Jerome L. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280575
- eISBN:
- 9780191603501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280576.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter answers the following technical questions: In a stochastic environment, where the return on capital and the interest rate are stochastic, what is an optimal (1) long-term debt, (2) ...
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This chapter answers the following technical questions: In a stochastic environment, where the return on capital and the interest rate are stochastic, what is an optimal (1) long-term debt, (2) expected current account, (3) consumption, and (4) expected growth rate. The mathematical techniques necessary to answer these questions, concerning intertemporal optimization in continuous time over an infinite horizon, involve dynamic programming. A mean-variance interpretation is given for the dynamic programming solution.Less
This chapter answers the following technical questions: In a stochastic environment, where the return on capital and the interest rate are stochastic, what is an optimal (1) long-term debt, (2) expected current account, (3) consumption, and (4) expected growth rate. The mathematical techniques necessary to answer these questions, concerning intertemporal optimization in continuous time over an infinite horizon, involve dynamic programming. A mean-variance interpretation is given for the dynamic programming solution.
Graham Priest
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199263288
- eISBN:
- 9780191603631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263280.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter argues that logic is a theory, and can be revised as any other scientific theory. The comparison with geometry is helpful in this regard. It also discusses Quine’s views on the matter, ...
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This chapter argues that logic is a theory, and can be revised as any other scientific theory. The comparison with geometry is helpful in this regard. It also discusses Quine’s views on the matter, particularly the claim that any changing of logic is a changing of subject.Less
This chapter argues that logic is a theory, and can be revised as any other scientific theory. The comparison with geometry is helpful in this regard. It also discusses Quine’s views on the matter, particularly the claim that any changing of logic is a changing of subject.
Raymond L. Chambers and Robert G. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566625
- eISBN:
- 9780191738449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566625.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the ...
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Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the population are incorrect, as is typically the case. Here balanced sampling is of no avail, and alternative, more robust, methods of prediction variance must be used. This chapter focuses on development of these methods for the case where the working population model is the ratio model, as well as when a general linear predictor is used and the working model has quite general first and second order moments. The case of a clustered population with unknown within cluster heteroskedasticity is also discussed and the ultimate cluster variance estimator derived.Less
Robust estimation of the prediction variance discusses the issues that arise when model misspecification is second order. That is, when the second order moments of the working model for the population are incorrect, as is typically the case. Here balanced sampling is of no avail, and alternative, more robust, methods of prediction variance must be used. This chapter focuses on development of these methods for the case where the working population model is the ratio model, as well as when a general linear predictor is used and the working model has quite general first and second order moments. The case of a clustered population with unknown within cluster heteroskedasticity is also discussed and the ultimate cluster variance estimator derived.
Ray Chambers and Robert Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566625
- eISBN:
- 9780191738449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566625.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This book is an introduction to the model-based approach to survey sampling. It consists of three parts, with Part I focusing on estimation of population totals. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce survey ...
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This book is an introduction to the model-based approach to survey sampling. It consists of three parts, with Part I focusing on estimation of population totals. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce survey sampling, and the model-based approach, respectively. Chapter 3 considers the simplest possible model, the homogenous population model, which is then extended to stratified populations in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses simple linear regression models for populations, and Chapter 6 considers clustered populations. The general linear population model is then used to integrate these results in Chapter 7. Part II of this book considers the properties of estimators based on incorrectly specified models. Chapter 8 develops robust sample designs that lead to unbiased predictors under model misspecification, and shows how flexible modelling methods like non-parametric regression can be used in survey sampling. Chapter 9 extends this development to misspecfication robust prediction variance estimators and Chapter 10 completes Part II of the book with an exploration of outlier robust sample survey estimation. Chapters 11 to 17 constitute Part III of the book and show how model-based methods can be used in a variety of problem areas of modern survey sampling. They cover (in order) prediction of non-linear population quantities, sub-sampling approaches to prediction variance estimation, design and estimation for multipurpose surveys, prediction for domains, small area estimation, efficient prediction of population distribution functions and the use of transformations in survey inference. The book is designed to be accessible to undergraduate and graduate level students with a good grounding in statistics and applied survey statisticians seeking an introduction to model-based survey design and estimation.Less
This book is an introduction to the model-based approach to survey sampling. It consists of three parts, with Part I focusing on estimation of population totals. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce survey sampling, and the model-based approach, respectively. Chapter 3 considers the simplest possible model, the homogenous population model, which is then extended to stratified populations in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses simple linear regression models for populations, and Chapter 6 considers clustered populations. The general linear population model is then used to integrate these results in Chapter 7. Part II of this book considers the properties of estimators based on incorrectly specified models. Chapter 8 develops robust sample designs that lead to unbiased predictors under model misspecification, and shows how flexible modelling methods like non-parametric regression can be used in survey sampling. Chapter 9 extends this development to misspecfication robust prediction variance estimators and Chapter 10 completes Part II of the book with an exploration of outlier robust sample survey estimation. Chapters 11 to 17 constitute Part III of the book and show how model-based methods can be used in a variety of problem areas of modern survey sampling. They cover (in order) prediction of non-linear population quantities, sub-sampling approaches to prediction variance estimation, design and estimation for multipurpose surveys, prediction for domains, small area estimation, efficient prediction of population distribution functions and the use of transformations in survey inference. The book is designed to be accessible to undergraduate and graduate level students with a good grounding in statistics and applied survey statisticians seeking an introduction to model-based survey design and estimation.
Ann Langley and Haridimos Tsoukas
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This ...
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Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This opening chapter of the first volume introduces the foundations of and inspiration for process organization studies, exploring its connections to process rather than substance metaphysics, to process rather than variance theorizing, and to narrative rather than logico‐paradigmatic thinking. The chapter argues for the importance of a process perspective not only to enrich organizational theorizing, but also to contribute to organizational practice through a conception of individual and organizational action that fully recognizes context, flux, and temporality. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the choices and challenges underlying the adoption of a process perspective in empirical research, and situates the book series as a privileged outlet for rigorous scholarship that explicitly advances understanding of how the organizational world we experience is dynamically constituted, maintained, and changed.Less
Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This opening chapter of the first volume introduces the foundations of and inspiration for process organization studies, exploring its connections to process rather than substance metaphysics, to process rather than variance theorizing, and to narrative rather than logico‐paradigmatic thinking. The chapter argues for the importance of a process perspective not only to enrich organizational theorizing, but also to contribute to organizational practice through a conception of individual and organizational action that fully recognizes context, flux, and temporality. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the choices and challenges underlying the adoption of a process perspective in empirical research, and situates the book series as a privileged outlet for rigorous scholarship that explicitly advances understanding of how the organizational world we experience is dynamically constituted, maintained, and changed.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way ...
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Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way that they can be tested and a level of ‘significance’ set for the outcome. This chapter presents a brief review of the most frequently used statistical tests that are available, including a discussion of parametric and non-parametric tests. The presentation of results and writing the project report or paper is an important part of any project.Less
Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way that they can be tested and a level of ‘significance’ set for the outcome. This chapter presents a brief review of the most frequently used statistical tests that are available, including a discussion of parametric and non-parametric tests. The presentation of results and writing the project report or paper is an important part of any project.
Amie L. Thomasson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195319910
- eISBN:
- 9780199869602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319910.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter investigates what is involved in asking general ontological questions such as: “what exists?” and “how many things are there?” It is argued that well-formed existence and counting ...
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This chapter investigates what is involved in asking general ontological questions such as: “what exists?” and “how many things are there?” It is argued that well-formed existence and counting questions are “specific” existence questions that specify a certain category or sort of entity enquired about. Purely “generic” existence and counting questions (asking about “anything whatsoever”, where “thing” is not used sortally) are ill-formed unanswerable questions. This gives us reason to think that quantificational claims likewise presuppose certain categories of entity quantified over. It also suggests that many of the questions driving ontological debates are based on pseudo-questions, and does so without subscribing to anti-realism or quantifier variance. The chapter closes by considering whether we can revive a form of universal quantification by way of a “covering” use of “thing” that generalizes over a range of category-specific terms.Less
This chapter investigates what is involved in asking general ontological questions such as: “what exists?” and “how many things are there?” It is argued that well-formed existence and counting questions are “specific” existence questions that specify a certain category or sort of entity enquired about. Purely “generic” existence and counting questions (asking about “anything whatsoever”, where “thing” is not used sortally) are ill-formed unanswerable questions. This gives us reason to think that quantificational claims likewise presuppose certain categories of entity quantified over. It also suggests that many of the questions driving ontological debates are based on pseudo-questions, and does so without subscribing to anti-realism or quantifier variance. The chapter closes by considering whether we can revive a form of universal quantification by way of a “covering” use of “thing” that generalizes over a range of category-specific terms.
Ivan Soltesz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177015
- eISBN:
- 9780199864713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177015.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and ...
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This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and memory (i.e., they may have behaviorally significant effects even at the whole organism level). Alterations in the expression levels of genes in cortical tissues that are expressed in interneurons and at GABAergic synapses indicate that these complex processes may contribute to age-dependent changes in cell-to-cell variance within interneuronal populations.Less
This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and memory (i.e., they may have behaviorally significant effects even at the whole organism level). Alterations in the expression levels of genes in cortical tissues that are expressed in interneurons and at GABAergic synapses indicate that these complex processes may contribute to age-dependent changes in cell-to-cell variance within interneuronal populations.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set ...
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This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set of gambles is constant, Ss' choices among those gambles have commonly been interpreted to reflect probability and variance preferences. Experiment I showed that earlier probability preference findings are replicable in a quite different (casino) setting with substantial stakes. However, the effect of variance was more related to the range of variance offered to Ss than to absolute levels of variance. Experiment II extended this latter result, producing systematic changes in choice tendencies by manipulating the embedding range of variance within which choices were made. The implication is that the desirability of a gamble is not solely dependent upon the characteristics of that gamble alone.Less
This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set of gambles is constant, Ss' choices among those gambles have commonly been interpreted to reflect probability and variance preferences. Experiment I showed that earlier probability preference findings are replicable in a quite different (casino) setting with substantial stakes. However, the effect of variance was more related to the range of variance offered to Ss than to absolute levels of variance. Experiment II extended this latter result, producing systematic changes in choice tendencies by manipulating the embedding range of variance within which choices were made. The implication is that the desirability of a gamble is not solely dependent upon the characteristics of that gamble alone.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter gives a survey of the basic concepts of estimating functions, which are used in subsequent chapters. The concept of unbiasedness for estimating functions is introduced as a ...
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This chapter gives a survey of the basic concepts of estimating functions, which are used in subsequent chapters. The concept of unbiasedness for estimating functions is introduced as a generalization of the concept of an unbiased estimator. Godambe efficiency, also known as the Godambe optimality criterion, is introduced by generalizing the concept of minimum variance unbiased estimation. Within the class of estimating functions which are unbiased and information unbiased, the score function is characterized as the estimating function with maximal Godambe efficiency. Extensions to the multiparameter case are given, and the connection to the Riesz representation theorem is described briefly. This chapter also discusses a number of examples from semiparametric models, martingale estimating functions for stochastic processes, empirical characteristic function methods and quadrat sampling; the estimating equations in some of these examples have possibly more than one solution.Less
This chapter gives a survey of the basic concepts of estimating functions, which are used in subsequent chapters. The concept of unbiasedness for estimating functions is introduced as a generalization of the concept of an unbiased estimator. Godambe efficiency, also known as the Godambe optimality criterion, is introduced by generalizing the concept of minimum variance unbiased estimation. Within the class of estimating functions which are unbiased and information unbiased, the score function is characterized as the estimating function with maximal Godambe efficiency. Extensions to the multiparameter case are given, and the connection to the Riesz representation theorem is described briefly. This chapter also discusses a number of examples from semiparametric models, martingale estimating functions for stochastic processes, empirical characteristic function methods and quadrat sampling; the estimating equations in some of these examples have possibly more than one solution.
J. C. Gower and G. B. Dijksterhuis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198510581
- eISBN:
- 9780191708961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198510581.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter continues the discussion of the multi-set problem, presenting several forms of analysis of variance which have only a rudimentary form for the two sets Procrustes problem but which give ...
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This chapter continues the discussion of the multi-set problem, presenting several forms of analysis of variance which have only a rudimentary form for the two sets Procrustes problem but which give more detailed information with K sets. The terms in this analysis of variance help with interpretation and throw more light on the possible choices of criteria suitable for fitting Procrustes models by least squares.Less
This chapter continues the discussion of the multi-set problem, presenting several forms of analysis of variance which have only a rudimentary form for the two sets Procrustes problem but which give more detailed information with K sets. The terms in this analysis of variance help with interpretation and throw more light on the possible choices of criteria suitable for fitting Procrustes models by least squares.
Andrea Rotnitzky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566540
- eISBN:
- 9780191718038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566540.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter reviews some key elements of semiparametric theory and the contributions of semiparametric inference to the challenge posed by high-dimensional data, for which the specification of ...
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This chapter reviews some key elements of semiparametric theory and the contributions of semiparametric inference to the challenge posed by high-dimensional data, for which the specification of realistic parametric models for the mechanism generating the data may be difficult, if not impossible. The usefulness of semiparametric modeling is illustrated by a number of examples. A non-technical account of the formulation of the semiparametric variance bound and ways of calculating it are described. Consequences are set out for estimations that result from the curse of dimensionality. The possibilities for approaching inference are discussed when estimation of irregular parameters is inevitable; some unresolved questions are raised.Less
This chapter reviews some key elements of semiparametric theory and the contributions of semiparametric inference to the challenge posed by high-dimensional data, for which the specification of realistic parametric models for the mechanism generating the data may be difficult, if not impossible. The usefulness of semiparametric modeling is illustrated by a number of examples. A non-technical account of the formulation of the semiparametric variance bound and ways of calculating it are described. Consequences are set out for estimations that result from the curse of dimensionality. The possibilities for approaching inference are discussed when estimation of irregular parameters is inevitable; some unresolved questions are raised.
A. Hald
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198509721
- eISBN:
- 9780191709197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509721.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter presents a reprint of Hald (1981), containing a detailed discussion of Thiele's contributions to statistics and a brief summary of some of his contributions to other areas. Topics ...
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This chapter presents a reprint of Hald (1981), containing a detailed discussion of Thiele's contributions to statistics and a brief summary of some of his contributions to other areas. Topics covered include skew distributions, cumulants, estimation methods and k statistics, the linear model with normally distributed errors, analysis of variance, and a time series model combining Brownian motion and the linear model with normally distributed errors. Thiele's work is placed in a historical perspective and explained in modern terms.Less
This chapter presents a reprint of Hald (1981), containing a detailed discussion of Thiele's contributions to statistics and a brief summary of some of his contributions to other areas. Topics covered include skew distributions, cumulants, estimation methods and k statistics, the linear model with normally distributed errors, analysis of variance, and a time series model combining Brownian motion and the linear model with normally distributed errors. Thiele's work is placed in a historical perspective and explained in modern terms.
Perri Six
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263334
- eISBN:
- 9780191734564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263334.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This ...
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In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This chapter offers some hypotheses that determine the differences in the style of governments in some countries in terms of their coordination and integration or ‘joining-up’ styles. In this chapter, particular attention is directed on the difficult relationship relating to cross-national trends in horizontal coordination and integration within the client level and privacy concerns. The chapter also offers a short discussion on the ways in which horizontal relationships might be arranged between regulators with different responsibilities within the same jurisdiction for different aspects of work in the same organizations. Before offering a better explanation of the differences in the styles of coordination and integration between countries, the chapter considers some explanations derived from literatures on the subject of ‘joined-up’ government that accept or reject rationales that support or fail to explain the geographical variance of joining-up. After taking a look at some prevailing explanations on the varying styles of coordination and integration, the chapter presents the neo-Durkheimian institutionalist explanation which is non-circular and which provides a more detailed account of the geographical and historical differences of ‘joined-up’ government. The chapter concludes with some provisional conclusions on the politics of administrative coordination and the politics of ‘joined-up’ government.Less
In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This chapter offers some hypotheses that determine the differences in the style of governments in some countries in terms of their coordination and integration or ‘joining-up’ styles. In this chapter, particular attention is directed on the difficult relationship relating to cross-national trends in horizontal coordination and integration within the client level and privacy concerns. The chapter also offers a short discussion on the ways in which horizontal relationships might be arranged between regulators with different responsibilities within the same jurisdiction for different aspects of work in the same organizations. Before offering a better explanation of the differences in the styles of coordination and integration between countries, the chapter considers some explanations derived from literatures on the subject of ‘joined-up’ government that accept or reject rationales that support or fail to explain the geographical variance of joining-up. After taking a look at some prevailing explanations on the varying styles of coordination and integration, the chapter presents the neo-Durkheimian institutionalist explanation which is non-circular and which provides a more detailed account of the geographical and historical differences of ‘joined-up’ government. The chapter concludes with some provisional conclusions on the politics of administrative coordination and the politics of ‘joined-up’ government.
Stephen M. Shuster
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral ...
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A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.Less
A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.
Donald Laming
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523420
- eISBN:
- 9780191712425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523420.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Suppose that the comparison of one stimulus with its predecessor is little better than ordinal, admitting at most five categories of judgment — five, because the accuracy of absolute identification ...
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Suppose that the comparison of one stimulus with its predecessor is little better than ordinal, admitting at most five categories of judgment — five, because the accuracy of absolute identification of stimulus magnitudes on a single continuum may be equivalent to as many as five categories without error. This chapter introduces a model for ‘absolute’ judgment that is then used to account for certain quantitative results in sensory judgment — the variability of absolute identifications, the variance and correlation of log magnitude estimates, and the structure of cross-modal matching. The applicability of this model means that there is no absolute judgment of stimulus magnitude, nor of differences in magnitude, nor ratios. Sensory judgment is no better than ordinal; this precludes the identification of any scale of sensation distinct from the physical scale of stimulus magnitude.Less
Suppose that the comparison of one stimulus with its predecessor is little better than ordinal, admitting at most five categories of judgment — five, because the accuracy of absolute identification of stimulus magnitudes on a single continuum may be equivalent to as many as five categories without error. This chapter introduces a model for ‘absolute’ judgment that is then used to account for certain quantitative results in sensory judgment — the variability of absolute identifications, the variance and correlation of log magnitude estimates, and the structure of cross-modal matching. The applicability of this model means that there is no absolute judgment of stimulus magnitude, nor of differences in magnitude, nor ratios. Sensory judgment is no better than ordinal; this precludes the identification of any scale of sensation distinct from the physical scale of stimulus magnitude.
Stanley Baiman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283361
- eISBN:
- 9780191712623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283361.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Contract theory has become the dominant analytical research paradigm in managerial accounting over the last two decades, informing the managerial accounting literature both directly and indirectly. ...
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Contract theory has become the dominant analytical research paradigm in managerial accounting over the last two decades, informing the managerial accounting literature both directly and indirectly. In the former case, formal contract theory modelling of managerial accounting issues has provided important insights into the design and role of managerial accounting systems. In the latter case, many of the hypotheses tested in recent behavioural and empirical research in managerial accounting have been derived from informal reasoning based on contract theory. Thus, any recipient of recent and future managerial accounting research would benefit from understanding contract theory. This chapter seeks to provide that understanding. It begins with a non-technical explanation of the contract theory model and a demonstration of how two types of incentive problem are formulated within that framework. It then discusses three managerial accounting issues to which formal contract theory analysis has been applied.Less
Contract theory has become the dominant analytical research paradigm in managerial accounting over the last two decades, informing the managerial accounting literature both directly and indirectly. In the former case, formal contract theory modelling of managerial accounting issues has provided important insights into the design and role of managerial accounting systems. In the latter case, many of the hypotheses tested in recent behavioural and empirical research in managerial accounting have been derived from informal reasoning based on contract theory. Thus, any recipient of recent and future managerial accounting research would benefit from understanding contract theory. This chapter seeks to provide that understanding. It begins with a non-technical explanation of the contract theory model and a demonstration of how two types of incentive problem are formulated within that framework. It then discusses three managerial accounting issues to which formal contract theory analysis has been applied.
Pedro Rosas and Felix A. Wichmann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on ...
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This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on cue combination is an area in the cognitive neurosciences where quantitative models and predictions are the norm rather than the exception—and this is certainly a development that this book welcomes wholeheartedly. What they view critically, however, is the strong emphasis on so-called optimal cue combination. Optimal in the context of human cue combination typically refers to the minimum-variance unbiased estimator for multiple sources of information, corresponding to maximum-likelihood estimation when the probability distribution of the estimates based on each cue are Gaussian, independent, and the prior of the observer is uniform (noninformative). The central aim of this chapter is to spell out worries regarding both the term optimality as well as against the use of the minimum-variance unbiased estimator as the statistical tool to go from the reliability of a cue to its weight in robust weak fusion.Less
This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on cue combination is an area in the cognitive neurosciences where quantitative models and predictions are the norm rather than the exception—and this is certainly a development that this book welcomes wholeheartedly. What they view critically, however, is the strong emphasis on so-called optimal cue combination. Optimal in the context of human cue combination typically refers to the minimum-variance unbiased estimator for multiple sources of information, corresponding to maximum-likelihood estimation when the probability distribution of the estimates based on each cue are Gaussian, independent, and the prior of the observer is uniform (noninformative). The central aim of this chapter is to spell out worries regarding both the term optimality as well as against the use of the minimum-variance unbiased estimator as the statistical tool to go from the reliability of a cue to its weight in robust weak fusion.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0025
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter introduces Langevin- and Fokker-Planck equations by way of a heuristic approach to the physics of Brownian particles. Variances of physical quantities are defined and related to ...
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This chapter introduces Langevin- and Fokker-Planck equations by way of a heuristic approach to the physics of Brownian particles. Variances of physical quantities are defined and related to cumulants. General properties of stochastic processes are described, with special emphasis on Markov processes and the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. From the latter, Fokker-Planck equations are derived by the Kramers-Moyal expansion and connections with Langevin equations are established. The meaning of additive and multiplicative noise is clarified. Mathematical problems implied by the latter are studied for a one-dimensional system. Ito's and Stratonivich's suggestions of how to handle stochastic differential equations are presented. The concept of the mean first passage time is elucidated and basic formulas for its evaluation are derived. A short excursion is devoted to the Master equation and to detailed balance. Microscopic approaches to transport problems are reviewed. The perturbative Nakajima-Zwanzig equation is derived and compared with equations used in quantum optics.Less
This chapter introduces Langevin- and Fokker-Planck equations by way of a heuristic approach to the physics of Brownian particles. Variances of physical quantities are defined and related to cumulants. General properties of stochastic processes are described, with special emphasis on Markov processes and the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. From the latter, Fokker-Planck equations are derived by the Kramers-Moyal expansion and connections with Langevin equations are established. The meaning of additive and multiplicative noise is clarified. Mathematical problems implied by the latter are studied for a one-dimensional system. Ito's and Stratonivich's suggestions of how to handle stochastic differential equations are presented. The concept of the mean first passage time is elucidated and basic formulas for its evaluation are derived. A short excursion is devoted to the Master equation and to detailed balance. Microscopic approaches to transport problems are reviewed. The perturbative Nakajima-Zwanzig equation is derived and compared with equations used in quantum optics.
Donna Harrington
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195339888
- eISBN:
- 9780199863662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339888.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter focuses on using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the appropriateness of CFA models across different groups and populations. Multiple-group CFA involves ...
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This chapter focuses on using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the appropriateness of CFA models across different groups and populations. Multiple-group CFA involves simultaneous CFAs in two or more groups, using separate variance-covariance matrices (or raw data) for each group. Measurement invariance is be tested by placing equality constraints on parameters in the groups. Two examples of multiple-group CFA from the social work literature are discussed, and then a detailed multiple-group CFA building on the Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) example presented in the previous chapter is presented. This is one of the more complex uses of CFA, and this chapter briefly introduces this topic; other resources are provided at the end of the chapter for more information.Less
This chapter focuses on using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the appropriateness of CFA models across different groups and populations. Multiple-group CFA involves simultaneous CFAs in two or more groups, using separate variance-covariance matrices (or raw data) for each group. Measurement invariance is be tested by placing equality constraints on parameters in the groups. Two examples of multiple-group CFA from the social work literature are discussed, and then a detailed multiple-group CFA building on the Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) example presented in the previous chapter is presented. This is one of the more complex uses of CFA, and this chapter briefly introduces this topic; other resources are provided at the end of the chapter for more information.
