nonverbal communication by seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and moving. Interactions between people can occur in pairs or in larger groups where communication links multiple people. Semantic pointers suggest a novel way of understanding communication that accommodates both verbal and nonverbal processes.Less

Introduction

Elizabeth Minchin

in Homeric Voices: Discourse, Memory, Gender

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the fluent, coherent, and complete nature of character-speech in Homer. It then introduces the means by which this discourse will be ... More

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the fluent, coherent, and complete nature of character-speech in Homer. It then introduces the means by which this discourse will be examined: discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive psychology (which provides a framework for studying ‘scripted’ routines, both behavioural scripts and, as argued here, verbal scripts), and sociolinguistics (especially on the question of language and gender). Finally, there is some discussion of non-verbal signals, to which verbal communication often responds, and on which it is very often dependent.Less

Alignment in language and music

John N. Williams

in Language and Music as Cognitive Systems

This chapter also analyses comments made in Chapter 16. It considers the similarities and differences between Bharucha, Curtis, and Paroo's notion of alignment in music and the notion of alignment in ... More

This chapter also analyses comments made in Chapter 16. It considers the similarities and differences between Bharucha, Curtis, and Paroo's notion of alignment in music and the notion of alignment in verbal communication that has been recently developed within psycholinguistics. Psycholinguistic research sheds light on underlying mechanisms of alignment that may also be applicable to music, at least in some contexts. It also suggests methodologies that could be adapted to empirically investigate musical alignment. It begins by sketching out a psycholinguistic approach to communication and alignment.Less

Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric Patients

Heiner Ellgring

in What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

This chapter addresses the question as to how depression as a homogeneous affective state correlates with changes in behavior of the nonverbal repertoire and investigates the notion of a dissociation ... More

This chapter addresses the question as to how depression as a homogeneous affective state correlates with changes in behavior of the nonverbal repertoire and investigates the notion of a dissociation of coordinated behavior as a characteristic of psychoses. Evidence was found for a tendency of the nonverbal behavior to dissociate from verbal communication in psychoses. The individual specificity of behavioral changes found in depressed patients points to an inconsistency with regard to the universality of expressive behavior.Less

The role of the mirror system in embodied communication

Natalie Sebanz and Günther Knoblich

in Embodied Communication in Humans and Machines

This chapter reviews current evidence on mirroring in an attempt to identify what the mirror system can and cannot do for embodied communication. It asks what mirroring does and does not buy us, ... More

This chapter reviews current evidence on mirroring in an attempt to identify what the mirror system can and cannot do for embodied communication. It asks what mirroring does and does not buy us, discussing its role in understanding and predicting others' behaviour, and in creating emotional bonds with others. More sophisticated social interactions that involve imitation, joint attention, joint action, mind reading, or verbal communication require additional cognitive mechanisms. This chapter specifies how different cognitive functions could control and interact with mirroring in order to enable these social skills.Less

Transmitting the Voices of Maghrebi Women through Feature Films: From Verbal to Non-Verbal Forms of Communication

Leslie Kealhofer-Kemp

in Muslim Women in French Cinema: Voices of Maghrebi Migrants in France

This chapter analyzes how the experiences of Maghrebi migrant women in France are conveyed through feature films and considers the extent to which these films encourage spectators to come to a better ... More

This chapter analyzes how the experiences of Maghrebi migrant women in France are conveyed through feature films and considers the extent to which these films encourage spectators to come to a better understanding of the women’s experiences and appreciate their respective points of view. It analyzes a wide range of techniques used in the films, from those that could be considered the most ‘verbal’ in the traditional sense of the word (such as interior monologue voiceover and verbal exchanges) to those that are entirely non-verbal (including body language and non-verbal sounds). While the spoken words of first-generation women have the potential to provide significant insight into the women’s experiences, this is not always the case, nor do a woman’s words necessarily invite spectators to identify with her point of view. Words also have the potential to be misunderstood or not understood at all – for example, when there is a language barrier – and this can inhibit communication. Non-verbal tools can provide an effective channel through which the women’s voices can be communicated, regardless of differences in age, language, or culture between the characters and the implied spectators. Works examined include films by Yamina Benguigui, Mehdi Charef, and Bourlem Guerdjou.Less

Communicating with gestures

in Apraxia: The Cognitive side of motor control

The hypothesis that patients with aphasia suffer from general “asymbolia” that equally affects verbal and non-verbal expression predicts that communicative gestures deteriorate in parallel with ... More

The hypothesis that patients with aphasia suffer from general “asymbolia” that equally affects verbal and non-verbal expression predicts that communicative gestures deteriorate in parallel with aphasia, but empirical evidence suggests that gesture and speech can dissociate and that communalities are due rather to their interaction than to their common fundament. In patients with highly reduced verbal output, the diversity and comprehensibility of gestures produced in attempts to retell short video-clips correlates with scores on pantomime of tool use as well as with a test of semantic matching. Arguably the basic difficulty for production of speech replacing gestures concerns the selection and combination of significant features out of the multitude of properties associated with objects and actions.Less

His Story; Her Story: Sexual Miscommunication, Motivated Remembering, and Intoxication as Pathways to Honest False Testimony Regarding Sexual Consent

J. Guillermo Villalobos, Deborah Davis, and Richard A. Leo

in Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse

This chapter aims to provide a general review of factors that can lead to honest false testimony by either party in cases involving disputed sexual consent. First, it reviews the ambiguous nature of ... More

This chapter aims to provide a general review of factors that can lead to honest false testimony by either party in cases involving disputed sexual consent. First, it reviews the ambiguous nature of sexual communication—that is, communication that often takes place indirectly, in ways that allow for multiple interpretations of meaning (via hints, non-verbal communication, and lack of resistance vs explicit consent). Second, it discusses the vagaries of remembering consent interactions. Given the ambiguity of initial consent interactions and the context in which they are recalled, memory can be distorted such that each party honestly remembers the interaction differently. Third, it considers the implications of intoxication during disputed sexual encounters. Collectively, these factors pave the way for misinterpretation, miscommunication, and false ‘gist’ (or fully fabricated) memories of consent interactions—a state of affairs that can lead both parties to report honest, but completely different, accounts of the events.Less

Teachers Leading and Learning

Jody L. Kerchner

in Music Across the Senses: Listening, Learning, and Making Meaning

The chapter examines those factors that influence, either directly or indirectly, student learning in music classrooms and rehearsal spaces. Specifically,the notion of “teacher as empathetic leader” ... More

The chapter examines those factors that influence, either directly or indirectly, student learning in music classrooms and rehearsal spaces. Specifically,the notion of “teacher as empathetic leader” prompts readers to identify and reflect on teacher attitudes and behaviors that can motivate and facilitate the teaching of music listening and those that hinder or prohibit hands-on, active, and creative music listening and learning experiences. The chapter offerssuggestions foreffective verbal and nonverbal communications between teacher and students, and examines presentational styles, teacher/student role(s), feedback, questioning tactics, teacher observations, and teacher leadership styles. Undergirding the philosophy and pedagogyarethe theories of constructivism and discovery learning. Suggestions for student-centered music listening experiences are presented.Less

Logic and language in causal explanation

Denis J. Hilton

in Causal Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Debate

This chapter considers the causal explanation as a conversational practice, and draws on the account of verbal communication in terms of a ‘co-operative principle’ and of ‘maxims of conversation’. It ... More

This chapter considers the causal explanation as a conversational practice, and draws on the account of verbal communication in terms of a ‘co-operative principle’ and of ‘maxims of conversation’. It also presents a conversational model of the causal explanation which highlights the interpersonal dimension of explaining.Less

Interpersonal Communication

Sue Sully

in Nursing OSCEs: A Complete Guide to Exam Success

Nursing is an interpersonal profession (Ellis and Whittington 1981) which is to say that the majority of the goals of the profession are met through the quality and nature of relationships the ... More

Nursing is an interpersonal profession (Ellis and Whittington 1981) which is to say that the majority of the goals of the profession are met through the quality and nature of relationships the nurse is able to form. Effective interpersonal communication which underpins the therapeutic relationship is a complex set of skills which require the nurse to understand the context and purpose of the interactions, in addition to being aware of their own agendas and factors which might form a barrier to effective working relationships. Historically, interpersonal communication was implicit within nursing care and by the 1980s writers such as Morrison and Burnard (1991) and Porritt (1990) had identified and explored the nature of the therapeutic relationship and interpersonal skills within nursing care. Now authors such as Stein-Parbury (2009), Burnard and Gill (2008), Maben and Griffiths (2008), Freshwater (2005) and Greenhalgh and Heath (2005) have studied and written about this area in great depth. Both the Department of Health (DOH) (2010) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) have identified the centrality of patient-led care and the nurses’ ability to develop effective working relationships that enhance dignity and treat the person with compassion and care. A therapeutic relationship is significantly different from relationships that are formed socially amongst colleagues and friends. In order to establish a relationship which is helpful it is necessary to be aware of the assumptions, expectations and feelings you carry into each new professional relationship. Without this awareness there is a real danger that your own ‘noise’ will make it difficult for you to be present and experience the other person as they are. In order to understand the emotional needs and concerns of the person it is necessary for you to try to understand the world of the person that you are caring for—from that person’s own perspective. The nearer you can come to this the more effective will be the relationship, and the assessed needs of the patient will be more accurate and relevant. Learning about interpersonal communication within the context of nursing and the therapeutic relationship means that you will have the opportunity to develop your skills and adapt them for the purpose of caring for others. Less

Listening in Psychoanalysis: The Importance of Not Understanding

Otto F. Kernberg

in Contemporary Controversies in Psychoanalytic Theory, Techniques, and Their Applications

This chapter now turns to psychoanalytic listening, its aims, its issues, and its problems. The chapter contains two cases that can help illustrate the problem in psychoanalytic listening, and even ... More

This chapter now turns to psychoanalytic listening, its aims, its issues, and its problems. The chapter contains two cases that can help illustrate the problem in psychoanalytic listening, and even presents a theoretical approach that one can use. It identifies the different sources of information that requires the attention of the psychoanalyst, which involve verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and countertransference.Less

Small ensembles in rehearsal

Jane Ginsborg

in Musicians in the Making: Pathways to Creative Performance

Research on music performance as creative practice includes the study of rehearsal and preparation for performance. This chapter investigates creativity as demonstrated both by the individual members ... More

Research on music performance as creative practice includes the study of rehearsal and preparation for performance. This chapter investigates creativity as demonstrated both by the individual members of small groups of two to five musicians rehearsing western classical (i.e. notated) music, and between the members of each group. Rehearsal activities—what actually happens when people play and/or sing together—depend on numerous factors, including the group’s goals not only for rehearsal but also for performance, the size of the group, the genre of the music, the performers’ expertise as individual and ensemble musicians, and the length of time available for rehearsal. Long-established groups may prepare for performances by drawing on years of experience, but there are also many examples of ‘instant’, temporary groups or partnerships that have much more limited rehearsal time. Creativity in rehearsal is discussed particularly in the context of research with singer–pianist duos of differing levels of expertise and familiarity, exploring their use of verbal and nonverbal communication and musical behaviours in single rehearsals and series of rehearsals, and with three ensembles made up of student musicians who produced practice diaries.Less

Insight: Ensemble music in the making: a matter of shared leadership

Margaret Faultless

in Musicians in the Making: Pathways to Creative Performance

Margaret Faultless considers the influences on her career as a professional performer of musical encounters and discussions with colleagues, including both verbal and nonverbal communication on and ... More

Margaret Faultless considers the influences on her career as a professional performer of musical encounters and discussions with colleagues, including both verbal and nonverbal communication on and off the platform. Noting that the latter can be expressed through body language, in small and large musical ensembles alike, she observes that for her ‘the most sophisticated communication in such contexts takes place through the music itself’.Less

The spectator

Jonathan Cole and Henrietta Spalding

in The Invisible Smile: Living without facial expression

This chapter looks at James, a man now in his sixties, whose Möbius has been a constant influence, despite its presence being hidden from him for many years. He only found out his diagnosis about ten ... More

This chapter looks at James, a man now in his sixties, whose Möbius has been a constant influence, despite its presence being hidden from him for many years. He only found out his diagnosis about ten years previously. James was late going to school and yet ten years later had won a place at Cambridge University. Despite these considerable achievements, he relates a somewhat similar experience to Celia in that he has spent much of his time in a life of the mind. Now he is exploring how the further he is in his body, the closer he is to the world and to others.Less

. Learning the Basics: Experiential Learning

Kenneth Schweitzer

in The Artistry of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming: Aesthetics, Transmission, Bonding, and Creativity

This chapter examines several aspects of batá pedagogy, focusing on the role of non-lexical verbal communication, the spatial relationships among the performers, and the micro- and macrostructures of ... More

This chapter examines several aspects of batá pedagogy, focusing on the role of non-lexical verbal communication, the spatial relationships among the performers, and the micro- and macrostructures of the musical system. First, it examines the relationship between the okónkolo and the iyá, and draws on the associations between the okónkolo and mythology of the orisha Eleguá. The chapter then examines the macrostructure of the musical system, comparing the order in which toques are invariably played during the oro igbodú to the mythological stories of the warriors Eleguá, Ogún, and Ochosi. It is shown that many of the skills developed on the okónkolo are vital to learning the itótele. After these are examined, the chapter discusses the role of spatial relationships between the performers and the microstructure of the musical system simultaneously to illustrate the communication between the iyá and the itótele.Less

Ethnicity and Beyond: Theories and Dilemmas of Jewish Group Demarcation

Ewa Morawska

in Ethnicity and Beyond: Theories and Dilemmas of Jewish Group Demarcation

This chapter presents a number of essays which look at the issue of the ethnicity of Jewish people. The first essay compares the historical experiences of Jewish communities in different countries ... More

This chapter presents a number of essays which look at the issue of the ethnicity of Jewish people. The first essay compares the historical experiences of Jewish communities in different countries and different periods. The second one examines the divisive role of ethnicity among the Jewish people in the 1920s through analysis of the case of Russian-born writer Moissaye Olgin's step towards communism. The third looks at the analytic value of ethnicity focusing on intermarriage, group blending and ethnic group strength in immigrant Jewish societies in the U.S. The next describes verbal communication of American Jews based on the result of a 2008 sociolinguistic survey. The following essay examines the relationship between identity and ethnicity as phenomena and concepts, focusing on the experiences of Jews in the U.S. Another examines a plural dimensional aspect of ethnic research on Jews. The seventh essay examines the usefulness of the ethnicity concept in studying Jews. The last one presents research concerning Jewish ethnicity and the application of the concept of ethnicity in the study of the Jewish experience.Less

Performance of the Speech Recognizer and Parser

Ronnie W. Smith and D. Richard Hipp

in Spoken Natural Language Dialog Systems: A Practical Approach

This book has presented a computational model for integrated dialog processing. The primary contributions of this research follow. • A mechanism (the Missing Axiom Theory) for integrating ... More

This book has presented a computational model for integrated dialog processing. The primary contributions of this research follow. • A mechanism (the Missing Axiom Theory) for integrating subtheories that each address an independently studied subproblem of dialog processing (i.e. interactive task processing, the role of language, user modeling, and exploiting dialog expectation for contextual interpretation and plan recognition). • A computational theory for variable initiative behavior that enables a system to vary its responses at any given moment according to its level of initiative. • Detailed experimental results from the usage of a spoken natural language dialog system that illustrate the viability of the theory and identify behavioral differences of users as a function of their experience and initiative level. This chapter provides a concluding critique, which identifies areas of ongoing work and offers some advice for readers interested in developing their own spoken natural language dialog systems. This section describes important issues we did not successfully address in this research because either (1) we studied the problem but do not as yet have a satisfactory answer; or (2) it was not necessary to investigate the problem for the current system. Regardless of the reason, incorporating solutions to these problems is needed to strengthen the overall model. In section 4.7.3 we have already discussed the difficulties in determining when and how to change the level of initiative during a dialog as well as the problems in maintaining coherence when such a change occurs. Ongoing work in this area is being conducted by Guinn [Gui93]. His model for setting the initiative is based on the idea of “evaluating which participant is better capable of directing the solution of a goal by an examination of the user models of the two participants.” He provides a formula for estimating the competence of a dialog participant based on a probabilistic model of the participant’s knowledge about the domain. Using this formula, Guinn has conducted extensive experimental simulations testing four different methods of selecting initiative. Less