Robert Kneller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on ...
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This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on twelve years of experience in an interdisciplinary graduate-level education and research centre of the University of Tokyo, and frequent contacts with scientists and students. It also draws upon a large number of interviews over the past decade with companies that deal with universities. It shows that Japan's system of public science governance is unique. Foremost among these is the high degree of concentration of resources in a small number of universities. Another is close cooperation between universities and companies — particularly the large proportion of patented university discoveries that are exclusively controlled by large collaborative research partners.Less
This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on twelve years of experience in an interdisciplinary graduate-level education and research centre of the University of Tokyo, and frequent contacts with scientists and students. It also draws upon a large number of interviews over the past decade with companies that deal with universities. It shows that Japan's system of public science governance is unique. Foremost among these is the high degree of concentration of resources in a small number of universities. Another is close cooperation between universities and companies — particularly the large proportion of patented university discoveries that are exclusively controlled by large collaborative research partners.
Ben Martin and Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
The UK was one of the first countries both to institutionalize university research assessment and to link it to financial allocations. Consequently, the effects on authority relations there are ...
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The UK was one of the first countries both to institutionalize university research assessment and to link it to financial allocations. Consequently, the effects on authority relations there are likely to be more profound than in many other European states. This chapter first looks at the historical background to the introduction of the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), and then examines the evolution of the RAE as carried out on successive occasions. It analyses its impact on authority relations — in particular those relating to the Funding Councils and the government, to users, disciplinary elites, universities and university departments, and individual researchers. The final section summarizes the conclusions emerging from this analysis.Less
The UK was one of the first countries both to institutionalize university research assessment and to link it to financial allocations. Consequently, the effects on authority relations there are likely to be more profound than in many other European states. This chapter first looks at the historical background to the introduction of the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), and then examines the evolution of the RAE as carried out on successive occasions. It analyses its impact on authority relations — in particular those relating to the Funding Councils and the government, to users, disciplinary elites, universities and university departments, and individual researchers. The final section summarizes the conclusions emerging from this analysis.
Severine Louvel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
Much recent research has focused on how intensified competition for resources and increasing demands for relevance and accountability have affected patterns of authority relations between academics ...
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Much recent research has focused on how intensified competition for resources and increasing demands for relevance and accountability have affected patterns of authority relations between academics and various stakeholders (the state, companies, research councils, and so on). Such effects may be visible at the bottom level of individual researchers or research teams, which are the elementary units of scientific production, as well as at a more aggregated level — that which the institutions teams belong to, and whose nomenclature and characteristics vary across countries: university departments, institutes and research centres, and research units or laboratories. These studies of organized research units (ORUs) usually focus on how ORU cope with external pressures and defend their professional autonomy against external claims on the products of their research. In contrast, there are only a few investigations on how external drivers for change affect authority relations within ORU, and more specifically between research teams and the administrative head of the unit. This chapter focuses on the reconfiguration of these intra-organizational authority relations as a result of structural changes affecting the public science system. It argues that the understanding of these intra-organizational dynamics is crucial as the management of research is still a decentralized and distributed process. The chapter focuses on a specific subtype of ORU: the French ‘mixed research units’ (unit és mixtes de recherche).Less
Much recent research has focused on how intensified competition for resources and increasing demands for relevance and accountability have affected patterns of authority relations between academics and various stakeholders (the state, companies, research councils, and so on). Such effects may be visible at the bottom level of individual researchers or research teams, which are the elementary units of scientific production, as well as at a more aggregated level — that which the institutions teams belong to, and whose nomenclature and characteristics vary across countries: university departments, institutes and research centres, and research units or laboratories. These studies of organized research units (ORUs) usually focus on how ORU cope with external pressures and defend their professional autonomy against external claims on the products of their research. In contrast, there are only a few investigations on how external drivers for change affect authority relations within ORU, and more specifically between research teams and the administrative head of the unit. This chapter focuses on the reconfiguration of these intra-organizational authority relations as a result of structural changes affecting the public science system. It argues that the understanding of these intra-organizational dynamics is crucial as the management of research is still a decentralized and distributed process. The chapter focuses on a specific subtype of ORU: the French ‘mixed research units’ (unit és mixtes de recherche).
Elizabeth Popp Berman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147086
- eISBN:
- 9781400840472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147086.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this ...
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This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this practice, then tracks its early development as well as limits to its growth and spread. It then goes on to examine policy decisions that removed these limits and replaced them with incentives, and considers how political concern with the economic impact of innovation contributed to these decisions. The chapter concludes with a look at the subsequent takeoff of this practice, followed by a discussion of the conditions that appear to have been necessary for this takeoff to occur.Less
This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this practice, then tracks its early development as well as limits to its growth and spread. It then goes on to examine policy decisions that removed these limits and replaced them with incentives, and considers how political concern with the economic impact of innovation contributed to these decisions. The chapter concludes with a look at the subsequent takeoff of this practice, followed by a discussion of the conditions that appear to have been necessary for this takeoff to occur.
Ross C. Brownson, Graham A. Colditz, and Enola K. Proctor (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199751877
- eISBN:
- 9780199933242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Fifteen to twenty years is how long it takes for the billions of dollars of university-based research to translate into evidence-based policies and programs suitable for public use. Over the past ...
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Fifteen to twenty years is how long it takes for the billions of dollars of university-based research to translate into evidence-based policies and programs suitable for public use. Over the past decade, an exciting science has emerged that seeks to narrow the gap between the discovery of new knowledge and its application in public health, mental health, and health care settings. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research seeks to understand how to best apply scientific advances in the real world, by focusing on pushing the evidence-based knowledge base out into routine use. To help propel this crucial field forward, this book aims to address a number of key issues, including: how to evaluate the evidence base on effective interventions; which strategies will produce the greatest impact; how to design an appropriate study; and how to track a set of essential outcomes. D&I studies must also take into account the barriers to uptake of evidence-based interventions in the communities where people live their lives and the social service agencies, hospitals, and clinics where they receive care. The challenges of moving research to practice and policy are universal, and future progress calls for collaborative partnerships and cross-country research. The fundamental tenet of D&I research—taking what we know about improving health and putting it into practice—must be the highest priority.Less
Fifteen to twenty years is how long it takes for the billions of dollars of university-based research to translate into evidence-based policies and programs suitable for public use. Over the past decade, an exciting science has emerged that seeks to narrow the gap between the discovery of new knowledge and its application in public health, mental health, and health care settings. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research seeks to understand how to best apply scientific advances in the real world, by focusing on pushing the evidence-based knowledge base out into routine use. To help propel this crucial field forward, this book aims to address a number of key issues, including: how to evaluate the evidence base on effective interventions; which strategies will produce the greatest impact; how to design an appropriate study; and how to track a set of essential outcomes. D&I studies must also take into account the barriers to uptake of evidence-based interventions in the communities where people live their lives and the social service agencies, hospitals, and clinics where they receive care. The challenges of moving research to practice and policy are universal, and future progress calls for collaborative partnerships and cross-country research. The fundamental tenet of D&I research—taking what we know about improving health and putting it into practice—must be the highest priority.
Elizabeth Popp Berman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147086
- eISBN:
- 9781400840472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147086.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across ...
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The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across universities in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This chapter examines how the market logic embodied in those practices became increasingly influential throughout academic science during the 1980s. The success of biotech entrepreneurship, university patenting, and university-industry research centers encouraged additional experiments with and expansions of market-logic activity, only some of which were successful. The 1980s also saw a new wave of expansion of older market-oriented activities, like research parks, that had stagnated during the 1970s.Less
The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across universities in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This chapter examines how the market logic embodied in those practices became increasingly influential throughout academic science during the 1980s. The success of biotech entrepreneurship, university patenting, and university-industry research centers encouraged additional experiments with and expansions of market-logic activity, only some of which were successful. The 1980s also saw a new wave of expansion of older market-oriented activities, like research parks, that had stagnated during the 1970s.
Albert N Link and Jamie R. Link
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369458
- eISBN:
- 9780199871018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369458.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter describes the university research park (URP) organizational structure through which government acts as entrepreneur. Government allocates funds to support URPs. The allocation of these ...
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This chapter describes the university research park (URP) organizational structure through which government acts as entrepreneur. Government allocates funds to support URPs. The allocation of these funds is direct, in terms of state resources earmarked for the creation of a park, as well as indirect in the sense that a state university allocated its operating funds for the creation and ongoing activities of the park. This chapter focuses on the government's indirect involvement in support of such public/private partnerships.Less
This chapter describes the university research park (URP) organizational structure through which government acts as entrepreneur. Government allocates funds to support URPs. The allocation of these funds is direct, in terms of state resources earmarked for the creation of a park, as well as indirect in the sense that a state university allocated its operating funds for the creation and ongoing activities of the park. This chapter focuses on the government's indirect involvement in support of such public/private partnerships.
Zoltan J. Acs
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148625
- eISBN:
- 9781400846818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148625.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter examines wealth creation as a defining feature of capitalism. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, American research universities have increasingly moved to the forefront of ...
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This chapter examines wealth creation as a defining feature of capitalism. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, American research universities have increasingly moved to the forefront of innovation, playing a more critical role in developing new technologies used by large companies and entrepreneurs. In recent decades, one university and one region in particular have become almost synonymous with knowledge creation and the high-tech industry: Stanford University and Silicon Valley. The chapter shows how Leland Stanford and his contemporaries helped forge the relationship between creative destruction in the American economy and the institutions that promote opportunity. It considers how the economic openness that allowed entrepreneurs to accumulate fortunes has also nurtured social institutions, such as universities and foundations. It also discusses the issue of income inequality, the dilemma of what to do with wealth, the distinction between charity and philanthropy.Less
This chapter examines wealth creation as a defining feature of capitalism. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, American research universities have increasingly moved to the forefront of innovation, playing a more critical role in developing new technologies used by large companies and entrepreneurs. In recent decades, one university and one region in particular have become almost synonymous with knowledge creation and the high-tech industry: Stanford University and Silicon Valley. The chapter shows how Leland Stanford and his contemporaries helped forge the relationship between creative destruction in the American economy and the institutions that promote opportunity. It considers how the economic openness that allowed entrepreneurs to accumulate fortunes has also nurtured social institutions, such as universities and foundations. It also discusses the issue of income inequality, the dilemma of what to do with wealth, the distinction between charity and philanthropy.
John W. Boyer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226242514
- eISBN:
- 9780226242651
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226242651.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
This book is a history of the University of Chicago, from its first founding in 1857 through its re-founding in 1890 till today. It presents the story of the emergence and growth of a complex ...
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This book is a history of the University of Chicago, from its first founding in 1857 through its re-founding in 1890 till today. It presents the story of the emergence and growth of a complex academic community, particularly the College, focusing on the nature of its academic culture and curricula, the experience of its students, its engagement with Chicago’s civic community, and the resources and conditions that have enabled the University to sustain itself. It focuses on two issues particular to undergraduate liberal arts colleges set within larger research universities. First, while the University’s relationship to the undergraduate College has been unpredictable, that relationship has had enormous influence over the identity and fiscal health of the larger institution. Second, Chicago’s history reveals a unique chronological flow within the story of American higher education, in that its “Golden Age” of fiscal bounty and rising ambitions came before 1945. Yet its successes proved fragile precisely because Chicago found itself on a different demographic trajectory than its peers, characterized by a collapse of undergraduate enrolment in the 1950s that profoundly disadvantaged the welfare of the University in the next forty years. These two themes run through an unusually complicated and controversial history, which has been shrouded at many points by layers of myth and hearsay. It is the contention of this book that one can most accurately uncover such a university history by addressing questions to sources that can be authenticated and compared with other sources.Less
This book is a history of the University of Chicago, from its first founding in 1857 through its re-founding in 1890 till today. It presents the story of the emergence and growth of a complex academic community, particularly the College, focusing on the nature of its academic culture and curricula, the experience of its students, its engagement with Chicago’s civic community, and the resources and conditions that have enabled the University to sustain itself. It focuses on two issues particular to undergraduate liberal arts colleges set within larger research universities. First, while the University’s relationship to the undergraduate College has been unpredictable, that relationship has had enormous influence over the identity and fiscal health of the larger institution. Second, Chicago’s history reveals a unique chronological flow within the story of American higher education, in that its “Golden Age” of fiscal bounty and rising ambitions came before 1945. Yet its successes proved fragile precisely because Chicago found itself on a different demographic trajectory than its peers, characterized by a collapse of undergraduate enrolment in the 1950s that profoundly disadvantaged the welfare of the University in the next forty years. These two themes run through an unusually complicated and controversial history, which has been shrouded at many points by layers of myth and hearsay. It is the contention of this book that one can most accurately uncover such a university history by addressing questions to sources that can be authenticated and compared with other sources.
J.B. Morrell
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229742
- eISBN:
- 9780191678912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229742.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines teaching and research in the field of non-medical sciences at Oxford during the period from 1914 to 1939. The university's contribution to the war effort through its scientists ...
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This chapter examines teaching and research in the field of non-medical sciences at Oxford during the period from 1914 to 1939. The university's contribution to the war effort through its scientists anticipated the increasing salience of Oxford science during this period. Some of the university's most notable non-medical scientists during this period include H. G. J. Moseley, J. W. Jenkinson, and G. W. Smith. This chapter provides statistics on the number of students, graduates, and faculty members in non-medical sciences.Less
This chapter examines teaching and research in the field of non-medical sciences at Oxford during the period from 1914 to 1939. The university's contribution to the war effort through its scientists anticipated the increasing salience of Oxford science during this period. Some of the university's most notable non-medical scientists during this period include H. G. J. Moseley, J. W. Jenkinson, and G. W. Smith. This chapter provides statistics on the number of students, graduates, and faculty members in non-medical sciences.
Ruth G. McRoy, Jerry P. Flanzer, and Joan Levy Zlotnik
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195399646
- eISBN:
- 9780199932757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399646.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
The introductory chapter frames the background, purpose and scope of this book. It initially examines research infrastructure, status and climate in social work education programs and then proposes ...
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The introductory chapter frames the background, purpose and scope of this book. It initially examines research infrastructure, status and climate in social work education programs and then proposes strategies and suggests funding sources in which to build research capacity. Three composite scenarios are provided representing some of the common situations and challenges facing social work education programs and their faculty and staff; these scenarios then provide context for the information and technical resources provided in the chapters to follow.Less
The introductory chapter frames the background, purpose and scope of this book. It initially examines research infrastructure, status and climate in social work education programs and then proposes strategies and suggests funding sources in which to build research capacity. Three composite scenarios are provided representing some of the common situations and challenges facing social work education programs and their faculty and staff; these scenarios then provide context for the information and technical resources provided in the chapters to follow.
Andrew J. Policano and Gary C. Fethke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804780506
- eISBN:
- 9780804782197
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804780506.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities ...
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This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities can survive with reduced subsidies and increased competition from both non-profit and growing for-profit institutions. The book offers a strategic framework for determining how tuition and access should be set and how universities should decide on quality and program scope. Throughout the text, real-world examples illustrate successful and unsuccessful adoptions of the book's proposals.Less
This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities can survive with reduced subsidies and increased competition from both non-profit and growing for-profit institutions. The book offers a strategic framework for determining how tuition and access should be set and how universities should decide on quality and program scope. Throughout the text, real-world examples illustrate successful and unsuccessful adoptions of the book's proposals.
Paula Stephan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226286723
- eISBN:
- 9780226286860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226286860.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established ...
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This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s, universities began to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.Less
This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s, universities began to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.
Glenn C. Altschuler and Isaac Kramnick
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801444258
- eISBN:
- 9780801471896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801444258.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This chapter discusses Cornell University's transformation into a research university after World War II. It examines the role played by two Cornell presidents, Edmund Ezra Day and Deane Waldo ...
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This chapter discusses Cornell University's transformation into a research university after World War II. It examines the role played by two Cornell presidents, Edmund Ezra Day and Deane Waldo Malott, in Cornell's emergence as a university that privileged research over teaching. Day, president of Cornell from 1937 to 1949, brought to Cornell a deep commitment to linking academic excellence to public service and pressed the need for heightened social consciousness throughout the university. Malott, president of Cornell from 1951 to 1963, had to deal with two principal issues during his tenure: navigating Cold War passions on campus and responding to the new undergraduate culture, with students' demands for greater control over their private lives. The chapter also considers the establishment of a research library at Cornell, along with various colleges such as the School of Business and Public Administration. Finally, it assesses Cornell's relationship to New York State and some of the administrative changes at the university in the postwar period.Less
This chapter discusses Cornell University's transformation into a research university after World War II. It examines the role played by two Cornell presidents, Edmund Ezra Day and Deane Waldo Malott, in Cornell's emergence as a university that privileged research over teaching. Day, president of Cornell from 1937 to 1949, brought to Cornell a deep commitment to linking academic excellence to public service and pressed the need for heightened social consciousness throughout the university. Malott, president of Cornell from 1951 to 1963, had to deal with two principal issues during his tenure: navigating Cold War passions on campus and responding to the new undergraduate culture, with students' demands for greater control over their private lives. The chapter also considers the establishment of a research library at Cornell, along with various colleges such as the School of Business and Public Administration. Finally, it assesses Cornell's relationship to New York State and some of the administrative changes at the university in the postwar period.
Michael Kinch
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630625
- eISBN:
- 9781469630649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630625.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter relates a brief history of the modern research university. Although centers of academic learning have long existed, the role of these institutions in discovering new ideas was the ...
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This chapter relates a brief history of the modern research university. Although centers of academic learning have long existed, the role of these institutions in discovering new ideas was the brainchild of a Prussian aristocrat and the idea quickly gained traction in the United States under Abraham Lincoln and a shrewd Quaker grocer by the name of Johns Hopkins. The latter's eponymous university played a key role in understanding the most devastating public health crisis of the 20th century, Spanish flu. The origins of the pandemic and its impact, which ranged from hastening the end of the Great War through enhancing scientific understanding of disease, are discussed. The connections between the Spanish flu and the discovery of the polio vaccine are outlined as is the impact of NIH during the latter half of the century. The chapter concludes by conveying the discoveries, first of cholesterol itself and later of a means to lower cholesterol with a revolutionary new class of drugs known as statins. The development of these new medicines had implications not just for health of patients but for the companies developing these drugs as well.Less
This chapter relates a brief history of the modern research university. Although centers of academic learning have long existed, the role of these institutions in discovering new ideas was the brainchild of a Prussian aristocrat and the idea quickly gained traction in the United States under Abraham Lincoln and a shrewd Quaker grocer by the name of Johns Hopkins. The latter's eponymous university played a key role in understanding the most devastating public health crisis of the 20th century, Spanish flu. The origins of the pandemic and its impact, which ranged from hastening the end of the Great War through enhancing scientific understanding of disease, are discussed. The connections between the Spanish flu and the discovery of the polio vaccine are outlined as is the impact of NIH during the latter half of the century. The chapter concludes by conveying the discoveries, first of cholesterol itself and later of a means to lower cholesterol with a revolutionary new class of drugs known as statins. The development of these new medicines had implications not just for health of patients but for the companies developing these drugs as well.
Ellen O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770750
- eISBN:
- 9780804778374
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that ...
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This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that research universities, and the management field in particular, have splintered into smaller and less related parts. It then recovers a lost tradition of integrating management and the humanities, exploring ways of building on this convention to advance the unique art and science of business. By way of Follett and Barnard's work, the book demonstrates how the shared values, purposes, and customs of management and the humanities can be used to build an enterprise that will help to meet the challenges of business today. Igniting approaches to management that build on humanistic traditions is the ultimate goal of this book. Therefore, the text ends with two experiments—one in the classroom and one with a business executive—that take up this call and offer a perspective on where management must go next.Less
This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that research universities, and the management field in particular, have splintered into smaller and less related parts. It then recovers a lost tradition of integrating management and the humanities, exploring ways of building on this convention to advance the unique art and science of business. By way of Follett and Barnard's work, the book demonstrates how the shared values, purposes, and customs of management and the humanities can be used to build an enterprise that will help to meet the challenges of business today. Igniting approaches to management that build on humanistic traditions is the ultimate goal of this book. Therefore, the text ends with two experiments—one in the classroom and one with a business executive—that take up this call and offer a perspective on where management must go next.
Regina Bendix and Kilian Bizer
Dorothy Noyes (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040894
- eISBN:
- 9780252099397
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
Both a vision for future scholarship and a slogan for university restructuring, interdisciplinarity promises to break through barriers to address today's complex challenges. Yet even high-stakes ...
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Both a vision for future scholarship and a slogan for university restructuring, interdisciplinarity promises to break through barriers to address today's complex challenges. Yet even high-stakes projects often falter, undone by contradictory incentives, bureaucratic frameworks, communication breakdowns, and the strong feelings raised by urgent social debates. Jumping into collaborative research without preparation or ongoing attention, researchers often fall back on disciplinary habits and raise disciplinary defenses. Above all, there is never enough time. Born of six years' experience in the Göttingen Interdisciplinary Working Group on Cultural Property, this book examines social research as social process, identifying characteristic challenges of funded interdisciplinary projects: the clash of positivist, interpretivist, and normative approaches, the hierarchies and personalities among researchers, and the interaction of academic knowledge work with the common sense of social problems. While calling for reforms in research policy and administration, the book's immediate goal is to help researchers make the most of existing conditions. Drawing on economistic models of exchange and anthropological accounts of play and ritual, six chapters trace the life cycle of an interdisciplinary project--a temporary community of practice partially removed from everyday academic life--from its initial formulation to closure and aftermath. A seventh chapter provides recommendations for funders, administrators, principal investigators, and junior researchers. Reflexive attention to the research process can shepherd interaction across disciplines and capture insights as they emerge.Less
Both a vision for future scholarship and a slogan for university restructuring, interdisciplinarity promises to break through barriers to address today's complex challenges. Yet even high-stakes projects often falter, undone by contradictory incentives, bureaucratic frameworks, communication breakdowns, and the strong feelings raised by urgent social debates. Jumping into collaborative research without preparation or ongoing attention, researchers often fall back on disciplinary habits and raise disciplinary defenses. Above all, there is never enough time. Born of six years' experience in the Göttingen Interdisciplinary Working Group on Cultural Property, this book examines social research as social process, identifying characteristic challenges of funded interdisciplinary projects: the clash of positivist, interpretivist, and normative approaches, the hierarchies and personalities among researchers, and the interaction of academic knowledge work with the common sense of social problems. While calling for reforms in research policy and administration, the book's immediate goal is to help researchers make the most of existing conditions. Drawing on economistic models of exchange and anthropological accounts of play and ritual, six chapters trace the life cycle of an interdisciplinary project--a temporary community of practice partially removed from everyday academic life--from its initial formulation to closure and aftermath. A seventh chapter provides recommendations for funders, administrators, principal investigators, and junior researchers. Reflexive attention to the research process can shepherd interaction across disciplines and capture insights as they emerge.
Glenn C. Altschuler and Isaac Kramnick
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801444258
- eISBN:
- 9780801471896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801444258.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This chapter examines developments at Cornell University under Frank H. T. Rhodes, who served as president from 1977 to 1995. Given the multiple constituencies and multiplicity of views in Cornell's ...
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This chapter examines developments at Cornell University under Frank H. T. Rhodes, who served as president from 1977 to 1995. Given the multiple constituencies and multiplicity of views in Cornell's multiversity, the Rhodes administration had its share of conflicts and critics: strikes by service and maintenance workers in 1980, 1981, and 1987; the arrest of more than 1,000 people in 1985 amid protests over Cornell's divestment policy in South Africa; protests by African American students and faculty against proposals to institute random housing assignments for first-year students; and Latinos' occupation of Day Hall. This chapter considers the ways that Rhodes responded to these challenges and helped Cornell solidify its reputation as a research university during his tenure. It also discusses Rhodes's initiatives to address tuition increases, such as turning to philanthropy.Less
This chapter examines developments at Cornell University under Frank H. T. Rhodes, who served as president from 1977 to 1995. Given the multiple constituencies and multiplicity of views in Cornell's multiversity, the Rhodes administration had its share of conflicts and critics: strikes by service and maintenance workers in 1980, 1981, and 1987; the arrest of more than 1,000 people in 1985 amid protests over Cornell's divestment policy in South Africa; protests by African American students and faculty against proposals to institute random housing assignments for first-year students; and Latinos' occupation of Day Hall. This chapter considers the ways that Rhodes responded to these challenges and helped Cornell solidify its reputation as a research university during his tenure. It also discusses Rhodes's initiatives to address tuition increases, such as turning to philanthropy.
Glenn C. Altschuler and Isaac Kramnick
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801444258
- eISBN:
- 9780801471896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801444258.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil ...
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This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil rights movement, Vietnam, antiapartheid protests, the ups and downs of varsity athletics, the women's movement, the opening of relations with China, and the creation of Cornell NYC Tech. It relates profound, fascinating, and little-known incidents involving the faculty, administration, and student life, connecting them to the “Cornell idea” of freedom and responsibility. With access to all existing papers of the presidents of Cornell, the book is a respectful but unvarnished portrait of the university. The history of Cornell since World War II, the book suggests, is in large part a set of variations on the narrative of freedom and its partner, responsibility, the obligation to others and to one's self to do what is right and useful, with a principled commitment to the Cornell community—and to the world outside the Eddy Street gate.Less
This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil rights movement, Vietnam, antiapartheid protests, the ups and downs of varsity athletics, the women's movement, the opening of relations with China, and the creation of Cornell NYC Tech. It relates profound, fascinating, and little-known incidents involving the faculty, administration, and student life, connecting them to the “Cornell idea” of freedom and responsibility. With access to all existing papers of the presidents of Cornell, the book is a respectful but unvarnished portrait of the university. The history of Cornell since World War II, the book suggests, is in large part a set of variations on the narrative of freedom and its partner, responsibility, the obligation to others and to one's self to do what is right and useful, with a principled commitment to the Cornell community—and to the world outside the Eddy Street gate.
Salah M. El-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster ...
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This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster of technology-based organizations situated on or near a university campus in order to benefit from the university’s knowledge base and ongoing research, and to develop commercial applications for this knowledge in association with the commercial tenants in the park. STPSDs consist of a number of industrial clusters/complexes (incubators), where each cluster/complex will devote itself to a specific national problem according to the standards of sustainable development/sustainable economy. The discussions cover the objectives, benefits, and challenges of STPs; policies for development of STPs; models for STPs; examples of STPs; and STPs for sustainable development.Less
This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster of technology-based organizations situated on or near a university campus in order to benefit from the university’s knowledge base and ongoing research, and to develop commercial applications for this knowledge in association with the commercial tenants in the park. STPSDs consist of a number of industrial clusters/complexes (incubators), where each cluster/complex will devote itself to a specific national problem according to the standards of sustainable development/sustainable economy. The discussions cover the objectives, benefits, and challenges of STPs; policies for development of STPs; models for STPs; examples of STPs; and STPs for sustainable development.
