Allen J. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199549306
- eISBN:
- 9780191701511
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549306.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around ...
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This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around issues of urbanization in the contemporary world, emphasizing the idea of the social economy of the metropolis, which is to say, a view of the urban organism as an intertwined system of social and economic life played out through the arena of urban space. The book opens with a review of some essentials of urban theory. It aims to re-articulate the urban question in a way that is relevant to city life and politics in the present era. It then analyses the functional characteristics of the urban economy, with special reference to the rise of a group of core sectors such as media, fashion, music, etc. focused on cognitive and cultural forms of work. These sectors are growing with great rapidity in the world’s largest cities at the present time, and they play a major role in the urban resurgence that has been occurring of late. The discussion then explores the spatial ramifications of this new economy in cities and the ways in which it appears to be ushering in major shifts in divisions of labor and urban social stratification, as marked by a growing divide between a stratum of elite workers on the one side and a low-wage proletariat on the other.Less
This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around issues of urbanization in the contemporary world, emphasizing the idea of the social economy of the metropolis, which is to say, a view of the urban organism as an intertwined system of social and economic life played out through the arena of urban space. The book opens with a review of some essentials of urban theory. It aims to re-articulate the urban question in a way that is relevant to city life and politics in the present era. It then analyses the functional characteristics of the urban economy, with special reference to the rise of a group of core sectors such as media, fashion, music, etc. focused on cognitive and cultural forms of work. These sectors are growing with great rapidity in the world’s largest cities at the present time, and they play a major role in the urban resurgence that has been occurring of late. The discussion then explores the spatial ramifications of this new economy in cities and the ways in which it appears to be ushering in major shifts in divisions of labor and urban social stratification, as marked by a growing divide between a stratum of elite workers on the one side and a low-wage proletariat on the other.
Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144870
- eISBN:
- 9781400842483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter looks at the Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia, beginning in 1219 and culminating in the razing of Baghdad in 1258. The Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia contributed to ...
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This chapter looks at the Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia, beginning in 1219 and culminating in the razing of Baghdad in 1258. The Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia contributed to the demise of the urban and commercial economy of the Abbasid Empire and brought the economies of Mesopotamia and Persia back to an agrarian and pastoral stage for a long period. As a consequence, a certain proportion of Persian, Mesopotamian, and then Egyptian, and Syrian Jewry abandoned Judaism—whose religious norms, especially the one requiring fathers to educate their sons, had once again become a heavy burden with no economic return—and converted to Islam. This process of conversions of Jews in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as episodes of persecutions, massacres, and plagues in these regions and in western Europe, explain why world Jewry reached its lowest level by the end of the fifteenth century.Less
This chapter looks at the Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia, beginning in 1219 and culminating in the razing of Baghdad in 1258. The Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia contributed to the demise of the urban and commercial economy of the Abbasid Empire and brought the economies of Mesopotamia and Persia back to an agrarian and pastoral stage for a long period. As a consequence, a certain proportion of Persian, Mesopotamian, and then Egyptian, and Syrian Jewry abandoned Judaism—whose religious norms, especially the one requiring fathers to educate their sons, had once again become a heavy burden with no economic return—and converted to Islam. This process of conversions of Jews in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as episodes of persecutions, massacres, and plagues in these regions and in western Europe, explain why world Jewry reached its lowest level by the end of the fifteenth century.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a ...
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This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a suitable labor force, and risk pooling. It first introduces models that take into account the location of firms under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the role of site rents in guiding location decisions and the problems that site rents encounter in the presence of more complex economic geography. The model is expanded to allow for randomness in firms' evaluations of alternative sites and for interdependence among firms' location decisions. The model is also extended to a framework for defining empirical measures of agglomeration, and the chapter concludes with a review of empirical studies that explore localization or urbanization effects via the measurement of total factor productivity at the plant level.Less
This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a suitable labor force, and risk pooling. It first introduces models that take into account the location of firms under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the role of site rents in guiding location decisions and the problems that site rents encounter in the presence of more complex economic geography. The model is expanded to allow for randomness in firms' evaluations of alternative sites and for interdependence among firms' location decisions. The model is also extended to a framework for defining empirical measures of agglomeration, and the chapter concludes with a review of empirical studies that explore localization or urbanization effects via the measurement of total factor productivity at the plant level.
Chris Wickham
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199264490
- eISBN:
- 9780191698934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264490.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the problem of urbanism, political changes inside cities, and where post-Roman aristocrats lived. Urban centres in nearly all the regions in the book are defined in ...
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This chapter discusses the problem of urbanism, political changes inside cities, and where post-Roman aristocrats lived. Urban centres in nearly all the regions in the book are defined in politico-administrative terms, as self-governing and tax-raising municipia under late Rome, as episcopal centres in every Christian region, and as secular administrative centres in the post-Roman world. The last sections are based largely on urban archaeology, which in the last couple of decades has in many regions become rich enough to generate more plausible syntheses. Documentary references to urban buildings, spatial and topographical analysis of standing buildings are included when appropriate. These sections discuss the urban economies in the eastern Mediterranean, the western Mediterranean, and Northern Francia in the eighth century.Less
This chapter discusses the problem of urbanism, political changes inside cities, and where post-Roman aristocrats lived. Urban centres in nearly all the regions in the book are defined in politico-administrative terms, as self-governing and tax-raising municipia under late Rome, as episcopal centres in every Christian region, and as secular administrative centres in the post-Roman world. The last sections are based largely on urban archaeology, which in the last couple of decades has in many regions become rich enough to generate more plausible syntheses. Documentary references to urban buildings, spatial and topographical analysis of standing buildings are included when appropriate. These sections discuss the urban economies in the eastern Mediterranean, the western Mediterranean, and Northern Francia in the eighth century.
Daniel Ayalew, Stefan Dercon, and Pramila Krishnan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261031
- eISBN:
- 9780191698712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses land tenure and urban economy conditions in Ethiopia and the implications of both for reintegrating ex-soldiers back into the community. It describes and assesses the ...
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This chapter discusses land tenure and urban economy conditions in Ethiopia and the implications of both for reintegrating ex-soldiers back into the community. It describes and assesses the objectives of the demobilization and reintegration programmes and their implementation. It then examines the outcomes for ex-soldiers who entered the urban economy, the efficiency of the targeted aid to ex-soldiers, and the extent of their reintegration in the rural economy. The chapter concludes by setting out the lessons that emerge from the Ethiopian experience.Less
This chapter discusses land tenure and urban economy conditions in Ethiopia and the implications of both for reintegrating ex-soldiers back into the community. It describes and assesses the objectives of the demobilization and reintegration programmes and their implementation. It then examines the outcomes for ex-soldiers who entered the urban economy, the efficiency of the targeted aid to ex-soldiers, and the extent of their reintegration in the rural economy. The chapter concludes by setting out the lessons that emerge from the Ethiopian experience.
Michael Storper, Thomas Kemeny, Naji Makarem, and Taner Osman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804789400
- eISBN:
- 9780804796026
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789400.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, ...
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In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, which had slipped from 4th rank among cities in the United States to 25th. The usual reasons for explaining such change—good or bad luck, different types of immigrants, tax rates, housing costs, and local economic policies, the pool of skilled labor—do not account for why they perform so differently. Instead, the divergence in economic development of major city regions is largely due to the different capacities for organizational change in their firms, networks of people, and networks of leaders. Drawing on economics, sociology, political science, and geography, this book sheds new light on the deep causes of economic development and challenges many conventional notions about it. By studying two regions in unprecedented levels of depth and precision, it develops lessons for the field of economic development studies in general and for urban regions around the world.Less
In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, which had slipped from 4th rank among cities in the United States to 25th. The usual reasons for explaining such change—good or bad luck, different types of immigrants, tax rates, housing costs, and local economic policies, the pool of skilled labor—do not account for why they perform so differently. Instead, the divergence in economic development of major city regions is largely due to the different capacities for organizational change in their firms, networks of people, and networks of leaders. Drawing on economics, sociology, political science, and geography, this book sheds new light on the deep causes of economic development and challenges many conventional notions about it. By studying two regions in unprecedented levels of depth and precision, it develops lessons for the field of economic development studies in general and for urban regions around the world.
P. J. P. Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201540
- eISBN:
- 9780191674938
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201540.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Economic History
This chapter examines York and the regional economy in the later Middle Ages. It attempts to reconstruct the occupational structure of the community from poll tax and franchise evidence and considers ...
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This chapter examines York and the regional economy in the later Middle Ages. It attempts to reconstruct the occupational structure of the community from poll tax and franchise evidence and considers how this may have changed from the 14th to the early 16th century. The one feature of special significance is the demographic recession following the Black Death. This had implications for the supply of labour, the demand for goods and services, and the structure of both urban and rural economies. The latter part of the chapter reviews the pattern of economic development nationally. It aims to establish a general framework which the detailed evidence specifically to women in both town and country may be understood.Less
This chapter examines York and the regional economy in the later Middle Ages. It attempts to reconstruct the occupational structure of the community from poll tax and franchise evidence and considers how this may have changed from the 14th to the early 16th century. The one feature of special significance is the demographic recession following the Black Death. This had implications for the supply of labour, the demand for goods and services, and the structure of both urban and rural economies. The latter part of the chapter reviews the pattern of economic development nationally. It aims to establish a general framework which the detailed evidence specifically to women in both town and country may be understood.
Allen J. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199549306
- eISBN:
- 9780191701511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549306.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter analyses the economic structure of American metropolitan areas, and the forms of production that contribute to its urbanization. It begins by revealing statistical points of growth and ...
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This chapter analyses the economic structure of American metropolitan areas, and the forms of production that contribute to its urbanization. It begins by revealing statistical points of growth and transformation of metropolitan economies, and evaluating broad occupational characteristics of metropolitan areas (with a focus on manufacturing activities). It provides analysis on cognitive-cultural economic activities (e.g., fashion industries, tourism and entertainment, hotel service, etc.) and their contributions to the economy of famous large metropolises in America, including Las Vegas, Nashville, Reno, and others.Less
This chapter analyses the economic structure of American metropolitan areas, and the forms of production that contribute to its urbanization. It begins by revealing statistical points of growth and transformation of metropolitan economies, and evaluating broad occupational characteristics of metropolitan areas (with a focus on manufacturing activities). It provides analysis on cognitive-cultural economic activities (e.g., fashion industries, tourism and entertainment, hotel service, etc.) and their contributions to the economy of famous large metropolises in America, including Las Vegas, Nashville, Reno, and others.
Josef W. Konvitz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992903
- eISBN:
- 9781526103970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992903.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Cities are the engines of the economy, but the are running low on two key inputs, infrastructure investment and innovation. The image of the engine calls attention to flawed assumptions made about ...
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Cities are the engines of the economy, but the are running low on two key inputs, infrastructure investment and innovation. The image of the engine calls attention to flawed assumptions made about how urban economies function, linked to the dominance of macro-economic and sectoral policies. There are problems related to data which make it difficult for policy makers to anticipate the dynamic effects of urban change; as a result they are not able to enhance the positive effects of density and specialization (agglomeration effects). Governments need policies for cities – forward looking, not remedial. The chapter highlights the costs of the 2008 crisis before ending with a series of 9 questions about the future of economic and political systems and of the role of cities in them.Less
Cities are the engines of the economy, but the are running low on two key inputs, infrastructure investment and innovation. The image of the engine calls attention to flawed assumptions made about how urban economies function, linked to the dominance of macro-economic and sectoral policies. There are problems related to data which make it difficult for policy makers to anticipate the dynamic effects of urban change; as a result they are not able to enhance the positive effects of density and specialization (agglomeration effects). Governments need policies for cities – forward looking, not remedial. The chapter highlights the costs of the 2008 crisis before ending with a series of 9 questions about the future of economic and political systems and of the role of cities in them.
Gordon White, Jude Howell, and Shang Xiaoyuan
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289562
- eISBN:
- 9780191684739
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289562.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter is centred on urban women and the Women's Federation. It evaluates changes in the structural position of women in the urban economy since the introduction of the reforms, emphasizing ...
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This chapter is centred on urban women and the Women's Federation. It evaluates changes in the structural position of women in the urban economy since the introduction of the reforms, emphasizing changes in sectoral employment, remuneration, and recruitment. The chapter traces the changes in the character and role of the Women's Federation, identifying the differences that have emerged within the organization regarding the desirability of economic reform, its meaning for women, and the ways in which the Federation should respond. Lastly, it assesses the emergence and significance of new independent women's organizations that have emerged in several big cities.Less
This chapter is centred on urban women and the Women's Federation. It evaluates changes in the structural position of women in the urban economy since the introduction of the reforms, emphasizing changes in sectoral employment, remuneration, and recruitment. The chapter traces the changes in the character and role of the Women's Federation, identifying the differences that have emerged within the organization regarding the desirability of economic reform, its meaning for women, and the ways in which the Federation should respond. Lastly, it assesses the emergence and significance of new independent women's organizations that have emerged in several big cities.
James E. Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263778
- eISBN:
- 9780191734823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263778.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines what market justice really meant for ordinary Venetians, both in the courtroom and out on the street. How was the law enforced in terms of policing and court procedures and how did ...
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This book examines what market justice really meant for ordinary Venetians, both in the courtroom and out on the street. How was the law enforced in terms of policing and court procedures and how did this alter the nature of justice? How did individuals and families adjust their strategies to fit into the institutional framework of public authorities and private interests? The book begins with the public authority at the heart of the Rialto markets, the Giustizia Vecchia. A central institution in the life of Venetian people of all ranks, its original name of Giustizia – justice – suggests that it may have represented what most Venetians understood by that word. In a literal sense, it was the Justice of Venice. The chapter also introduces the concepts of shadow economy, market justice, urban economy, and political order.Less
This book examines what market justice really meant for ordinary Venetians, both in the courtroom and out on the street. How was the law enforced in terms of policing and court procedures and how did this alter the nature of justice? How did individuals and families adjust their strategies to fit into the institutional framework of public authorities and private interests? The book begins with the public authority at the heart of the Rialto markets, the Giustizia Vecchia. A central institution in the life of Venetian people of all ranks, its original name of Giustizia – justice – suggests that it may have represented what most Venetians understood by that word. In a literal sense, it was the Justice of Venice. The chapter also introduces the concepts of shadow economy, market justice, urban economy, and political order.
BENJAMIN ARNOLD
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199272211
- eISBN:
- 9780191709999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272211.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The greatest single landowner in medieval Germany until the 14th century was undoubtedly the crown. It disposed of hundreds of manors with all the advantages and difficulties experienced by ...
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The greatest single landowner in medieval Germany until the 14th century was undoubtedly the crown. It disposed of hundreds of manors with all the advantages and difficulties experienced by landowners. But manorial renders were by no means the only source of royal supply. The bishoprics and the larger abbeys were required to provide servitium regis in the form of hospitality upon the never ceasing royal iter or perambulation of the realm. They also provided economic resources in cash and kind. It is not clear whether the kings did better out of the crown lands or out of the Church. Both much increased their economic value as purveyors of resources with the marked development of the urban economy in the royal and episcopal towns and with the increase in money supply, from the 11th century.Less
The greatest single landowner in medieval Germany until the 14th century was undoubtedly the crown. It disposed of hundreds of manors with all the advantages and difficulties experienced by landowners. But manorial renders were by no means the only source of royal supply. The bishoprics and the larger abbeys were required to provide servitium regis in the form of hospitality upon the never ceasing royal iter or perambulation of the realm. They also provided economic resources in cash and kind. It is not clear whether the kings did better out of the crown lands or out of the Church. Both much increased their economic value as purveyors of resources with the marked development of the urban economy in the royal and episcopal towns and with the increase in money supply, from the 11th century.
Felicitas Becker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264270
- eISBN:
- 9780191734182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264270.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Although the synchronicity of the rise of Muslim radicalism in East Africa with similar phenomena in many parts of the world gives that radicalism the appearance of an unstoppable ideological tide, ...
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Although the synchronicity of the rise of Muslim radicalism in East Africa with similar phenomena in many parts of the world gives that radicalism the appearance of an unstoppable ideological tide, it is intricately connected to recent political and economic changes in Tanzania. It is shown that while the Ansar of Southeast Tanzania formed part of a transregional reformist current, their confrontational style and inflammatory rhetoric were directed against the specific conjunction of the political and religious authority they faced at home. The reformist debates and Muslim discontent in East Africa after independence are explained. In addition to the above, this chapter elaborates on the crisis of the urban economy and of the tarika. The parallelism of political and trade liberalization has made commercial strength a potential basis for the pursuance of political aims. It is difficult to present a conclusive account of the Ansar in Southeast Tanzania, since their role is still unfolding. The attack on Muslim notables and their relations with government are illustrated. The proactive and calculated response of the authorities to the actions of the Ansar indicates that Tanzanian politicians take the provinces more seriously than is immediately apparent to the outside observer.Less
Although the synchronicity of the rise of Muslim radicalism in East Africa with similar phenomena in many parts of the world gives that radicalism the appearance of an unstoppable ideological tide, it is intricately connected to recent political and economic changes in Tanzania. It is shown that while the Ansar of Southeast Tanzania formed part of a transregional reformist current, their confrontational style and inflammatory rhetoric were directed against the specific conjunction of the political and religious authority they faced at home. The reformist debates and Muslim discontent in East Africa after independence are explained. In addition to the above, this chapter elaborates on the crisis of the urban economy and of the tarika. The parallelism of political and trade liberalization has made commercial strength a potential basis for the pursuance of political aims. It is difficult to present a conclusive account of the Ansar in Southeast Tanzania, since their role is still unfolding. The attack on Muslim notables and their relations with government are illustrated. The proactive and calculated response of the authorities to the actions of the Ansar indicates that Tanzanian politicians take the provinces more seriously than is immediately apparent to the outside observer.
Richard E. Ocejo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165493
- eISBN:
- 9781400884865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165493.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This introductory chapter discusses how bars, barbershops, and butcher shops were neighborhood cornerstones in the industrial city. Today, new versions of them catering to knowledgeable and wealthy ...
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This introductory chapter discusses how bars, barbershops, and butcher shops were neighborhood cornerstones in the industrial city. Today, new versions of them catering to knowledgeable and wealthy consumers have been opening in gentrifying neighborhoods in cities across the country. Professionals in high-profile economic sectors (like Google employees), members of the “foodie” taste community, and tourists—all key consumer groups in today's urban economy—support them. The chapter traces the rise of these new elite occupations, workplaces, products, and forms of consumption to three key cultural, urban, and economic changes happening in society today: reconfigured understandings of taste, the new role of community institutions in gentrifying neighborhoods, and work in the “new economy” of postindustrial cities.Less
This introductory chapter discusses how bars, barbershops, and butcher shops were neighborhood cornerstones in the industrial city. Today, new versions of them catering to knowledgeable and wealthy consumers have been opening in gentrifying neighborhoods in cities across the country. Professionals in high-profile economic sectors (like Google employees), members of the “foodie” taste community, and tourists—all key consumer groups in today's urban economy—support them. The chapter traces the rise of these new elite occupations, workplaces, products, and forms of consumption to three key cultural, urban, and economic changes happening in society today: reconfigured understandings of taste, the new role of community institutions in gentrifying neighborhoods, and work in the “new economy” of postindustrial cities.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226055985
- eISBN:
- 9780226056005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226056005.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the paths of African American women to the sex industry in Chicago. It explains that these women were restricted to low-paying domestic employment and they frequently looked for ...
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This chapter examines the paths of African American women to the sex industry in Chicago. It explains that these women were restricted to low-paying domestic employment and they frequently looked for work to make ends meet and for independence. The sex economy was one of the largest sectors of the illicit urban informal economy and it provided them with much needed income. This chapter shows that the sex economy occupied a place along a continuum of informal pursuits to which African American men and women turned to in the late-nineteenth-century city.Less
This chapter examines the paths of African American women to the sex industry in Chicago. It explains that these women were restricted to low-paying domestic employment and they frequently looked for work to make ends meet and for independence. The sex economy was one of the largest sectors of the illicit urban informal economy and it provided them with much needed income. This chapter shows that the sex economy occupied a place along a continuum of informal pursuits to which African American men and women turned to in the late-nineteenth-century city.
Isabelle Anguelovski
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262026925
- eISBN:
- 9780262322188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026925.003.0002
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This theoretical chapter reviews the role that environmental justice studies have played in unraveling the environmental inequalities faced by low-income populations and communities of color ...
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This theoretical chapter reviews the role that environmental justice studies have played in unraveling the environmental inequalities faced by low-income populations and communities of color (including contamination, resource extraction, and waste transfer) as well as the tensions and conflicts that have arisen from them. It also examines the multifaceted roots of environmental injustices. Furthermore, this chapter is framed within the political economy of development in the city and explores the broader processes and actors that played central roles in the long-term environmental decay of marginalized neighborhoods and that residents and their allies resisted. Research in sociospatial segregation, inequalities, urban growth, right to the city, and spatial justice is particularly relevant for these issues. The second part of the chapter links traditional understandings of environmental justice with scholarship on place and place attachment and its analysis of the role that place and community play in historically distressed neighborhoods. It is a broader critique of existing studies of community organization for their lack of attention to place within the context of long-term environmental revitalization and justice in urban distressed neighborhoods. It finishes by highlighting the need to strengthen the nexus of environmental justice and place remaking in cities.Less
This theoretical chapter reviews the role that environmental justice studies have played in unraveling the environmental inequalities faced by low-income populations and communities of color (including contamination, resource extraction, and waste transfer) as well as the tensions and conflicts that have arisen from them. It also examines the multifaceted roots of environmental injustices. Furthermore, this chapter is framed within the political economy of development in the city and explores the broader processes and actors that played central roles in the long-term environmental decay of marginalized neighborhoods and that residents and their allies resisted. Research in sociospatial segregation, inequalities, urban growth, right to the city, and spatial justice is particularly relevant for these issues. The second part of the chapter links traditional understandings of environmental justice with scholarship on place and place attachment and its analysis of the role that place and community play in historically distressed neighborhoods. It is a broader critique of existing studies of community organization for their lack of attention to place within the context of long-term environmental revitalization and justice in urban distressed neighborhoods. It finishes by highlighting the need to strengthen the nexus of environmental justice and place remaking in cities.
LaShawn Harris
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040207
- eISBN:
- 9780252098420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040207.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter explores black women's multilayered roles within New York's sex commerce, moving beyond widely accepted historical interpretations that position black sex laborers primarily as street ...
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This chapter explores black women's multilayered roles within New York's sex commerce, moving beyond widely accepted historical interpretations that position black sex laborers primarily as street solicitors. Identifying black women as madam-prostitutes, casual prostitutes, and sex-house proprietors and entrepreneurs, this chapter addresses the difficulties of documenting sex work within black communities, the broad socioeconomic conditions and personal circumstances outlining black women's entrance into the urban sexual economy, and the occupational benefits of indoor prostitution. In an attempt to avoid or limit their presence on New York streets, black sex workers—when the opportunity arose—sold and performed sexual services in furnished rooms and hotels, in their own homes, in massage parlors and nightclubs, and in other legitimate and illegitimate commercial businesses. Furthermore, indoor and residential sexual labor was significant to sex laborers' working and personal lives.Less
This chapter explores black women's multilayered roles within New York's sex commerce, moving beyond widely accepted historical interpretations that position black sex laborers primarily as street solicitors. Identifying black women as madam-prostitutes, casual prostitutes, and sex-house proprietors and entrepreneurs, this chapter addresses the difficulties of documenting sex work within black communities, the broad socioeconomic conditions and personal circumstances outlining black women's entrance into the urban sexual economy, and the occupational benefits of indoor prostitution. In an attempt to avoid or limit their presence on New York streets, black sex workers—when the opportunity arose—sold and performed sexual services in furnished rooms and hotels, in their own homes, in massage parlors and nightclubs, and in other legitimate and illegitimate commercial businesses. Furthermore, indoor and residential sexual labor was significant to sex laborers' working and personal lives.
Brian Tochterman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469633060
- eISBN:
- 9781469633084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633060.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores the use of fear in the written critiques of postwar redevelopment in New York City. With a special emphasis on the celebrated urban thinker Jane Jacobs, it examines how ...
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This chapter explores the use of fear in the written critiques of postwar redevelopment in New York City. With a special emphasis on the celebrated urban thinker Jane Jacobs, it examines how deploying the image of urban death at the hands of planners effectively slowed large scale redevelopment. However, it also considers the contingencies of that narrative for the discipline of planning itself and the political economy of urban development.Less
This chapter explores the use of fear in the written critiques of postwar redevelopment in New York City. With a special emphasis on the celebrated urban thinker Jane Jacobs, it examines how deploying the image of urban death at the hands of planners effectively slowed large scale redevelopment. However, it also considers the contingencies of that narrative for the discipline of planning itself and the political economy of urban development.
Adam Teller
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804798440
- eISBN:
- 9780804799874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804798440.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
Towns were the main setting of Jewish life on the estates, with Jews there contributing greatly to the urban economy and bringing significant revenues to the Radziwiłł administration. The Jews’ ...
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Towns were the main setting of Jewish life on the estates, with Jews there contributing greatly to the urban economy and bringing significant revenues to the Radziwiłł administration. The Jews’ importance in the economies of both large and small towns was felt most in their domination of trade, and in particular alcohol sales. In terms of direct taxation, individual Jews seem to have paid proportionately less than non-Jews. However, both individual Jews and communities were called on to make extensive unofficial contributions, while communities also made extra payments, such as those for rabbinic licenses. Both the community councils and the rabbis acted as unofficial agents of the administration, responsible for managing the Jewish population and its economic activity. Despite this, wealthy Jews who served the Radziwiłłs directly could exempt themselves from communal jurisdiction, creating a new socioeconomic elite.Less
Towns were the main setting of Jewish life on the estates, with Jews there contributing greatly to the urban economy and bringing significant revenues to the Radziwiłł administration. The Jews’ importance in the economies of both large and small towns was felt most in their domination of trade, and in particular alcohol sales. In terms of direct taxation, individual Jews seem to have paid proportionately less than non-Jews. However, both individual Jews and communities were called on to make extensive unofficial contributions, while communities also made extra payments, such as those for rabbinic licenses. Both the community councils and the rabbis acted as unofficial agents of the administration, responsible for managing the Jewish population and its economic activity. Despite this, wealthy Jews who served the Radziwiłłs directly could exempt themselves from communal jurisdiction, creating a new socioeconomic elite.
Andrew Konove
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520293670
- eISBN:
- 9780520966901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293670.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter moves from an analysis of elite debates over urban renewal to an examination of the quotidian transactions of the Baratillo in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The shadow ...
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This chapter moves from an analysis of elite debates over urban renewal to an examination of the quotidian transactions of the Baratillo in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The shadow economy linked baratilleros to some of Mexico’s elite overseas merchants while pitting them against the capital’s artisan guilds and shopkeepers, who saw them as disloyal competition. In reconstructing these relationships, the chapter reveals the centrality of the Baratillo’s commerce to the late-colonial urban economy. It also illustrates the ways that economics and politics intertwined in the market, as vendors pursued multiple strategies to protect their businesses from outside threats.Less
This chapter moves from an analysis of elite debates over urban renewal to an examination of the quotidian transactions of the Baratillo in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The shadow economy linked baratilleros to some of Mexico’s elite overseas merchants while pitting them against the capital’s artisan guilds and shopkeepers, who saw them as disloyal competition. In reconstructing these relationships, the chapter reveals the centrality of the Baratillo’s commerce to the late-colonial urban economy. It also illustrates the ways that economics and politics intertwined in the market, as vendors pursued multiple strategies to protect their businesses from outside threats.
