Sally Blower, Katia Koelle, and John Mills
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300087512
- eISBN:
- 9780300128222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300087512.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the obstacles to HIV vaccine development and reviews vaccine strategies currently under development. It discusses HIV epidemic control models as health policy tools. These ...
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This chapter discusses the obstacles to HIV vaccine development and reviews vaccine strategies currently under development. It discusses HIV epidemic control models as health policy tools. These models can be used to design vaccination strategies to eliminate HIV and to assess the epidemiological impact of behavioral changes that occur with a mass vaccination campaign against HIV.Less
This chapter discusses the obstacles to HIV vaccine development and reviews vaccine strategies currently under development. It discusses HIV epidemic control models as health policy tools. These models can be used to design vaccination strategies to eliminate HIV and to assess the epidemiological impact of behavioral changes that occur with a mass vaccination campaign against HIV.
Gisela Hirschmann
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198861249
- eISBN:
- 9780191893322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198861249.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes the conditions for pluralist accountability regarding public–private health partnerships in the areas of vaccination and vaccine development in India. While in many other fields ...
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This chapter analyzes the conditions for pluralist accountability regarding public–private health partnerships in the areas of vaccination and vaccine development in India. While in many other fields global governance is still characterized by formal delegation relationships with international organizations as the mandating authorities, global health governance has become very fragmented and consists of primarily informal governance structures. This case study reveals the limitations of pluralist accountability in complex global governance: it demonstrates how the evolution of pluralist accountability was inhibited by both a politicized environment that does not incentivize the exercise of accountability and a moral dilemma situation in which actors adopted a strong counter-norm to render themselves invulnerable against human rights demands. The core question concerning what implementing actors should be held accountable for remains disputed, which thus makes a pluralist accountability relationship impossible.Less
This chapter analyzes the conditions for pluralist accountability regarding public–private health partnerships in the areas of vaccination and vaccine development in India. While in many other fields global governance is still characterized by formal delegation relationships with international organizations as the mandating authorities, global health governance has become very fragmented and consists of primarily informal governance structures. This case study reveals the limitations of pluralist accountability in complex global governance: it demonstrates how the evolution of pluralist accountability was inhibited by both a politicized environment that does not incentivize the exercise of accountability and a moral dilemma situation in which actors adopted a strong counter-norm to render themselves invulnerable against human rights demands. The core question concerning what implementing actors should be held accountable for remains disputed, which thus makes a pluralist accountability relationship impossible.
Owen Barder, Michael Kremer, and Heidi Williams
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231143653
- eISBN:
- 9780231527866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231143653.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Vaccines arguably offer the best hope for tackling diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV that are concentrated in poor countries. However, there is a dearth of research and development on ...
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Vaccines arguably offer the best hope for tackling diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV that are concentrated in poor countries. However, there is a dearth of research and development on such vaccines. This chapter outlines the economic rationale for the “Advance Market Commitment” proposal, which the G8 finance ministers decided to pilot in 2006. Under the proposal, donors commit to help finance the purchase of vaccines against neglected diseases, if and when such vaccines are developed. The chapter first summarizes the value of vaccines in addressing diseases in poor countries. It then outlines two market failures that limit private sector investment in vaccines against neglected diseases. It argues that advance market commitments could accelerate the development of new vaccines for neglected diseases by addressing each of these market failures, and describes how such commitments can be designed to facilitate widespread access to these vaccines if they are developed. Finally, it discusses evidence suggesting that advance market commitments would be a cost-effective way for donors to save more lives than would be saved by virtually any comparable health expenditure.Less
Vaccines arguably offer the best hope for tackling diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV that are concentrated in poor countries. However, there is a dearth of research and development on such vaccines. This chapter outlines the economic rationale for the “Advance Market Commitment” proposal, which the G8 finance ministers decided to pilot in 2006. Under the proposal, donors commit to help finance the purchase of vaccines against neglected diseases, if and when such vaccines are developed. The chapter first summarizes the value of vaccines in addressing diseases in poor countries. It then outlines two market failures that limit private sector investment in vaccines against neglected diseases. It argues that advance market commitments could accelerate the development of new vaccines for neglected diseases by addressing each of these market failures, and describes how such commitments can be designed to facilitate widespread access to these vaccines if they are developed. Finally, it discusses evidence suggesting that advance market commitments would be a cost-effective way for donors to save more lives than would be saved by virtually any comparable health expenditure.
Mary Augusta Brazelton
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501739989
- eISBN:
- 9781501739996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter surveys the history of vaccine research and development in China's wartime hinterlands during the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, considering first a major project launched ...
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This chapter surveys the history of vaccine research and development in China's wartime hinterlands during the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, considering first a major project launched by the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) and then, in turn, the major cities of Chongqing, Guiyang, and Lanzhou. Although urban areas were not the only places where medical researchers, students, and administrators worked, they were significant hubs for coordination and exchange. The development of vaccine production in cities coincided with the deployment of new and coercive strategies for immunization, reflecting the ongoing militarization of Chinese society. Yet many urban dwellers welcomed vaccination as a means of defending themselves against disease at a time when the Japanese offensive threatened to cause epidemic catastrophe both directly, through biological warfare, and indirectly, by causing large-scale migrations of refugees and soldiers across the country. Attempts to establish a certification system that connected immunization status to free passage on ships and roads suggested the increasing importance of biology to individual rights and freedoms in wartime China.Less
This chapter surveys the history of vaccine research and development in China's wartime hinterlands during the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, considering first a major project launched by the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) and then, in turn, the major cities of Chongqing, Guiyang, and Lanzhou. Although urban areas were not the only places where medical researchers, students, and administrators worked, they were significant hubs for coordination and exchange. The development of vaccine production in cities coincided with the deployment of new and coercive strategies for immunization, reflecting the ongoing militarization of Chinese society. Yet many urban dwellers welcomed vaccination as a means of defending themselves against disease at a time when the Japanese offensive threatened to cause epidemic catastrophe both directly, through biological warfare, and indirectly, by causing large-scale migrations of refugees and soldiers across the country. Attempts to establish a certification system that connected immunization status to free passage on ships and roads suggested the increasing importance of biology to individual rights and freedoms in wartime China.
Sandro Galea
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- November 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197576427
- eISBN:
- 9780197576458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197576427.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter explores how science can shape the understanding of what matters most for health. Throughout the pandemic, it is science that helped in understanding the link between health and the ...
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This chapter explores how science can shape the understanding of what matters most for health. Throughout the pandemic, it is science that helped in understanding the link between health and the foundational forces discussed in the previous chapters, so that when it came time to make important choices, such as who first gets the vaccine, we were able to do so guided by a sense of what matters most. Ultimately, promoting a science for better health is core to creating a healthier world, post-COVID-19. The spectacular success of vaccine development during the pandemic will raise the understandable temptation of redoubling focus on doctors and medicines, orienting even more of the scientific energies towards treatments. We should take care that this does not distract focus from robust exploration of the socioeconomic forces that shape public health.Less
This chapter explores how science can shape the understanding of what matters most for health. Throughout the pandemic, it is science that helped in understanding the link between health and the foundational forces discussed in the previous chapters, so that when it came time to make important choices, such as who first gets the vaccine, we were able to do so guided by a sense of what matters most. Ultimately, promoting a science for better health is core to creating a healthier world, post-COVID-19. The spectacular success of vaccine development during the pandemic will raise the understandable temptation of redoubling focus on doctors and medicines, orienting even more of the scientific energies towards treatments. We should take care that this does not distract focus from robust exploration of the socioeconomic forces that shape public health.
