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The Monastic Diet

Miranda Threlfall-Holmes

in Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460-1520

Food was the largest single category of expenditure for Durham Cathedral Priory. This chapter analyses what was purchased under this heading. There are sections on the provisioning infrastructure of ... More

Food was the largest single category of expenditure for Durham Cathedral Priory. This chapter analyses what was purchased under this heading. There are sections on the provisioning infrastructure of the priory, and on the purchasing and consumption of each of the major constituents of the priory's diet: grains, meat, fish, wine, spices, fats, dairy produce, and vegetables. Under such headings the types or varieties of each commodity purchased by the priory are looked at, the priory's consumption is estimated, and comparisons are drawn with the standards of living at other great medieval households, notably with that of Westminster Abbey. Seasonal variations and the impact of the religious calendar on diet are also discussed.Less

Capital, Saving and Credit among Indigenous Rice Farmers and Immigrant Vegetable Farmers in Hong Kong’s New Territories: ([1964] 2007)*

Marjorie Topley

Jean DeBernardi (ed.)

in Cantonese Society in Hong Kong and Singapore: Gender, Religion, Medicine and Money

This chapter focuses on master farmers growing rice or vegetables as principal crops. Specialization in vegetable-growing is largely the concern of immigrants, while indigenous farmers, that is ... More

This chapter focuses on master farmers growing rice or vegetables as principal crops. Specialization in vegetable-growing is largely the concern of immigrants, while indigenous farmers, that is people whose ancestors settled in the area generations ago, still specialize mainly in rice production. Rice was formerly the traditional crop of the New Territories, but has declined in importance in the last decade, giving way to market gardening. Increased vegetable production has been carried out mainly on former paddy land. The encouragement to change in farming patterns has been provided by the growth of urban areas since the war, and has been almost entirely due to efforts of immigrants from the vegetable-specializing areas of Kwangtung [Guangdong] province. The first large influx of these farmers was about 1937 when the Japanese invaded South China. Since the establishment of the present regime in China, their numbers have increased considerably.Less

Middlemen in a Peasant Community: Vegetable Marketing in Indonesia

Yujiro Hayami and Toshihiko Kawagoe

in Communities and Markets in Economic Development

This chapter discusses how peasant entrepreneurs develop their trade by taking advantage of the village community relationships, based on a field study of vegetable marketing in Indonesia. It covers ... More

This chapter discusses how peasant entrepreneurs develop their trade by taking advantage of the village community relationships, based on a field study of vegetable marketing in Indonesia. It covers commercial vegetable production in an upland village, the organization of vegetable marketing, interregional trade of vegetables, and the impact of economic development on peasant entrepreneurs.Less

The Affection for the Work

John A. Stempien and John Linstrom (eds)

in The Liberty Hyde Bailey Gardener's Companion: Essential Writings

The garden-sentiment (referred to here as an "affection") is not just about growing seasonal fruiting plants, but also about the "good quality that one gets directly from fresh vegetables or merit" ... More

The garden-sentiment (referred to here as an "affection") is not just about growing seasonal fruiting plants, but also about the "good quality that one gets directly from fresh vegetables or merit" as opposed to commercial produce.Less

The Growing of the Vegetable Plants

John A. Stempien and John Linstrom (eds)

in The Liberty Hyde Bailey Gardener's Companion: Essential Writings

Bailey provides illustrations and specific suggestions for arrangement of the vegetable kitchen garden in this chapter.

Evaluating the Success of Cuban Urban Agriculture

Sinan Koont

in Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba

One obviously important outcome of urban agriculture is the production and distribution of foodstuffs to the population. By far the most successful subprogram of urban agriculture is in the ... More

One obviously important outcome of urban agriculture is the production and distribution of foodstuffs to the population. By far the most successful subprogram of urban agriculture is in the production of fresh vegetables, with rapid growth in output throughout the island. Other subprograms, although all active, continue to be less developed. The distribution to the population takes place through direct sales at thousands of points-of-sale and the MALs, self-provisioning, and the MAEs. Social consumption of urban agricultural output takes place at workplaces, hospitals, and educational institutions. Urban agriculture plays a significant role in improving Cuban diets, but has not led to food sovereignty. Other significant outcomes of urban agriculture include employment generation, environmental benefits, and community building.Less

Complementary Therapies

Edzard Ernst

in Psychosocial Issues in Palliative Care

This chapter examines the integration of complementary therapies in palliative care. It explains that there is encouraging evidence suggesting that several therapies that might be considered as ... More

This chapter examines the integration of complementary therapies in palliative care. It explains that there is encouraging evidence suggesting that several therapies that might be considered as complementary might decrease cancer risks such as the regular intake of allium vegetables and consumption of tomato products. It reviews evidence for and against integrating complementary therapies in cancer palliation and discusses two symptoms that are of particular importance to palliative and supportive care.Less

The Western Chinese City

M. A. Aldrich

in The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages

This chapter tours the Western Chinese City. It begins by walking south of the Zheng Yang Gate towards the commercial and entertainment district of Old Peking called the Great Bamboo Fence. The House ... More

This chapter tours the Western Chinese City. It begins by walking south of the Zheng Yang Gate towards the commercial and entertainment district of Old Peking called the Great Bamboo Fence. The House of the Six Obligations, located near the intersection of Big Bamboo Street and Grain and Rice Street, started its existence as a shop set up in 1530 by six merchants from Shan Xi province. Around the Vegetable Market are a number of historic sites. There is a Chinese Muslim legend that shows how Chinese culture absorbed Islam. The Peking Museum of Traditional Architecture is housed in the Hall of Jupiter, which was first constructed in 1532 and renovated in 1754. By ascending the marble terrace, one may first past through the Hall of Propriety and enter into a vast enclosed courtyard similar to those in the Forbidden City. To the north is the Hall of Jupiter, now housing exhibits on traditional Chinese construction techniques.Less

Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

Paul Brennan, Lorelei Mucci, and Hans-Olov Adami

in Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology

Many important risk factors for oral cancer have been elucidated. Tobacco in its many forms is perhaps the most important risk factor, both because of its strong relationship with the disease and ... More

Many important risk factors for oral cancer have been elucidated. Tobacco in its many forms is perhaps the most important risk factor, both because of its strong relationship with the disease and because of its high prevalence around the world. Alcohol use alone may elevate the risk of oral cancer, although its predominant effect comes from interaction with tobacco. The epidemiologic evidence supporting an increased risk for HPV type 16 is also unequivocal. A protective association with consumption of fruits and vegetables has been consistently shown, although it is difficult to make an interpretation due to the potential for confounding and bias. Finally, there appears to be a role for common genetic polymorphisms that by themselves may not substantially impact the disease risk, but that in concert with environmental exposures may lead to development of oral cancer. The majority of oral cancers that occur globally are attributed to causes that are for the most part modifiable.Less

Stomach Cancer

Olof Nyrén and Hans-Olov Adami

in Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology

Stomach cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. Considerable knowledge about potentially causal factors has been gathered during the past few decades. Helicobacter pylori, the strongest ... More

Stomach cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. Considerable knowledge about potentially causal factors has been gathered during the past few decades. Helicobacter pylori, the strongest and most important risk factor, is likely to become the first target in future prevention strategies. A deeper understanding of effect-modifying factors or circumstances in the microorganism, in the host, and/or in the environment may help us to design precisely targeted interventions. Dietary factors, particularly the intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, are likely to be important, albeit perhaps somewhat overrated in older case-control data. New insights in bacterial and human genetics may enable us to focus even more precisely on the relevant high-risk groups. They may also allow selective prevention of infections predestined to trigger the carcinogenic process. To achieve these goals, epidemiologists, gastroenterologists, pathologists, tumor biologists, microbiologists, geneticists, and biochemists need to join forces in a coordinated effort.Less

Pancreatic Cancer

Anders Ekbom and Dimitrios Trichopoulos

in Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer of the pancreas is slightly more common among men than women. Survival rarely exceeds six months. Trends in pancreatic cancer incidence in developed countries are slightly declining. The ... More

Cancer of the pancreas is slightly more common among men than women. Survival rarely exceeds six months. Trends in pancreatic cancer incidence in developed countries are slightly declining. The disease shows evidence of a familial occurrence. Tobacco smoking is the only established exogenous cause of the disease; smoking cessation is quickly followed by a reduction in risk. Consumption of fruits and vegetables is inversely associated. Alcohol, either consumed in moderate amounts or abused, does not substantially affect risk, although pancreatitis, frequently linked to excessive alcohol intake, has been found to slightly increase the risk of the disease. Among occupational factors the evidence is relatively strong only for chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents frequently used in dry cleaning. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus and perhaps pernicious anemia may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, possibly through the action of gastrointestinal hormones or insulin. Several reports indicate that allergies may be inversely related to the risk of pancreatic cancer.Less

Urinary Bladder Cancer

Manolis Kogevinas, Montserrat Garcia-Closas, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos

in Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology

Bladder cancer is common among men but less frequent in women. Transitional cell carcinoma is the major histologic type in industrialized countries, while squamous cell carcinoma is a common ... More

Bladder cancer is common among men but less frequent in women. Transitional cell carcinoma is the major histologic type in industrialized countries, while squamous cell carcinoma is a common histologic form in developing countries with a high prevalence of S. haematobium. Tobacco is by far the main cause of bladder cancer responsible for about one-third to two-thirds of all bladder cancers in different parts of the world. Occupational exposure, particularly to aromatic amines and possibly to PAHs, may play a substantial role in perhaps 10% of bladder cancers. Persons with the slow NAT2 genotype and GSTM1 null genotype are at increased risk. Fresh fruits and vegetables and higher total fluid intake may be protective factors in this cancer. Heavy coffee consumption is possibly associated with a modest excess risk, but the evidence is inconclusive. There is clear evidence that artificial sweeteners are not associated with an excess risk.Less

Lunch with Miss Lewis

Deborah Madison

in Edna Lewis: At the Table with an American Original

Deborah Madison, food author and chef specializing in vegetarian cuisine, recalls her first and only encounter with “Miss Lewis” at a lunch with shared friends in Georgia. She pens her regrets of not ... More

Deborah Madison, food author and chef specializing in vegetarian cuisine, recalls her first and only encounter with “Miss Lewis” at a lunch with shared friends in Georgia. She pens her regrets of not pursuing a closer relationship with the woman, but shares the memory in vivid detail.Less

Physical Sketch of Egypt.

Jason Thompson

in Description of Egypt: Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia

This chapter gives a general description of Egypt and the Nile. It talks about the length and breadth of the valley of Egypt and of the plain of Lower Egypt. It gives a detailed account of the ... More

This chapter gives a general description of Egypt and the Nile. It talks about the length and breadth of the valley of Egypt and of the plain of Lower Egypt. It gives a detailed account of the cultivable land and the extent of the land cultivated at present. It further remarks upon the Nile, the climate of Egypt, and Egyptian agriculture. It describes the machines used for the purpose of irrigating the land; and the manner of irrigating. Furthermore, the amazing fertility of Egypt appears from the account of its principal vegetable productions. To complete this sketch of the natural history of Egypt, a few words are also added respecting the principal domestic and wild animals. Finally, this chapter concludes with a physical and agricultural calendar of Egypt.Less

Market Spaces: Merchants Battle the Economic Narratives of Development Experts

Diane Singerman

in Cairo Contested: Governance, Urban Space, and Global Modernity

This chapter investigates the Egyptian government's decision to relocate the wholesale fruit and vegetable market from Rod al-Farag to a “modern”, gleaming, new market seven times bigger and located ... More

This chapter investigates the Egyptian government's decision to relocate the wholesale fruit and vegetable market from Rod al-Farag to a “modern”, gleaming, new market seven times bigger and located more than twenty kilometers away, near Cairo's international airport. It is not only explains the neoliberal logic that was behind the market's ultimately violent closure, but it also reveals in stark detail the failure of neo-classical models to understand the workings of the Rod al-Farag market. It is very instructive for its appreciation of the social construction of knowledge and the ways in which abstract categories such as “the market” or the “the free market” are deployed to legitimize and implement neoliberal policies. In the summer and autumn of 1994, Cairo experienced tremendous price hikes for fruit and vegetables. Isolated changes in marketing infrastructure are hardly enough to dissolve existing power relations in real markets.Less

The Oldest Cuisine in the World

Jean Bottéro

in Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia

This chapter discusses the existence of the oldest cuisine in the world. There remains Mesopotamia. It establishes an impressive inventory of the goods that formed the ancient Mesopotamians' everyday ... More

This chapter discusses the existence of the oldest cuisine in the world. There remains Mesopotamia. It establishes an impressive inventory of the goods that formed the ancient Mesopotamians' everyday fare: cereals, various vegetables, fruit. All these indigenous ingredients were so varied that the Mesopotamians never imported from abroad, so to speak, in spite of the intensity and geographical extent of their trade even before the third millennium. Archaeologists have unearthed many remains of a very abundant range of kitchen utensils, with the names of several containers and culinary utensils of all kinds. These are all data which enable one, a priori to some extent, to assume that very diversified techniques and almost infinite combinations of treatments for preparing food were used in that ancient country: in short, an authentic ‘cuisine’.Less

1880–1881 Patience

Michael Ainger

in Gilbert and Sullivan: A Dual Biography

As a cult, aestheticism achieved notoriety through Oscar Wilde at Oxford in the late 1870s. In 1878, Wilde had attended a fancy dress ball wearing plum-red breeches and silk stockings, and at one ... More

As a cult, aestheticism achieved notoriety through Oscar Wilde at Oxford in the late 1870s. In 1878, Wilde had attended a fancy dress ball wearing plum-red breeches and silk stockings, and at one time had filled his rooms at Oxford with lilies. He was the subject of a series of cartoons by George Du Maurier in Punch, and was the most notorious example of the new fad of aestheticism, which carried its own vocabulary. It was clear to William Gilbert that he could give his audience more to laugh at by satirizing Wilde and the aesthetes than ever he could from ridiculing two clergymen. Adapting the plot and the lyrics he had already written, changing the character of Patience from the village schoolmistress to the village milkmaid, Gilbert then embarked on the rest of the lyrics for his aesthetic theme, extending the aesthetic passion for flowers to the vegetable kingdom in general.Less

In Vitro Meat

Jonathon Keats

in Virtual Words: Language from the Edge of Science and Technology

According to the eminent seventeenth-century botanist John Parkinson, one of the plants that grew in the Garden of Eden was the vegetable lamb. Also known ... More

According to the eminent seventeenth-century botanist John Parkinson, one of the plants that grew in the Garden of Eden was the vegetable lamb. Also known as the borametz, this creature resembled a young sheep in every important respect, except that it grew from a seed planted in the ground. Reports of it date back at least as far as Herodotus, and the fourteenth-century explorer John Mandeville claimed, in his notoriously unreliable Voyages and Travel , to have tasted one “although it were wonderful.” Only in the 1800s was the legend debunked, largely on the initiative of the British naturalist Henry Lee. (He convincingly speculated that borametz rumors began with the spread of the cotton plant, which to an untutored eye looked as woolly as a sheep.) Yet the dream of cultivating meat off the hoof, of growing muscle without the animal, was not so easily dismissed. In his 1931 book, Fifty Years Hence , no less a figure than Winston Churchill anticipated a time when “we shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken in order to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium.” He didn’t live to see it happen. Half a century passed and vegetable meat remained as elusive as the Garden of Eden. But the technologies necessary for cultivation were evolving, quietly developing as researchers studied subjects as far afield as organ transplants and stem cells. Gradually a few laboratories, some of them funded to develop tastier astronaut cuisine for NASA, began growing potentially edible animal tissues in a bioreactor. Then everything changed again in 2008, when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) announced a prize of $1 million to the first person to produce “an in vitro chicken-meat product that has a taste and texture indistinguishable from real chicken flesh to non-meat-eaters and meat-eaters alike.” Almost overnight in vitro meat, or at least the idea of it, was headline news: The ancient dream, newly named, went prime time. Less

July

Jules Pretty

in The East Country: Almanac Tales of Valley and Shore

This chapter details the east country in July, looking at a nuclear power station in Sizewell. Once a fishing village and a remote smugglers' spot, Sizewell has been known for fifty years for the ... More

This chapter details the east country in July, looking at a nuclear power station in Sizewell. Once a fishing village and a remote smugglers' spot, Sizewell has been known for fifty years for the hint of nuclear fear. The chapter then turns to the farmlets of Albion. In the Second World War, allotments were vital for the Dig for Victory campaign, swelling in number to two million. The ministry printed pamphlets on growing the exotic potato, the carrot and onion, and encouraged the formation of pig clubs. Vegetable rows appeared on bomb plot, front garden, village green, rail line side strip, and airfield. Postwar they fell away. Today, some 300,000 plots remain. The chapter also recounts a heat wave, when the poppy died and some roads were cheaply repaired patch by plastered patch.Less