Henry Laycock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199281718
- eISBN:
- 9780191603594
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199281718.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The book seeks to resolve the so-called ‘problem of mass nouns’ — a problem which cannot be resolved on the basis of a conventional system of logic. It is not, for instance, possible to explicate ...
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The book seeks to resolve the so-called ‘problem of mass nouns’ — a problem which cannot be resolved on the basis of a conventional system of logic. It is not, for instance, possible to explicate assertions of the existence of air, oil, or water through the use of quantifiers and variables which take objectual values. The difficulty is attributable to the semantically distinctive status of non-count nouns — nouns which, although not plural, are nonetheless akin to plural nouns in being semantically non-singular. Such are the semantics of a non-singular noun, that there can be no such single thing or object as the thing of which the noun is true. However, standard approaches to understanding non-singular nouns tend to be reductive, construing them as singular expressions — expressions which, in the case of non-count nouns, are true of ‘parcels’ or ‘quantities’ of stuff, and in the case of plural nouns, are true of ‘plural entities’ or ‘sets’. It is argued that both approaches are equally misguided, that there are no distinctive objects in the extensions of non-singular nouns. With plural nouns, their extensions are identical with those of the corresponding singular expressions. With non-count nouns, because they are not plural, there can be no corresponding singular expressions. In consequence, there are no objects in the extensions of non-count nouns at all. In short, there are no such things as instances of stuff: the world of space and time contains not merely large numbers of discrete concrete things or individuals of diverse kinds, but also large amounts of sheer undifferentiated concrete stuff. Metaphysically, non-singular reference in general is an arbitrary modality of reference, ungrounded in the realities to which it is non-ideally or intransparently correlated.Less
The book seeks to resolve the so-called ‘problem of mass nouns’ — a problem which cannot be resolved on the basis of a conventional system of logic. It is not, for instance, possible to explicate assertions of the existence of air, oil, or water through the use of quantifiers and variables which take objectual values. The difficulty is attributable to the semantically distinctive status of non-count nouns — nouns which, although not plural, are nonetheless akin to plural nouns in being semantically non-singular. Such are the semantics of a non-singular noun, that there can be no such single thing or object as the thing of which the noun is true. However, standard approaches to understanding non-singular nouns tend to be reductive, construing them as singular expressions — expressions which, in the case of non-count nouns, are true of ‘parcels’ or ‘quantities’ of stuff, and in the case of plural nouns, are true of ‘plural entities’ or ‘sets’. It is argued that both approaches are equally misguided, that there are no distinctive objects in the extensions of non-singular nouns. With plural nouns, their extensions are identical with those of the corresponding singular expressions. With non-count nouns, because they are not plural, there can be no corresponding singular expressions. In consequence, there are no objects in the extensions of non-count nouns at all. In short, there are no such things as instances of stuff: the world of space and time contains not merely large numbers of discrete concrete things or individuals of diverse kinds, but also large amounts of sheer undifferentiated concrete stuff. Metaphysically, non-singular reference in general is an arbitrary modality of reference, ungrounded in the realities to which it is non-ideally or intransparently correlated.
John G. Orme and Terri Combs-Orme
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195329452
- eISBN:
- 9780199864812
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329452.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This book presents detailed discussions of regression models that are appropriate for discrete dependent variables, including dichotomous, polychotomous, ordered, and count variables. The major ...
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This book presents detailed discussions of regression models that are appropriate for discrete dependent variables, including dichotomous, polychotomous, ordered, and count variables. The major challenge in using such analyses lies in the nonlinear relationships between the independent and the dependent variables, which requires the use of link functions, and particularly in interpreting and presenting the findings in ways that are clear and meaningful. Clear and simple language guides the reader briefly through each step of the analysis and presentation of results to enhance understanding of the link function, the key to understanding these nonlinear relationships. Throughout the book provides detailed examples based on the data, and readers may work through these examples by accessing the data and output on the Internet at the companion Web site. In addition, each chapter provides a list of recommended additional readings and Internet content.Less
This book presents detailed discussions of regression models that are appropriate for discrete dependent variables, including dichotomous, polychotomous, ordered, and count variables. The major challenge in using such analyses lies in the nonlinear relationships between the independent and the dependent variables, which requires the use of link functions, and particularly in interpreting and presenting the findings in ways that are clear and meaningful. Clear and simple language guides the reader briefly through each step of the analysis and presentation of results to enhance understanding of the link function, the key to understanding these nonlinear relationships. Throughout the book provides detailed examples based on the data, and readers may work through these examples by accessing the data and output on the Internet at the companion Web site. In addition, each chapter provides a list of recommended additional readings and Internet content.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a ...
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Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.Less
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.
Brian L. Cutler (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331974
- eISBN:
- 9780199868193
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331974.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This book provides a contemporary review of empirical and legal issues surrounding expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. The chapters address a variety of topics, including the ...
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This book provides a contemporary review of empirical and legal issues surrounding expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. The chapters address a variety of topics, including the scientific base underlying this form of expert testimony, the typical content and ethical issues regarding the testimony, admissibility decisions at the trial and appellate court levels, research on whether the testimony goes beyond common sense, agreement among experts about the underlying research, and the effects of expert testimony on juror decisions. Additional chapters raise limitations associated with expert testimony and question its appropriateness. These limitations include the shortcomings with respect to the underlying research and other issues associated with admissibility. Several chapters by experienced attorneys provide prosecution and defense perspectives on expert testimony.Less
This book provides a contemporary review of empirical and legal issues surrounding expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. The chapters address a variety of topics, including the scientific base underlying this form of expert testimony, the typical content and ethical issues regarding the testimony, admissibility decisions at the trial and appellate court levels, research on whether the testimony goes beyond common sense, agreement among experts about the underlying research, and the effects of expert testimony on juror decisions. Additional chapters raise limitations associated with expert testimony and question its appropriateness. These limitations include the shortcomings with respect to the underlying research and other issues associated with admissibility. Several chapters by experienced attorneys provide prosecution and defense perspectives on expert testimony.
Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in ...
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A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.Less
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.
Brian L. Cutler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331974
- eISBN:
- 9780199868193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331974.003.012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
The Afterword summarizes the book's main aims and usefulness. This book has reviewed a substantial number of factors associated with expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. It ...
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The Afterword summarizes the book's main aims and usefulness. This book has reviewed a substantial number of factors associated with expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. It has provided benchmarking information about the content of testimony and information that can be used to assist in addressing admissibility and trial issues. The book has also summarized the state of knowledge and provided directions for future research on expert testimony. The book aims to help with an understanding of contemporary research findings, both strengths and limitations, and making decisions about whether experts would be useful in specific cases.Less
The Afterword summarizes the book's main aims and usefulness. This book has reviewed a substantial number of factors associated with expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. It has provided benchmarking information about the content of testimony and information that can be used to assist in addressing admissibility and trial issues. The book has also summarized the state of knowledge and provided directions for future research on expert testimony. The book aims to help with an understanding of contemporary research findings, both strengths and limitations, and making decisions about whether experts would be useful in specific cases.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ...
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The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.Less
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated ...
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The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.Less
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the ...
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The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the dynamic properties of neurons including electrotonic spread between neuronal compartments (dendrite, soma, and axon).Less
The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the dynamic properties of neurons including electrotonic spread between neuronal compartments (dendrite, soma, and axon).
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate ...
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The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate synaptic interactions between neurons and thus can be used to simulate simple circuits as well as synaptic interactions between pairs of neurons. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying). In this model, the types and magnitudes of synaptic interactions are under experimenter control. In addition, the inhibitory synapses can be set to exhibit synaptic fatigue, based on a model in which transmitter depletion leads to reduced transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and hence to reduced synaptic efficacy. Electrotonic interactions are determined by electrotonic conductances between neurite compartments of two neurons.Less
The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate synaptic interactions between neurons and thus can be used to simulate simple circuits as well as synaptic interactions between pairs of neurons. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying). In this model, the types and magnitudes of synaptic interactions are under experimenter control. In addition, the inhibitory synapses can be set to exhibit synaptic fatigue, based on a model in which transmitter depletion leads to reduced transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and hence to reduced synaptic efficacy. Electrotonic interactions are determined by electrotonic conductances between neurite compartments of two neurons.
Józef Ignaczak and Martin Ostoja‐Starzewski
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541645
- eISBN:
- 9780191716164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541645.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter first presents a conventional and non‐conventional characterization of a thermoelastic process, giving four mixed initial‐boundary value problems (displacement‐temperature and ...
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This chapter first presents a conventional and non‐conventional characterization of a thermoelastic process, giving four mixed initial‐boundary value problems (displacement‐temperature and stress‐heat flux) in the both theories. These problems contain as special cases the so‐called natural problems: a natural displacement‐temperature problem in the L‐S or G‐L theory, a natural stress‐heat flux problem in the L‐S theory, a natural stress‐temperature problem in the G‐L theory. This is followed by a discussion, made rigorous through several theorems, of the relations among descriptions of a thermoelastic process in terms of various pairs of thermomechanical variables.Less
This chapter first presents a conventional and non‐conventional characterization of a thermoelastic process, giving four mixed initial‐boundary value problems (displacement‐temperature and stress‐heat flux) in the both theories. These problems contain as special cases the so‐called natural problems: a natural displacement‐temperature problem in the L‐S or G‐L theory, a natural stress‐heat flux problem in the L‐S theory, a natural stress‐temperature problem in the G‐L theory. This is followed by a discussion, made rigorous through several theorems, of the relations among descriptions of a thermoelastic process in terms of various pairs of thermomechanical variables.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores the reward dimension of public service bargains. It analyzes different forms and aspects of reward and then explores four specific types of reward bargains: pyramids and ...
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This chapter explores the reward dimension of public service bargains. It analyzes different forms and aspects of reward and then explores four specific types of reward bargains: pyramids and escalators, noblesse oblige, turkey race, and lottery of life. Each of these bargains is discussed, indicating potential difficulties and highlighting empirical examples. Mixes and matches as well as trends and tendencies are discussed, with some forms of reward bargain apparently in decline and others increasing in importance.Less
This chapter explores the reward dimension of public service bargains. It analyzes different forms and aspects of reward and then explores four specific types of reward bargains: pyramids and escalators, noblesse oblige, turkey race, and lottery of life. Each of these bargains is discussed, indicating potential difficulties and highlighting empirical examples. Mixes and matches as well as trends and tendencies are discussed, with some forms of reward bargain apparently in decline and others increasing in importance.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and ...
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Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and parameter names, and units for the variable and parameter values. Illustrations are included to provide assistance in conceptualizing the models and their implementation with NeuroDynamix II. The Electricity model simulates the properties of simple electrical circuits that include resistors, batteries, and capacitors. The experimenter can specify the number and value of components and then examine the consequences of applying known currents or known potentials to these circuits.Less
Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and parameter names, and units for the variable and parameter values. Illustrations are included to provide assistance in conceptualizing the models and their implementation with NeuroDynamix II. The Electricity model simulates the properties of simple electrical circuits that include resistors, batteries, and capacitors. The experimenter can specify the number and value of components and then examine the consequences of applying known currents or known potentials to these circuits.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current ...
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The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current observed with the whole cell patch clamp may be simulated. Channels are viewed as all-or-none conductances that are gated by voltage (sodium and potassium channels), by a messenger ligand (ACh channel), or not gated (chloride channel). The experimenter can specify the channel type and the number of channels found in the membrane patch. Properties that are simulated include the random opening of channels, the gating of the channels by membrane potential, the voltage dependence of the currents through the channels, the dependence of single channel currents on channel conductance, and the summation of microscopic currents from many individual, randomly gated channels to yield a noisy macroscopic current.Less
The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current observed with the whole cell patch clamp may be simulated. Channels are viewed as all-or-none conductances that are gated by voltage (sodium and potassium channels), by a messenger ligand (ACh channel), or not gated (chloride channel). The experimenter can specify the channel type and the number of channels found in the membrane patch. Properties that are simulated include the random opening of channels, the gating of the channels by membrane potential, the voltage dependence of the currents through the channels, the dependence of single channel currents on channel conductance, and the summation of microscopic currents from many individual, randomly gated channels to yield a noisy macroscopic current.
Andrew Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295105
- eISBN:
- 9780191600128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295103.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative ...
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This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It first defines the intervening variable of ‘inclusion’, which is described as key to the explanation of how conflicts are best managed within divided societies, and discusses its relationship to the macro-institutional explanatory (independent) variables used in the study. It then defines and describes how to measure each of the explanatory variables used: electoral system type; democratic type (coalitions and grand coalitions – consensual– versus concentrations of executive power; fusion – majoritarian – or separation of executive and legislative powers; unicameralism or bicameralism; type of party system; issues dimensions of partisan conflict; unitary versus federal government; constitutions, minority vetoes, and judicial review); and executive type (presidential or parliamentary). The data obtained for each country are discussed, compared, and summarised in tables.Less
This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It first defines the intervening variable of ‘inclusion’, which is described as key to the explanation of how conflicts are best managed within divided societies, and discusses its relationship to the macro-institutional explanatory (independent) variables used in the study. It then defines and describes how to measure each of the explanatory variables used: electoral system type; democratic type (coalitions and grand coalitions – consensual– versus concentrations of executive power; fusion – majoritarian – or separation of executive and legislative powers; unicameralism or bicameralism; type of party system; issues dimensions of partisan conflict; unitary versus federal government; constitutions, minority vetoes, and judicial review); and executive type (presidential or parliamentary). The data obtained for each country are discussed, compared, and summarised in tables.
Myoung-jae Lee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199267699
- eISBN:
- 9780191603044
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267693.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those ...
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This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.Less
This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.
Jerome L. Stein and Polly Reynolds Allen
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293064
- eISBN:
- 9780191596940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293062.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, International
The NATREX approach offers an alternative paradigm to the Purchasing Power Parity for equilibrium real exchange rates. NATREX is the acronym for NATural Real EXchange, referring to a medium‐run, ...
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The NATREX approach offers an alternative paradigm to the Purchasing Power Parity for equilibrium real exchange rates. NATREX is the acronym for NATural Real EXchange, referring to a medium‐run, inter‐cyclical equilibrium real exchange rate, determined by real, fundamental factors. Importantly, the NATREX is a moving equilibrium real exchange rate, responding to continual changes in exogenous and endogenous real fundamentals. In a world of high capital mobility, the fundamentals of thrift, productivity, capital intensity, and net debt to foreigners become particularly important, influencing desired long‐term capital flows and altering the equilibrium real exchange rate. The NATREX approach identifies and models the fundamental determinants of equilibrium real exchange rates, consistent with their recent empirical movements in various countries.The NATREX model is a dynamic stock‐flow growth model. The goal of the NATREX approach is primarily empirical – to explain movements of medium‐ to long‐run real exchange rates in terms of the fundamental real variables of thrift and productivity, assuming that real exchange rates do adjust toward their equilibrium level, although with a lag. A family of consistent general equilibrium models – of rational, optimizing behavior, determining medium‐run equilibrium real exchange rates – forms the core of the NATREX approach. These models provide logical economic justifications for the empirical results.Less
The NATREX approach offers an alternative paradigm to the Purchasing Power Parity for equilibrium real exchange rates. NATREX is the acronym for NATural Real EXchange, referring to a medium‐run, inter‐cyclical equilibrium real exchange rate, determined by real, fundamental factors. Importantly, the NATREX is a moving equilibrium real exchange rate, responding to continual changes in exogenous and endogenous real fundamentals. In a world of high capital mobility, the fundamentals of thrift, productivity, capital intensity, and net debt to foreigners become particularly important, influencing desired long‐term capital flows and altering the equilibrium real exchange rate. The NATREX approach identifies and models the fundamental determinants of equilibrium real exchange rates, consistent with their recent empirical movements in various countries.
The NATREX model is a dynamic stock‐flow growth model. The goal of the NATREX approach is primarily empirical – to explain movements of medium‐ to long‐run real exchange rates in terms of the fundamental real variables of thrift and productivity, assuming that real exchange rates do adjust toward their equilibrium level, although with a lag. A family of consistent general equilibrium models – of rational, optimizing behavior, determining medium‐run equilibrium real exchange rates – forms the core of the NATREX approach. These models provide logical economic justifications for the empirical results.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things ...
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Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.Less
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly ...
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An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly observed. Consequently, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. Given the pros and cons of different measures of corporate governance, it is decided to undertake the empirical analysis with three plausible proxies – equity share, value traded, and international equity issuance – rather than to base conclusions on a single measure. Other potential measures of corporate governance – such as ownership concentration, corporate governance ratings, and measures of corporate governance regulation – are not utilized for various conceptual and practical reasons.Less
An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly observed. Consequently, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. Given the pros and cons of different measures of corporate governance, it is decided to undertake the empirical analysis with three plausible proxies – equity share, value traded, and international equity issuance – rather than to base conclusions on a single measure. Other potential measures of corporate governance – such as ownership concentration, corporate governance ratings, and measures of corporate governance regulation – are not utilized for various conceptual and practical reasons.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to ...
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An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. The OECD's NMR index is chosen as the most plausible measure of product market competition, an assessment reflected in its widespread utilization in the empirical economics literature.Less
An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. The OECD's NMR index is chosen as the most plausible measure of product market competition, an assessment reflected in its widespread utilization in the empirical economics literature.
