John A. Raven and John Beardall
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses respiratory processes in phytoplankton to demonstrate the range of respiratory processes found in phytoplankton, describe the functions of these individual pathways, and ...
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This chapter discusses respiratory processes in phytoplankton to demonstrate the range of respiratory processes found in phytoplankton, describe the functions of these individual pathways, and explore their interactions. Phytoplankton organisms have core respiratory processes common to most planktonic organisms; these reactions occur in the dark and, to varying extents, in the light. These organisms also experience oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production reactions related to their photosynthetic apparatus. Two of these, the Mehler-peroxidase reaction and the oxidase function of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBISCO), are light dependent; a third, chlororespiration, occurs mainly in the dark.Less
This chapter discusses respiratory processes in phytoplankton to demonstrate the range of respiratory processes found in phytoplankton, describe the functions of these individual pathways, and explore their interactions. Phytoplankton organisms have core respiratory processes common to most planktonic organisms; these reactions occur in the dark and, to varying extents, in the light. These organisms also experience oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production reactions related to their photosynthetic apparatus. Two of these, the Mehler-peroxidase reaction and the oxidase function of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBISCO), are light dependent; a third, chlororespiration, occurs mainly in the dark.
Tom Fenchel
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter considers aspects of oxygen uptake in protists, emphasizing the coupling to energy metabolism. Microorganisms potentially grow very fast and so for growing cells, the largest part of ...
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This chapter considers aspects of oxygen uptake in protists, emphasizing the coupling to energy metabolism. Microorganisms potentially grow very fast and so for growing cells, the largest part of energy metabolism is spent on macromolecular synthesis, and respiration is almost proportional to the growth rate. For a given species, oxygen uptake may vary by a factor of up to 50; measurements of respiration are therefore only meaningful in the light of the physiological state of cells. For rapidly growing cells, weight specific respiration scales as (weight)-0.25 when different species are compared. For equally sized species, some taxonomic groups show lower respiratory rates than others.Less
This chapter considers aspects of oxygen uptake in protists, emphasizing the coupling to energy metabolism. Microorganisms potentially grow very fast and so for growing cells, the largest part of energy metabolism is spent on macromolecular synthesis, and respiration is almost proportional to the growth rate. For a given species, oxygen uptake may vary by a factor of up to 50; measurements of respiration are therefore only meaningful in the light of the physiological state of cells. For rapidly growing cells, weight specific respiration scales as (weight)-0.25 when different species are compared. For equally sized species, some taxonomic groups show lower respiratory rates than others.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies ...
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Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.Less
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.
Raymond A. Swanson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0027
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial ...
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The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter uptake systems, and these systems play a fundamental role in both normal brain function and disease states. All types of glial cells—astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia—can express transporters for neurotransmitter uptake. This chapter focuses on astrocyte glutamate uptake, which is the most fully characterized of the astrocyte neurotransmitter uptake systems.Less
The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter uptake systems, and these systems play a fundamental role in both normal brain function and disease states. All types of glial cells—astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia—can express transporters for neurotransmitter uptake. This chapter focuses on astrocyte glutamate uptake, which is the most fully characterized of the astrocyte neurotransmitter uptake systems.
Huatong Sun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744763
- eISBN:
- 9780199932993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744763.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This concluding chapter suggests future directions for the research and practice of cross-cultural technology in a glocalization age. Centering on a dialogical approach, it analyzes what the ...
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This concluding chapter suggests future directions for the research and practice of cross-cultural technology in a glocalization age. Centering on a dialogical approach, it analyzes what the cross-cultural design community could learn from the user localization efforts to design for, invoke, nurture, encourage, support, and sustain culturally localized user experience —the consummate experience—for emerging technologies. It studies the characteristics and value as well as the role and functions of user localization in a technology’s whole design, production, and use cycle and discusses how to route those user efforts into the design process to better address user needs and expectations in this rising participatory culture. Real-world examples are supplemented to further the discussion beyond the case study when needed.Less
This concluding chapter suggests future directions for the research and practice of cross-cultural technology in a glocalization age. Centering on a dialogical approach, it analyzes what the cross-cultural design community could learn from the user localization efforts to design for, invoke, nurture, encourage, support, and sustain culturally localized user experience —the consummate experience—for emerging technologies. It studies the characteristics and value as well as the role and functions of user localization in a technology’s whole design, production, and use cycle and discusses how to route those user efforts into the design process to better address user needs and expectations in this rising participatory culture. Real-world examples are supplemented to further the discussion beyond the case study when needed.
Rae Langton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247066
- eISBN:
- 9780191594823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247066.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Jacobson argues that free speech does not include freedom of illocution, that pornography does not in any case silence women. Just as well, or rape would not count as rape, since a silenced woman ...
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Jacobson argues that free speech does not include freedom of illocution, that pornography does not in any case silence women. Just as well, or rape would not count as rape, since a silenced woman would not have refused sex. Jacobson is mistaken. Free speech includes more than freedom to say meaningful words, as Mill saw. It includes freedom to perform communicative illocutions, enabled by reciprocity, a mutual capacity for uptake. A woman who has her refusal silenced is still raped, since she does not consent. And women do encounter the silence of illocutionary disablement, on an Austinian understanding of speech. His allegation of ‘confusion’ is no more than a rejection of the Austinian starting point.Less
Jacobson argues that free speech does not include freedom of illocution, that pornography does not in any case silence women. Just as well, or rape would not count as rape, since a silenced woman would not have refused sex. Jacobson is mistaken. Free speech includes more than freedom to say meaningful words, as Mill saw. It includes freedom to perform communicative illocutions, enabled by reciprocity, a mutual capacity for uptake. A woman who has her refusal silenced is still raped, since she does not consent. And women do encounter the silence of illocutionary disablement, on an Austinian understanding of speech. His allegation of ‘confusion’ is no more than a rejection of the Austinian starting point.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Freshwater habitats are filled with abundant animal life from numerous phyla. Because the osmotic concentration of fresh water is extremely low compared to both extracellular and intracellular ...
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Freshwater habitats are filled with abundant animal life from numerous phyla. Because the osmotic concentration of fresh water is extremely low compared to both extracellular and intracellular fluids, all freshwater animals are hyper-regulators. The influx of water across the integument presents a difficult and costly physiological challenge. Freshwater animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for producing very dilute urine as a means of ridding themselves of this excess water. A second challenge is the requirement to obtain ions from an environment in which ionic concentrations are exceptionally low. Ion uptake is achieved by specialized transport processes in both the integument and the gut. Examples from both invertebrate and vertebrate groups are provided to illustrate the physiological and morphological diversity that exists in freshwater organisms.Less
Freshwater habitats are filled with abundant animal life from numerous phyla. Because the osmotic concentration of fresh water is extremely low compared to both extracellular and intracellular fluids, all freshwater animals are hyper-regulators. The influx of water across the integument presents a difficult and costly physiological challenge. Freshwater animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for producing very dilute urine as a means of ridding themselves of this excess water. A second challenge is the requirement to obtain ions from an environment in which ionic concentrations are exceptionally low. Ion uptake is achieved by specialized transport processes in both the integument and the gut. Examples from both invertebrate and vertebrate groups are provided to illustrate the physiological and morphological diversity that exists in freshwater organisms.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can ...
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Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can be used for thermodynamic work. Ion gradients also establish electrical gradients across membranes that serve as resistors and capacitors. Under these circumstances, the membranes are also sites of energy transduction where chemical gradients are transformed into electrical gradients. The energy stored across membranes can be used to transport solutes against their gradients, produce ATP, regulate pH, and produce action potentials. Examples are provided from mitochondrial function, intestinal nutrient uptake, and the uptake of dissolved organic matter in marine invertebrate larvae.Less
Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can be used for thermodynamic work. Ion gradients also establish electrical gradients across membranes that serve as resistors and capacitors. Under these circumstances, the membranes are also sites of energy transduction where chemical gradients are transformed into electrical gradients. The energy stored across membranes can be used to transport solutes against their gradients, produce ATP, regulate pH, and produce action potentials. Examples are provided from mitochondrial function, intestinal nutrient uptake, and the uptake of dissolved organic matter in marine invertebrate larvae.
Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231573
- eISBN:
- 9780520927889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231573.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter examines the root biology of cacti, discussing root structure, growth, and development, and then exploring the functions of roots as organs for water, and mineral uptake and plant ...
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This chapter examines the root biology of cacti, discussing root structure, growth, and development, and then exploring the functions of roots as organs for water, and mineral uptake and plant anchorage. An understanding of the relationship between root structure and function is essential to understanding how cacti roots and root systems have evolved structural and physiological features to help them endure harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, prolonged drought, nutrient-poor soils, and strong winds. For a number of desert and epiphytic cacti, the development of rhizosheaths improve root water relations by ensuring good contact between the root and wet soil, and by helping to reduce water loss from the root to a drier soil. Lateral root primordia arise during drought and hasten plant recovery when soil moisture is restored.Less
This chapter examines the root biology of cacti, discussing root structure, growth, and development, and then exploring the functions of roots as organs for water, and mineral uptake and plant anchorage. An understanding of the relationship between root structure and function is essential to understanding how cacti roots and root systems have evolved structural and physiological features to help them endure harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, prolonged drought, nutrient-poor soils, and strong winds. For a number of desert and epiphytic cacti, the development of rhizosheaths improve root water relations by ensuring good contact between the root and wet soil, and by helping to reduce water loss from the root to a drier soil. Lateral root primordia arise during drought and hasten plant recovery when soil moisture is restored.
José Medina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929023
- eISBN:
- 9780199301522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter develops a contextualist approach to hermeneutical injustice that is pluralistic, interactive, and dynamic. First, I offer an expansion of Miranda Fricker’s analysis of silencing, ...
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This chapter develops a contextualist approach to hermeneutical injustice that is pluralistic, interactive, and dynamic. First, I offer an expansion of Miranda Fricker’s analysis of silencing, arguing that we need to pay attention to the performative and pragmatic aspects of communicative dynamics to fully appreciate the patterns of silence that are part of epistemic injustice in general and of hermeneutical injustice in particular. In the second place, I argue that a more deeply pluralistic account of hermeneutical justice is needed, one that takes into account the communicative dynamics of a plurality of publics that are internally heterogeneous and contain multiple voices and perspectives. Finally, I use my polyphonic contextualism to expand Fricker’s view of what counts as virtuous interpretative responsiveness and to offer a more robust notion of epistemic responsibility with respect to hermeneutical justice.Less
This chapter develops a contextualist approach to hermeneutical injustice that is pluralistic, interactive, and dynamic. First, I offer an expansion of Miranda Fricker’s analysis of silencing, arguing that we need to pay attention to the performative and pragmatic aspects of communicative dynamics to fully appreciate the patterns of silence that are part of epistemic injustice in general and of hermeneutical injustice in particular. In the second place, I argue that a more deeply pluralistic account of hermeneutical justice is needed, one that takes into account the communicative dynamics of a plurality of publics that are internally heterogeneous and contain multiple voices and perspectives. Finally, I use my polyphonic contextualism to expand Fricker’s view of what counts as virtuous interpretative responsiveness and to offer a more robust notion of epistemic responsibility with respect to hermeneutical justice.
Roberto J. Rona and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. ...
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Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. No consistent relation between height gain and receipt of school milk was found. Changes in school meal provision also took place. Uptake of school meals was high amongst children of families in receipt of welfare benefits up until 1987, but plummeted in 1988 following loss of entitlement to free school meals for children of families in receipt of Family Credit. No effect of receipt of school meals on rate of growth was detected, but children receiving a free meal were shorter on average than other children.Less
Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. No consistent relation between height gain and receipt of school milk was found. Changes in school meal provision also took place. Uptake of school meals was high amongst children of families in receipt of welfare benefits up until 1987, but plummeted in 1988 following loss of entitlement to free school meals for children of families in receipt of Family Credit. No effect of receipt of school meals on rate of growth was detected, but children receiving a free meal were shorter on average than other children.
Merton Sandler and Geralyn M. Collins
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses 5-HT uptake, platelets, and migraine. 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin) has been studied in relation to migraine for about twenty years, but in relation to depression for ...
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This chapter discusses 5-HT uptake, platelets, and migraine. 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin) has been studied in relation to migraine for about twenty years, but in relation to depression for about thirty years. The relationship between migraine and depression is fascinating. The prodromal symptoms of migraine are very much like those of an affective disorder. Over the last ten years 5-HT uptake by the platelets has been studied with interest. The platelet is readily accessible for study, and some of its transport systems may have something in common with those in the central nervous system.Less
This chapter discusses 5-HT uptake, platelets, and migraine. 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin) has been studied in relation to migraine for about twenty years, but in relation to depression for about thirty years. The relationship between migraine and depression is fascinating. The prodromal symptoms of migraine are very much like those of an affective disorder. Over the last ten years 5-HT uptake by the platelets has been studied with interest. The platelet is readily accessible for study, and some of its transport systems may have something in common with those in the central nervous system.
Sunil P. Lonkar, A. Pratheep Kumar, and R. P Singh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199581924
- eISBN:
- 9780191728853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581924.003.0016
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Research and development of bio-nanocomposite materials for diverse applications in the field of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology is expected to grow in the next decade with the ...
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Research and development of bio-nanocomposite materials for diverse applications in the field of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology is expected to grow in the next decade with the advent of new polymeric materials and inorganic nano-particles. This chapter, tries to provide a broad overview of the commercial aspects associated with bionanocomposites, their processing and technology, outlining some of the limitations of the material and pointing to some of the areas where performance may be enhanced. It also seeks to outline some of the perceived barriers and drives for biocomposites and finally to look at some of the future prospect for these materials. This chapter reviews some of the technological challenges being faced in bringing these materials to a wider market together with potential solutions, as well as discussing market forces influencing their commercial uptake.Less
Research and development of bio-nanocomposite materials for diverse applications in the field of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology is expected to grow in the next decade with the advent of new polymeric materials and inorganic nano-particles. This chapter, tries to provide a broad overview of the commercial aspects associated with bionanocomposites, their processing and technology, outlining some of the limitations of the material and pointing to some of the areas where performance may be enhanced. It also seeks to outline some of the perceived barriers and drives for biocomposites and finally to look at some of the future prospect for these materials. This chapter reviews some of the technological challenges being faced in bringing these materials to a wider market together with potential solutions, as well as discussing market forces influencing their commercial uptake.
J. F. W. Deakin, F. S. Guimaraes, M. Wang, and R. Hensman
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192620118
- eISBN:
- 9780191724725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192620118.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Symptoms of anxiety and depression usually coexist. Scores on anxiety rating scales strongly predict scores on depression rating scales. Symptoms of anxiety predict symptoms of depression. Symptoms ...
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Symptoms of anxiety and depression usually coexist. Scores on anxiety rating scales strongly predict scores on depression rating scales. Symptoms of anxiety predict symptoms of depression. Symptoms of anxiety may ante-date and outlast depressive symptoms, and depression may be a higher level of affective disturbance than anxiety. However, there is no antithesis between the two sets of symptoms. The same treatments are effective in both and the most effective is treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) re-uptake-blocking antidepressants. It is therefore a very considerable paradox that excessive 5-HT neurotransmission has been associated with symptoms of anxiety whereas deficient 5-HT function has been associated with depressive illness.Less
Symptoms of anxiety and depression usually coexist. Scores on anxiety rating scales strongly predict scores on depression rating scales. Symptoms of anxiety predict symptoms of depression. Symptoms of anxiety may ante-date and outlast depressive symptoms, and depression may be a higher level of affective disturbance than anxiety. However, there is no antithesis between the two sets of symptoms. The same treatments are effective in both and the most effective is treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) re-uptake-blocking antidepressants. It is therefore a very considerable paradox that excessive 5-HT neurotransmission has been associated with symptoms of anxiety whereas deficient 5-HT function has been associated with depressive illness.
Erik Nelson, Stanley Wood, Jawoo Koo, and Stephen Polasky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588992
- eISBN:
- 9780191774638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588992.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Ecology
This chapter, which describes methods for creating maps of agricultural yield and annual net revenues using publically available data, shows how to derive the marginal production value of changes in ...
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This chapter, which describes methods for creating maps of agricultural yield and annual net revenues using publically available data, shows how to derive the marginal production value of changes in input use or landscape processes, including ecosystem services. In this initial methodology, it assumes that farm location and crop choice are given by a user-defined scenario. In a more complex approach to mapping and valuing agricultural production and its inputs, the chapter assumes farmers make management decisions that maximize their net revenues or utility functions. Again, the value of inputs to production, including ecosystem services, can be determined by their marginal contribution to agricultural production. The chapter ends by describing a methodology for tracking the effect of agricultural production on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient and water cycling.Less
This chapter, which describes methods for creating maps of agricultural yield and annual net revenues using publically available data, shows how to derive the marginal production value of changes in input use or landscape processes, including ecosystem services. In this initial methodology, it assumes that farm location and crop choice are given by a user-defined scenario. In a more complex approach to mapping and valuing agricultural production and its inputs, the chapter assumes farmers make management decisions that maximize their net revenues or utility functions. Again, the value of inputs to production, including ecosystem services, can be determined by their marginal contribution to agricultural production. The chapter ends by describing a methodology for tracking the effect of agricultural production on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient and water cycling.
Huatong Sun
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190845582
- eISBN:
- 9780190845612
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190845582.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of ...
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Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of Cross-Cultural Technology Design, presents theory, method, and case studies to uncover the global interconnectedness of social media design and reorient universal design standards. Centering on the dynamics between structure and agency, Sun draws on practices theories and transnational fieldwork and articulates a critical design approach. The culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2, or CLUE-squared) framework extends from situated activity to social practice and connects macro institutions with micro interactions to redress asymmetrical relations in everyday life.
Why were Japanese users not crazed about Facebook? Would Twitter have been more successful than its copycat Weibo in China if not banned? How did mobilities and value propositions play out in the competition of WhatsApp, WeChat, LINE, and KakaoTalk for global growth? Illustrating the cultural entanglement with a relational view of design, Sun provides three provocative accounts of cross-cultural social media design and use. Concepts such as affordance, genre, and uptake are demonstrated as design tools to bind the material with the discursive and leap from the critical to the generative for culturally sustaining design.
Sun calls to reshape the crossroads into a design square where differences are nourished as design resources, where diverse discourses interact for innovation, and where alternative design epistemes thrive from the local. This timely book will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners who design across disciplines, paradigms, and boundaries to bridge differences in this increasingly globalized world.Less
Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of Cross-Cultural Technology Design, presents theory, method, and case studies to uncover the global interconnectedness of social media design and reorient universal design standards. Centering on the dynamics between structure and agency, Sun draws on practices theories and transnational fieldwork and articulates a critical design approach. The culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2, or CLUE-squared) framework extends from situated activity to social practice and connects macro institutions with micro interactions to redress asymmetrical relations in everyday life.
Why were Japanese users not crazed about Facebook? Would Twitter have been more successful than its copycat Weibo in China if not banned? How did mobilities and value propositions play out in the competition of WhatsApp, WeChat, LINE, and KakaoTalk for global growth? Illustrating the cultural entanglement with a relational view of design, Sun provides three provocative accounts of cross-cultural social media design and use. Concepts such as affordance, genre, and uptake are demonstrated as design tools to bind the material with the discursive and leap from the critical to the generative for culturally sustaining design.
Sun calls to reshape the crossroads into a design square where differences are nourished as design resources, where diverse discourses interact for innovation, and where alternative design epistemes thrive from the local. This timely book will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners who design across disciplines, paradigms, and boundaries to bridge differences in this increasingly globalized world.
Mary F. Scudder
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197535455
- eISBN:
- 9780197535486
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197535455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Beyond Empathy and Inclusion: The Challenge of Listening in Democratic Deliberation considers how to improve democracy under the politically divided conditions we currently face. The book argues that ...
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Beyond Empathy and Inclusion: The Challenge of Listening in Democratic Deliberation considers how to improve democracy under the politically divided conditions we currently face. The book argues that while democracy does not require that citizens reach an agreement, it does require that they listen to one another. The book goes on to offer a systematic theory of listening acts to explain the democratic force of listening. Modeled after speech act theory, Scudder’s listening act theory shows how we do something in listening, independent of the outcomes of listening. In listening to our fellow citizens, we recognize their moral equality of voice. Being heard by our fellow citizens is what ensures we have a say in the laws to which we are held.
The book offers a realistic view of listening, one that does not assume it will always produce empathy or even understanding. Listening is not the answer to all of our problems. In fact, listening can even produce certain undemocratic effects. The book argues that despite these challenges and risks, listening is a key responsibility of democratic citizenship. It also tackles questions regarding the limits of toleration in a democratic society. Do we owe listening even to democracy’s enemies? The book shows how listening can be used defensively, to protect against threats to democracy.
The democratic listening this book prescribes is admittedly hard, especially in pluralistic societies. This volume investigates how to motivate citizens to listen seriously, attentively, and humbly even to those with whom they disagree.Less
Beyond Empathy and Inclusion: The Challenge of Listening in Democratic Deliberation considers how to improve democracy under the politically divided conditions we currently face. The book argues that while democracy does not require that citizens reach an agreement, it does require that they listen to one another. The book goes on to offer a systematic theory of listening acts to explain the democratic force of listening. Modeled after speech act theory, Scudder’s listening act theory shows how we do something in listening, independent of the outcomes of listening. In listening to our fellow citizens, we recognize their moral equality of voice. Being heard by our fellow citizens is what ensures we have a say in the laws to which we are held.
The book offers a realistic view of listening, one that does not assume it will always produce empathy or even understanding. Listening is not the answer to all of our problems. In fact, listening can even produce certain undemocratic effects. The book argues that despite these challenges and risks, listening is a key responsibility of democratic citizenship. It also tackles questions regarding the limits of toleration in a democratic society. Do we owe listening even to democracy’s enemies? The book shows how listening can be used defensively, to protect against threats to democracy.
The democratic listening this book prescribes is admittedly hard, especially in pluralistic societies. This volume investigates how to motivate citizens to listen seriously, attentively, and humbly even to those with whom they disagree.
Park S. Nobel and Edward G. Bobich
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231573
- eISBN:
- 9780520927889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231573.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter discusses gas exchange and other environmental responses of cacti. It focuses on net CO2 uptake and examines the influence of three key environmental factors—temperature, soil moisture, ...
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This chapter discusses gas exchange and other environmental responses of cacti. It focuses on net CO2 uptake and examines the influence of three key environmental factors—temperature, soil moisture, and solar irradiation absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, i.e., the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)—on CO2 uptake by Opuntia ficus-indica. The response of net CO2 uptake by Opuntia ficus-indica to these three variables is important for predicting its productivity under any environmental condition and serves as a model for assessing the net CO2 uptake, and hence the potential biomass productivity, of other cacti.Less
This chapter discusses gas exchange and other environmental responses of cacti. It focuses on net CO2 uptake and examines the influence of three key environmental factors—temperature, soil moisture, and solar irradiation absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, i.e., the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)—on CO2 uptake by Opuntia ficus-indica. The response of net CO2 uptake by Opuntia ficus-indica to these three variables is important for predicting its productivity under any environmental condition and serves as a model for assessing the net CO2 uptake, and hence the potential biomass productivity, of other cacti.
Fred Wulczyn, Bridgette Lery, and Lonnie Snowden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199973729
- eISBN:
- 9780199386703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199973729.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
The Multisite Evaluation of Foster Youth Programs represents the first attempt to evaluate independent living programs for children aging out of care using experimental methods. The chapter describes ...
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The Multisite Evaluation of Foster Youth Programs represents the first attempt to evaluate independent living programs for children aging out of care using experimental methods. The chapter describes the study and its findings. Based on lessons learned from this evaluation, the authors argue that the study demonstrated that experimental methods can be used to rigorously evaluate a wide range of child welfare. At the same time, the authors describe some of the challenges of learning from experimental evaluation in complex areas of human services delivery. Challenges identified include: changes in policy context that lead to changes in the intervention or the counterfactual condition; limited external validity reflecting the unique characteristics of service delivery systems; distinguishing between the impact of “programs” and “practice”; and, limitations of experimental designs for assessing the impact of policy change.Less
The Multisite Evaluation of Foster Youth Programs represents the first attempt to evaluate independent living programs for children aging out of care using experimental methods. The chapter describes the study and its findings. Based on lessons learned from this evaluation, the authors argue that the study demonstrated that experimental methods can be used to rigorously evaluate a wide range of child welfare. At the same time, the authors describe some of the challenges of learning from experimental evaluation in complex areas of human services delivery. Challenges identified include: changes in policy context that lead to changes in the intervention or the counterfactual condition; limited external validity reflecting the unique characteristics of service delivery systems; distinguishing between the impact of “programs” and “practice”; and, limitations of experimental designs for assessing the impact of policy change.
Peter B. Tinker and Peter Nye
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195124927
- eISBN:
- 9780197561324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0011
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Soil Science
The term ‘rhizosphere’ tends to mean different things to different people. In discussing how a root affects the soil, it is well to bear in mind the spread of the zone being exploited for a ...
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The term ‘rhizosphere’ tends to mean different things to different people. In discussing how a root affects the soil, it is well to bear in mind the spread of the zone being exploited for a particular solute: if this is wide, there may be no point in emphasizing effects close to the root; but if it is narrow, predictions based on the behaviour of the bulk soil may be wide of the mark. In a moist loam after 10 days, a simple non-adsorbed solute moves about 1 cm, but a strongly adsorbed one will move about 1 mm. In a dry soil, the spread may be an order of magnitude less. The modifications to the soil in the rhizosphere may be physical, chemical or microbiological. In this chapter, we discuss essentially non-living modifications, and in Chapter 8 the modifications that involve living organisms and their effects. Roots tend to follow pores and channels that are not much less, and are often larger, in diameter than their own. If the channels are larger, the roots are not randomly arranged in the void (Kooistra et al. 1992), but tend to be held against a soil surface by surface tension, and to follow the channel geotropically on the down-side. If the channels are smaller, good contact is assured, but the roots do not grow freely unless some soil is displaced as the root advances. For example, in winter wheat, Low (1972) cites minimum pore sizes of 390–450 μm for primary seminal roots, 320–370 μm for primary laterals, 300–350 μm for secondary laterals, and 8–12 μm for root hairs, though some figures seem large. Whiteley & Dexter (1984) and Dexter (1986a, b, c) have studied the mechanics of root penetration in detail (section 9.3.5). It may compact and reorient the soil at the root surface. Greacen et al. (1968) found that wheat roots penetrating a uniform fine sand increased the density only from 1.4 to 1.5 close to the root; and a pea radicle, a comparatively large root, raised the density of a loam from 1.5 to 1.55.
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The term ‘rhizosphere’ tends to mean different things to different people. In discussing how a root affects the soil, it is well to bear in mind the spread of the zone being exploited for a particular solute: if this is wide, there may be no point in emphasizing effects close to the root; but if it is narrow, predictions based on the behaviour of the bulk soil may be wide of the mark. In a moist loam after 10 days, a simple non-adsorbed solute moves about 1 cm, but a strongly adsorbed one will move about 1 mm. In a dry soil, the spread may be an order of magnitude less. The modifications to the soil in the rhizosphere may be physical, chemical or microbiological. In this chapter, we discuss essentially non-living modifications, and in Chapter 8 the modifications that involve living organisms and their effects. Roots tend to follow pores and channels that are not much less, and are often larger, in diameter than their own. If the channels are larger, the roots are not randomly arranged in the void (Kooistra et al. 1992), but tend to be held against a soil surface by surface tension, and to follow the channel geotropically on the down-side. If the channels are smaller, good contact is assured, but the roots do not grow freely unless some soil is displaced as the root advances. For example, in winter wheat, Low (1972) cites minimum pore sizes of 390–450 μm for primary seminal roots, 320–370 μm for primary laterals, 300–350 μm for secondary laterals, and 8–12 μm for root hairs, though some figures seem large. Whiteley & Dexter (1984) and Dexter (1986a, b, c) have studied the mechanics of root penetration in detail (section 9.3.5). It may compact and reorient the soil at the root surface. Greacen et al. (1968) found that wheat roots penetrating a uniform fine sand increased the density only from 1.4 to 1.5 close to the root; and a pea radicle, a comparatively large root, raised the density of a loam from 1.5 to 1.55.
