Janet Y. Chen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152103
- eISBN:
- 9781400839988
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152103.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In the early twentieth century, a time of political fragmentation and social upheaval in China, poverty became the focus of an anguished national conversation about the future of the country. ...
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In the early twentieth century, a time of political fragmentation and social upheaval in China, poverty became the focus of an anguished national conversation about the future of the country. Investigating the lives of the urban poor in China during this critical era, this book examines the solutions implemented by a nation attempting to deal with “society's most fundamental problem.” Interweaving analysis of shifting social viewpoints, the evolution of poor relief institutions, and the lived experiences of the urban poor, the book explores the development of Chinese attitudes toward urban poverty and of policies intended for its alleviation. The book concentrates on Beijing and Shanghai, two of China's most important cities, and considers how various interventions carried a lasting influence. The advent of the workhouse, the denigration of the nonworking poor as “social parasites,” efforts to police homelessness and vagrancy—all had significant impact on the lives of people struggling to survive. The book provides a crucially needed historical lens for understanding how beliefs about poverty intersected with shattering historical events, producing new welfare policies and institutions for the benefit of some, but to the detriment of others. Drawing on vast archival material, the book deepens the historical perspective on poverty in China and reveals critical lessons about a still-pervasive social issue.Less
In the early twentieth century, a time of political fragmentation and social upheaval in China, poverty became the focus of an anguished national conversation about the future of the country. Investigating the lives of the urban poor in China during this critical era, this book examines the solutions implemented by a nation attempting to deal with “society's most fundamental problem.” Interweaving analysis of shifting social viewpoints, the evolution of poor relief institutions, and the lived experiences of the urban poor, the book explores the development of Chinese attitudes toward urban poverty and of policies intended for its alleviation. The book concentrates on Beijing and Shanghai, two of China's most important cities, and considers how various interventions carried a lasting influence. The advent of the workhouse, the denigration of the nonworking poor as “social parasites,” efforts to police homelessness and vagrancy—all had significant impact on the lives of people struggling to survive. The book provides a crucially needed historical lens for understanding how beliefs about poverty intersected with shattering historical events, producing new welfare policies and institutions for the benefit of some, but to the detriment of others. Drawing on vast archival material, the book deepens the historical perspective on poverty in China and reveals critical lessons about a still-pervasive social issue.
Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195395174
- eISBN:
- 9780199943319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395174.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter tries to explain why banishment reemerged as a leading social control strategy. It lists several developments that contributed to its rise, such as the increase in the homeless ...
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This chapter tries to explain why banishment reemerged as a leading social control strategy. It lists several developments that contributed to its rise, such as the increase in the homeless population and public concern about disorder. It studies broken windows policing and the invalidation of loitering laws and vagrancy. It also identifies some alternative social control mechanisms, including civility and banishment.Less
This chapter tries to explain why banishment reemerged as a leading social control strategy. It lists several developments that contributed to its rise, such as the increase in the homeless population and public concern about disorder. It studies broken windows policing and the invalidation of loitering laws and vagrancy. It also identifies some alternative social control mechanisms, including civility and banishment.
Julie Coleman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557097
- eISBN:
- 9780191719875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557097.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Lexicography
This chapter discusses the historical roots of English cant and slang. The period 1560-1640 was characterized by the agrarian revolution, and the progressive criminalization of poverty; the later ...
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This chapter discusses the historical roots of English cant and slang. The period 1560-1640 was characterized by the agrarian revolution, and the progressive criminalization of poverty; the later part by the transition to a cash culture and by the haphazardly harsh treatment of criminals. The word-lists reflect changing interests and concerns caused by population growth and migration, developments in legal and penal theory and practice, and far-reaching changes in trade and travel.Less
This chapter discusses the historical roots of English cant and slang. The period 1560-1640 was characterized by the agrarian revolution, and the progressive criminalization of poverty; the later part by the transition to a cash culture and by the haphazardly harsh treatment of criminals. The word-lists reflect changing interests and concerns caused by population growth and migration, developments in legal and penal theory and practice, and far-reaching changes in trade and travel.
Peter Ramsay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199581061
- eISBN:
- 9780191741005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581061.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, ...
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This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, threat offences, public order offences, and possession offences. The review of the law is not meant to cover every relevant power but rather to argue that while subjective security interests were protected in different ways, this protection remained piecemeal, implicit or justified in a traditional moralized language quite different from the later more explicit and systematic development of a liability for failure to reassure.Less
This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, threat offences, public order offences, and possession offences. The review of the law is not meant to cover every relevant power but rather to argue that while subjective security interests were protected in different ways, this protection remained piecemeal, implicit or justified in a traditional moralized language quite different from the later more explicit and systematic development of a liability for failure to reassure.
Catharine Coleborne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091537
- eISBN:
- 9781526104120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091537.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the mobility of laws in the trans-Tasman colonial world, suggesting that the way colonial subjects both adopted, remade, remodelled and enacted laws reflected the mobility of ...
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This chapter examines the mobility of laws in the trans-Tasman colonial world, suggesting that the way colonial subjects both adopted, remade, remodelled and enacted laws reflected the mobility of both people and ideas, and also anxieties about mobility itself. It revisits some Australian and New Zealand legal history scholarship which has been central to understanding the transmission and uptake of imperial ‘laws’ in new colonial sites, raising questions about the cultural malleability of legality in colonial settings and reflecting on the question of mobility as a social problem which had to be addressed by colonial legislators. The chapter considers the laws that were formulated to regulate the movement of colonial populations, including vagrants and transients, Indigenous peoples, and new immigrants.Less
This chapter examines the mobility of laws in the trans-Tasman colonial world, suggesting that the way colonial subjects both adopted, remade, remodelled and enacted laws reflected the mobility of both people and ideas, and also anxieties about mobility itself. It revisits some Australian and New Zealand legal history scholarship which has been central to understanding the transmission and uptake of imperial ‘laws’ in new colonial sites, raising questions about the cultural malleability of legality in colonial settings and reflecting on the question of mobility as a social problem which had to be addressed by colonial legislators. The chapter considers the laws that were formulated to regulate the movement of colonial populations, including vagrants and transients, Indigenous peoples, and new immigrants.
Catharine Coleborne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719087240
- eISBN:
- 9781526104250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087240.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same ...
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This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same time finding out more about constructions and expectations of masculinity for nineteenth-century male inmates and their doctors. It is through the exploration of these two categories in relation to each other that we might begin to understand the central preoccupations of contemporaries in their context. It uses case materials in both qualitative and quantitative modes and examines diagnoses against the backdrop of discursive formations of colonialism and masculinity. For instance, I want to show how the dominant medical diagnoses, evinced through the data, tell us something about constructions of colonial masculinity and gender relations.Less
This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same time finding out more about constructions and expectations of masculinity for nineteenth-century male inmates and their doctors. It is through the exploration of these two categories in relation to each other that we might begin to understand the central preoccupations of contemporaries in their context. It uses case materials in both qualitative and quantitative modes and examines diagnoses against the backdrop of discursive formations of colonialism and masculinity. For instance, I want to show how the dominant medical diagnoses, evinced through the data, tell us something about constructions of colonial masculinity and gender relations.
Catharine Coleborne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719087240
- eISBN:
- 9781526104250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087240.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same ...
More
This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same time finding out more about constructions and expectations of femininity for nineteenth-century female inmates and their doctors, through both quantitative and qualitative evidence. Read together, chapters four and five show gender in relationship and tease out some of the dominant strands of historiographical inquiry about gender and asylum confinement over the past few decades. In particular, it shows that some recurring themes/aspects of the case record material require further explication in the colonial context, such as the emphasis on reproductive health and the presence of imbecile women.Less
This chapter argues that ethnicity found expression through gender in the patient case records, and it uses the tool of gender to explore the function and representation of ethnicity, at the same time finding out more about constructions and expectations of femininity for nineteenth-century female inmates and their doctors, through both quantitative and qualitative evidence. Read together, chapters four and five show gender in relationship and tease out some of the dominant strands of historiographical inquiry about gender and asylum confinement over the past few decades. In particular, it shows that some recurring themes/aspects of the case record material require further explication in the colonial context, such as the emphasis on reproductive health and the presence of imbecile women.
Mary Youssef
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474415415
- eISBN:
- 9781474449755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415415.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Foregrounding the histories and experiences of ethno-religious minorities, the Copts’ in fifth-century Egypt in Azazeel and the Jews’ in the twentieth century in Akhir yahud al-iskandariyya, both ...
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Foregrounding the histories and experiences of ethno-religious minorities, the Copts’ in fifth-century Egypt in Azazeel and the Jews’ in the twentieth century in Akhir yahud al-iskandariyya, both novels simultaneously challenge conventional cultural and historical narratives of Egypt and highlight these groups’ global particularities. This beyond-the-nation literary reflection situates these groups within a larger, all-too-familiar, and fallible humanity and underlines the interplay between empire, nation-state, religion, and power. Examining these intricacies, this chapter pays attention to how both novels speak to rising exclusionary nationalisms and puritanical isolationism on the basis of religion—whether practiced in historical imperial or modern nationalist contexts.
Set in Alexandria, which is celebrated as a cosmopolitan center, the novels disclose the city’s historical instabilities by mirroring the tumult lives of its fictional inhabitants. The characters’ uncertainties, global vagrancy, and subversion of established bodies of knowledge are connected to Rebecca Walkowitz’s conceptualization of a critical strand of cosmopolitanism.Less
Foregrounding the histories and experiences of ethno-religious minorities, the Copts’ in fifth-century Egypt in Azazeel and the Jews’ in the twentieth century in Akhir yahud al-iskandariyya, both novels simultaneously challenge conventional cultural and historical narratives of Egypt and highlight these groups’ global particularities. This beyond-the-nation literary reflection situates these groups within a larger, all-too-familiar, and fallible humanity and underlines the interplay between empire, nation-state, religion, and power. Examining these intricacies, this chapter pays attention to how both novels speak to rising exclusionary nationalisms and puritanical isolationism on the basis of religion—whether practiced in historical imperial or modern nationalist contexts.
Set in Alexandria, which is celebrated as a cosmopolitan center, the novels disclose the city’s historical instabilities by mirroring the tumult lives of its fictional inhabitants. The characters’ uncertainties, global vagrancy, and subversion of established bodies of knowledge are connected to Rebecca Walkowitz’s conceptualization of a critical strand of cosmopolitanism.
Bridget Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199691593
- eISBN:
- 9780191752421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691593.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 1 locates contemporary immigration within the historical concern of rulers with the mobility of the ruled, the relation between geographical and labour mobility and settlement and claims on ...
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Chapter 1 locates contemporary immigration within the historical concern of rulers with the mobility of the ruled, the relation between geographical and labour mobility and settlement and claims on the community. It examines the attempts to control the mobility of the poor in England from the fourteenth century onwards and how this was related to labour and an anxiety about social order. For centuries, it was the vagrant rather than the immigrant who was seen as a threat to social cohesion, the breeding ground for an anti-society of rogues and witches. The chapter explores the contemporary relevance of insights derived from this history of mobility in which control of movement which would now be characterized as ‘internal’ eventually became displaced on to national borders.Less
Chapter 1 locates contemporary immigration within the historical concern of rulers with the mobility of the ruled, the relation between geographical and labour mobility and settlement and claims on the community. It examines the attempts to control the mobility of the poor in England from the fourteenth century onwards and how this was related to labour and an anxiety about social order. For centuries, it was the vagrant rather than the immigrant who was seen as a threat to social cohesion, the breeding ground for an anti-society of rogues and witches. The chapter explores the contemporary relevance of insights derived from this history of mobility in which control of movement which would now be characterized as ‘internal’ eventually became displaced on to national borders.
Rachael Kiddey
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198746867
- eISBN:
- 9780191916915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198746867.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Contemporary and Public Archaeology
One afternoon in late summer of 2010 I was walking home from the shops when I bumped into Punk Paul. ‘Hungry?’ He joked in his thick West Yorkshire accent, gesturing ...
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One afternoon in late summer of 2010 I was walking home from the shops when I bumped into Punk Paul. ‘Hungry?’ He joked in his thick West Yorkshire accent, gesturing to my bags full of bread, salad, sausages, and wine. ‘I’m having a BBQ at my flat with some friends. Do you want to come?’ Paul eagerly took a few bags from me and we began to the short walk up the hill to where I lived in Bristol. By then I had known him for almost two and a half years. We trusted one another. As we entered the flat, we were first greeted by my dogs, Joey and Pea. Both dogs wagged cheerfully before diving nose first into the bags that we were carrying. ‘Get out of there!’ Paul said gently to the dogs. They knew him from fieldwork. As I started to unpack the shopping, Paul sat cross-legged on the floor, stroking the dogs so that they settled down beside him. ‘Are you any good at making burgers?’ I asked Paul, slapping beef mince and onions onto the kitchen worktop. ‘Can I put some music on? I can’t work wi’out music,’ he said. I tossed him my phone. ‘What the fuck am I supposed to do wi’ that?’ ‘It has music on it!’ I laughed, taking back the phone and flicking to the music library. I gave it to Paul so that he could choose what we listened to and we spent the next hour or so chopping vegetables, dressing leaves and making burgers to Nobody’s Heroes by Stiff Little Fingers. Friends arrived, we barbecued, and, as it got later, one friend put her little girl to sleep in my bed. Paul came to the door of the bedroom where I was reading the little girl a story. ‘Marmite!’ I heard him say my name in a loud whisper. ‘Thanks for your hospitality mate but I’ve got to get going now.’ I went to the door. ‘Everything OK, Paul?’
Less
One afternoon in late summer of 2010 I was walking home from the shops when I bumped into Punk Paul. ‘Hungry?’ He joked in his thick West Yorkshire accent, gesturing to my bags full of bread, salad, sausages, and wine. ‘I’m having a BBQ at my flat with some friends. Do you want to come?’ Paul eagerly took a few bags from me and we began to the short walk up the hill to where I lived in Bristol. By then I had known him for almost two and a half years. We trusted one another. As we entered the flat, we were first greeted by my dogs, Joey and Pea. Both dogs wagged cheerfully before diving nose first into the bags that we were carrying. ‘Get out of there!’ Paul said gently to the dogs. They knew him from fieldwork. As I started to unpack the shopping, Paul sat cross-legged on the floor, stroking the dogs so that they settled down beside him. ‘Are you any good at making burgers?’ I asked Paul, slapping beef mince and onions onto the kitchen worktop. ‘Can I put some music on? I can’t work wi’out music,’ he said. I tossed him my phone. ‘What the fuck am I supposed to do wi’ that?’ ‘It has music on it!’ I laughed, taking back the phone and flicking to the music library. I gave it to Paul so that he could choose what we listened to and we spent the next hour or so chopping vegetables, dressing leaves and making burgers to Nobody’s Heroes by Stiff Little Fingers. Friends arrived, we barbecued, and, as it got later, one friend put her little girl to sleep in my bed. Paul came to the door of the bedroom where I was reading the little girl a story. ‘Marmite!’ I heard him say my name in a loud whisper. ‘Thanks for your hospitality mate but I’ve got to get going now.’ I went to the door. ‘Everything OK, Paul?’
Hsuan L. Hsu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479880416
- eISBN:
- 9781479843404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880416.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines the legal and cultural connections between vagrancy and racialization by focusing on the ways in which the relative immobilization of Chinese, Native American, and black bodies ...
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This chapter examines the legal and cultural connections between vagrancy and racialization by focusing on the ways in which the relative immobilization of Chinese, Native American, and black bodies underwrote the romanticized white vagabondage at the heart of Mark Twain's novel Huckleberry Finn and its intertexts. Through closed readings of Huckleberry Finn and Bret Harte's “Three Vagabonds of Trinidad,” the chapter highlights the disproportionate use of vagrancy laws to criminalize Native American, Mexican, black, and Chinese subjects. More specifically, it reads Huckleberry Finn's white vagabonds alongside legal, popular, and literary treatments of racialized mobility in the postbellum South and West. It concludes by analyzing the aftermaths of Chinese purges and Indian massacres dramatized in “Three Vagabonds of Trinidad.”Less
This chapter examines the legal and cultural connections between vagrancy and racialization by focusing on the ways in which the relative immobilization of Chinese, Native American, and black bodies underwrote the romanticized white vagabondage at the heart of Mark Twain's novel Huckleberry Finn and its intertexts. Through closed readings of Huckleberry Finn and Bret Harte's “Three Vagabonds of Trinidad,” the chapter highlights the disproportionate use of vagrancy laws to criminalize Native American, Mexican, black, and Chinese subjects. More specifically, it reads Huckleberry Finn's white vagabonds alongside legal, popular, and literary treatments of racialized mobility in the postbellum South and West. It concludes by analyzing the aftermaths of Chinese purges and Indian massacres dramatized in “Three Vagabonds of Trinidad.”
Caitriona Clear
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719074370
- eISBN:
- 9781781700693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719074370.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
There was some development of non-agricultural employment in Ireland between 1851 and 1922, but this does not mean that there was work for everyone. Emigration masked the true extent of unemployment, ...
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There was some development of non-agricultural employment in Ireland between 1851 and 1922, but this does not mean that there was work for everyone. Emigration masked the true extent of unemployment, millions of people moving from the country and sending home money. There was, however, an increase in the numbers of people employed in professional and white-collar work, in local government and civil service work, in commercial and distributive work, in transport and communications, and in some kinds of industrial work. The definition of work changed between 1850 and 1922. The hand-to-mouth subsistence work to which many people claimed attachment in 1851 gradually ceased to be considered real employment. Homeless peddlers, prostitutes, beggars and others of precarious income gradually disappear from the Census occupational tables only to turn up again in the vagrancy statistics.Less
There was some development of non-agricultural employment in Ireland between 1851 and 1922, but this does not mean that there was work for everyone. Emigration masked the true extent of unemployment, millions of people moving from the country and sending home money. There was, however, an increase in the numbers of people employed in professional and white-collar work, in local government and civil service work, in commercial and distributive work, in transport and communications, and in some kinds of industrial work. The definition of work changed between 1850 and 1922. The hand-to-mouth subsistence work to which many people claimed attachment in 1851 gradually ceased to be considered real employment. Homeless peddlers, prostitutes, beggars and others of precarious income gradually disappear from the Census occupational tables only to turn up again in the vagrancy statistics.
Caitriona Clear
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719074370
- eISBN:
- 9781781700693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719074370.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Vagrants and prostitutes were among those who would have been described as ‘poor’ by everyone, including labourers and casual workers. As targets of repression and recipients of relief, they were in ...
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Vagrants and prostitutes were among those who would have been described as ‘poor’ by everyone, including labourers and casual workers. As targets of repression and recipients of relief, they were in regular contact with government and voluntary agencies of the time. Vagrancy or wandering homelessness in Ireland and in Britain was seen as such an ongoing social problem that it prompted a special government commission in 1906. Social panic about prostitution happened a little earlier, in the 1860s and 1870s, flaring and fading at intervals for the remainder of the period. The male vagrant provoked contempt not only because he was a ‘masterless man’ but because he was not master even of his own house. Prostitutes were subjected to quite energetic persecution by working-class and artisan townspeople in eighteenth-century Ireland, while wandering beggars in pre-Famine Ireland were often hunted and persecuted.Less
Vagrants and prostitutes were among those who would have been described as ‘poor’ by everyone, including labourers and casual workers. As targets of repression and recipients of relief, they were in regular contact with government and voluntary agencies of the time. Vagrancy or wandering homelessness in Ireland and in Britain was seen as such an ongoing social problem that it prompted a special government commission in 1906. Social panic about prostitution happened a little earlier, in the 1860s and 1870s, flaring and fading at intervals for the remainder of the period. The male vagrant provoked contempt not only because he was a ‘masterless man’ but because he was not master even of his own house. Prostitutes were subjected to quite energetic persecution by working-class and artisan townspeople in eighteenth-century Ireland, while wandering beggars in pre-Famine Ireland were often hunted and persecuted.
Owen Dudley Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748616510
- eISBN:
- 9780748653621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748616510.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter looks at evacuees and gurus during the war, and presents the effects of reading on evacuees, most of whom learnt to read using comics. It then identifies a propaganda point that was ...
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This chapter looks at evacuees and gurus during the war, and presents the effects of reading on evacuees, most of whom learnt to read using comics. It then identifies a propaganda point that was discovered during the war: children are more convincing as martyrs than as fighters. The chapter also shows that reading prevented children from slipping into theft and vagrancy, and even helped them pass the time while on their way to America and other countries. The latter half of the chapter focuses on the role of gurus in children's fiction, which is embodied in characters such as Aslan in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe.Less
This chapter looks at evacuees and gurus during the war, and presents the effects of reading on evacuees, most of whom learnt to read using comics. It then identifies a propaganda point that was discovered during the war: children are more convincing as martyrs than as fighters. The chapter also shows that reading prevented children from slipping into theft and vagrancy, and even helped them pass the time while on their way to America and other countries. The latter half of the chapter focuses on the role of gurus in children's fiction, which is embodied in characters such as Aslan in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe.
Emily Baum
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226580616
- eISBN:
- 9780226580753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226580753.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the establishment of the first public asylum in China. The Beijing Municipal Asylum was erected in the Chinese capital in 1908 because the Qing dynasty recognized the symbolic ...
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This chapter examines the establishment of the first public asylum in China. The Beijing Municipal Asylum was erected in the Chinese capital in 1908 because the Qing dynasty recognized the symbolic and practical value of such an institution: namely, it would bolster the legitimacy of the Qing state and better control its deviant populations. The asylum was placed under the management of the municipal police, who preemptively institutionalized men and women largely for having disrupted the social order. Blurring the lines between madness, criminality, vagrancy, and poverty, the police alternately sent such individuals to the asylum, the poorhouse, or the prison. Ultimately, this chapter argues that the establishment of the Beijing Municipal Asylum signaled a changing approach to the governance of madness in the early twentieth century. Unlike in the Qing dynasty, when responsibility for the insane was decentralized to families, the new Republican government took a more active -- and preemptive -- approach to the institutionalization of the insane.Less
This chapter examines the establishment of the first public asylum in China. The Beijing Municipal Asylum was erected in the Chinese capital in 1908 because the Qing dynasty recognized the symbolic and practical value of such an institution: namely, it would bolster the legitimacy of the Qing state and better control its deviant populations. The asylum was placed under the management of the municipal police, who preemptively institutionalized men and women largely for having disrupted the social order. Blurring the lines between madness, criminality, vagrancy, and poverty, the police alternately sent such individuals to the asylum, the poorhouse, or the prison. Ultimately, this chapter argues that the establishment of the Beijing Municipal Asylum signaled a changing approach to the governance of madness in the early twentieth century. Unlike in the Qing dynasty, when responsibility for the insane was decentralized to families, the new Republican government took a more active -- and preemptive -- approach to the institutionalization of the insane.
Jenny C. Mann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449659
- eISBN:
- 9780801464102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449659.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
This chapter examines the rhetorical operations whereby the vernacular language and the island of England become figures for one another, with particular emphasis on the spatialization of discourse ...
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This chapter examines the rhetorical operations whereby the vernacular language and the island of England become figures for one another, with particular emphasis on the spatialization of discourse within the art of rhetoric. It shows how English manuals draw on the spatial imaginary provided by the ancient art of rhetoric to localize that discursive space as a particularly English place. By fostering the use of a “common” language identifiable with a “common” land that together constitutes an English commonweal, the vernacular rhetorical guides undermine the rhetorical art. The chapter also considers two manuals of rhetoric in English that incorporate an image of vagrancy into a retold history of rhetoric, one by Thomas Wilson and another by George Puttenham. Finally, it explains how rhetoric systematizes its own theory of discourse by artificially dividing content from form and analyzes the commonplaces and the figures of speech within the terms of this dichotomy.Less
This chapter examines the rhetorical operations whereby the vernacular language and the island of England become figures for one another, with particular emphasis on the spatialization of discourse within the art of rhetoric. It shows how English manuals draw on the spatial imaginary provided by the ancient art of rhetoric to localize that discursive space as a particularly English place. By fostering the use of a “common” language identifiable with a “common” land that together constitutes an English commonweal, the vernacular rhetorical guides undermine the rhetorical art. The chapter also considers two manuals of rhetoric in English that incorporate an image of vagrancy into a retold history of rhetoric, one by Thomas Wilson and another by George Puttenham. Finally, it explains how rhetoric systematizes its own theory of discourse by artificially dividing content from form and analyzes the commonplaces and the figures of speech within the terms of this dichotomy.
Jonathan Dollimore
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198112259
- eISBN:
- 9780191670732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112259.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Othello explores anxious preoccupation with perversity as a disordered and disordering movement. Here ‘extravagant’ condenses deviation, perversion, and vagrancy. In one sense ...
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Othello explores anxious preoccupation with perversity as a disordered and disordering movement. Here ‘extravagant’ condenses deviation, perversion, and vagrancy. In one sense the metaphors of truth, linearity, and deviation point simply to duplicity; but also signified is a wilful disarticulation of traditional relations between authority, service, and identity. Gratiano's description of Brabantio's ‘desperate turn’, with its echoes of the Fall, shows that destructive deviation may characterize even the most stolid of patriarchs. The opposition of woman as passive/active correlates closely with that of women as madonna/whore. This kind of representation of deviant female desire echoes Augustinian privation to repudiate those who invest so heavily in Desdemona's ‘virtuous’ passivity. That she is actually attempting to live out the prescribed subject position for a woman within sexual difference only confirms that because the subordinate is so often the subject of displacement there is never safety in obedience.Less
Othello explores anxious preoccupation with perversity as a disordered and disordering movement. Here ‘extravagant’ condenses deviation, perversion, and vagrancy. In one sense the metaphors of truth, linearity, and deviation point simply to duplicity; but also signified is a wilful disarticulation of traditional relations between authority, service, and identity. Gratiano's description of Brabantio's ‘desperate turn’, with its echoes of the Fall, shows that destructive deviation may characterize even the most stolid of patriarchs. The opposition of woman as passive/active correlates closely with that of women as madonna/whore. This kind of representation of deviant female desire echoes Augustinian privation to repudiate those who invest so heavily in Desdemona's ‘virtuous’ passivity. That she is actually attempting to live out the prescribed subject position for a woman within sexual difference only confirms that because the subordinate is so often the subject of displacement there is never safety in obedience.
William Marvel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469628394
- eISBN:
- 9781469628493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628394.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Lee's surrender precipitates the abrupt collapse of Confederate resistance, and within a couple of months the last Confederates have surrendered. Union troops occupy Appomattox County, ostensibly to ...
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Lee's surrender precipitates the abrupt collapse of Confederate resistance, and within a couple of months the last Confederates have surrendered. Union troops occupy Appomattox County, ostensibly to enforce federal law but also to keep order. Federal soldiers spend much time trying to control the former slaves who have attained sudden freedom, encouraging the men to remain with their families and engage in plantation labor contracts; they also punished cohabitation between the races. The Virginia legislature tried to re-impose a version of involuntary servitude through vagrancy laws that required a “visible means of support” (i.e. a labor contract) and by discouraging competition for wages with a requirement to accept standard rates of pay. Mortality records suggest that the health and living condition of the former slaves fared worse in the early days of emancipation than under slavery.Less
Lee's surrender precipitates the abrupt collapse of Confederate resistance, and within a couple of months the last Confederates have surrendered. Union troops occupy Appomattox County, ostensibly to enforce federal law but also to keep order. Federal soldiers spend much time trying to control the former slaves who have attained sudden freedom, encouraging the men to remain with their families and engage in plantation labor contracts; they also punished cohabitation between the races. The Virginia legislature tried to re-impose a version of involuntary servitude through vagrancy laws that required a “visible means of support” (i.e. a labor contract) and by discouraging competition for wages with a requirement to accept standard rates of pay. Mortality records suggest that the health and living condition of the former slaves fared worse in the early days of emancipation than under slavery.
Christopher Lowen Agee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226122281
- eISBN:
- 9780226122311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226122311.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter shows how the broad-based San Francisco coalition dedicated to police professionalism fractured around issues of police discretion and the cultural boundaries of citizenship. A new ...
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This chapter shows how the broad-based San Francisco coalition dedicated to police professionalism fractured around issues of police discretion and the cultural boundaries of citizenship. A new generation of politicians and journalists used the encounters between police and the beats in North Beach to introduce a cosmopolitan liberal approach to policing and democracy. Cosmopolitan liberals charged that the SFPD’s discretionary enforcement of traditional family values in North Beach violated the centralizing principles of professionalism and hindered San Francisco’s transformation into a safe, exciting, and economically vital city. Attempting to create a governing arrangement that protected cultural pluralism, cosmopolitan liberals rewrote the state’s vagrancy law. By circumscribing vagrancy law, cosmopolitan liberals struck at the most oft-used code police officers employed in maintaining their personal understanding of order.Less
This chapter shows how the broad-based San Francisco coalition dedicated to police professionalism fractured around issues of police discretion and the cultural boundaries of citizenship. A new generation of politicians and journalists used the encounters between police and the beats in North Beach to introduce a cosmopolitan liberal approach to policing and democracy. Cosmopolitan liberals charged that the SFPD’s discretionary enforcement of traditional family values in North Beach violated the centralizing principles of professionalism and hindered San Francisco’s transformation into a safe, exciting, and economically vital city. Attempting to create a governing arrangement that protected cultural pluralism, cosmopolitan liberals rewrote the state’s vagrancy law. By circumscribing vagrancy law, cosmopolitan liberals struck at the most oft-used code police officers employed in maintaining their personal understanding of order.
Mark Wahlgren Summers
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469617572
- eISBN:
- 9781469617596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469617572.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter discusses the ebb and flow of Unionism in the south. It analyzes President Andrew Johnson's pardoning policy; southern movements aimed at rebuilding white militia to keep order and hold ...
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This chapter discusses the ebb and flow of Unionism in the south. It analyzes President Andrew Johnson's pardoning policy; southern movements aimed at rebuilding white militia to keep order and hold the freedpeople in awe, and the disarming of the black population; and northern vagrancy laws. By 1866, it became clear that conservatives saw their every concession as tactical and temporary until they got the federal government off their back. Far from serving as a way-station on the road to full equality, the Black Codes were the absolute most that southern states were prepared to concede and only as long as they had to.Less
This chapter discusses the ebb and flow of Unionism in the south. It analyzes President Andrew Johnson's pardoning policy; southern movements aimed at rebuilding white militia to keep order and hold the freedpeople in awe, and the disarming of the black population; and northern vagrancy laws. By 1866, it became clear that conservatives saw their every concession as tactical and temporary until they got the federal government off their back. Far from serving as a way-station on the road to full equality, the Black Codes were the absolute most that southern states were prepared to concede and only as long as they had to.
