Arndt Sorge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278909
- eISBN:
- 9780191706820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278909.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of ...
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Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of Germany. Social spaces are typically segmented, such that opposite meanings are allocated specific sub-spaces; co-exist at close quarters; and become temporarily interdependent. This vitiates any treatment of society being uniformly marked by specific characteristics. Internal opposition of meanings and external effects together fuel an evolutionary dialectic, which makes different characteristics prevail, alternate, and become intertwined at different moments. Such developments congeal into a meta-tradition which resembles the swing of a pendulum. A meta-tradition encases the dialectics of internationalization and provincialization, and other recombinations of opposed characteristics into novel institutions. In the case of Germany, a salient opposition governing the meta-tradition is between economic liberalization and corporatist economic and political association. The dialectic between these has been stimulated by international exposure, politically and economically. The fundamental casing of the meta-tradition is called the South Germanic bedrock (as against the North Germanic, Scandinavian, bedrock).Less
Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of Germany. Social spaces are typically segmented, such that opposite meanings are allocated specific sub-spaces; co-exist at close quarters; and become temporarily interdependent. This vitiates any treatment of society being uniformly marked by specific characteristics. Internal opposition of meanings and external effects together fuel an evolutionary dialectic, which makes different characteristics prevail, alternate, and become intertwined at different moments. Such developments congeal into a meta-tradition which resembles the swing of a pendulum. A meta-tradition encases the dialectics of internationalization and provincialization, and other recombinations of opposed characteristics into novel institutions. In the case of Germany, a salient opposition governing the meta-tradition is between economic liberalization and corporatist economic and political association. The dialectic between these has been stimulated by international exposure, politically and economically. The fundamental casing of the meta-tradition is called the South Germanic bedrock (as against the North Germanic, Scandinavian, bedrock).
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326222
- eISBN:
- 9780199944064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326222.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective ...
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This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective consciousness continually addresses fears of forgetting. Then, it provides a historical context for “The Social Construction of Moral Universals”. It examines how the movement, from a progressive tragic trauma narration created moral particularism alongside universalism, and fueled social splitting and antagonism at the same time as cooperation and expanded solidarity. This chapter also looks at Israeli Jews.Less
This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective consciousness continually addresses fears of forgetting. Then, it provides a historical context for “The Social Construction of Moral Universals”. It examines how the movement, from a progressive tragic trauma narration created moral particularism alongside universalism, and fueled social splitting and antagonism at the same time as cooperation and expanded solidarity. This chapter also looks at Israeli Jews.
Lucy Newlyn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187110
- eISBN:
- 9780191674631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187110.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of ...
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Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of reading practices is accompanied by an increasing activity — and thus by a widening gap between the common reader and the expert. This, too, was a feature of modernity apprehended by English writers at the turn of the 18th century, when increasing literacy created a mass-reading audience, but when the rise of professional criticism registered the emergence of a new race of specialist readers. The mutual pressures exerted on writers and their critics, which mounted under the increasingly competitive conditions of periodical culture in the early 19th century were further intensified by this dual consciousness.Less
Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of reading practices is accompanied by an increasing activity — and thus by a widening gap between the common reader and the expert. This, too, was a feature of modernity apprehended by English writers at the turn of the 18th century, when increasing literacy created a mass-reading audience, but when the rise of professional criticism registered the emergence of a new race of specialist readers. The mutual pressures exerted on writers and their critics, which mounted under the increasingly competitive conditions of periodical culture in the early 19th century were further intensified by this dual consciousness.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population ...
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By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population resulted in the outbreak of widespread protests by various socioeconomic groups. The latter objected to the solidaristic principles and redistributionist objectives of French social security, and their concerns would eventually be met by the creations of an old age insurance system which was divided along occupational lines. The failure was due to the revival of social tensions in a climate of persistent economic difficulties, but it also demonstrated that the social security plan had been marked by utopian ambitions which could only frustrated by the harsh social and economic realities of postwar France.Less
By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population resulted in the outbreak of widespread protests by various socioeconomic groups. The latter objected to the solidaristic principles and redistributionist objectives of French social security, and their concerns would eventually be met by the creations of an old age insurance system which was divided along occupational lines. The failure was due to the revival of social tensions in a climate of persistent economic difficulties, but it also demonstrated that the social security plan had been marked by utopian ambitions which could only frustrated by the harsh social and economic realities of postwar France.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the ...
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The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the principles which he had first come to espouse during his early career. Moreover, the failure to implement a universal system of old age insurance illustrated the fact that the national consensus which supported the principle of social security was shallow altogether, despite the rhetoric of the Resistance and the provisional government and the support of tehe main political parties.Less
The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the principles which he had first come to espouse during his early career. Moreover, the failure to implement a universal system of old age insurance illustrated the fact that the national consensus which supported the principle of social security was shallow altogether, despite the rhetoric of the Resistance and the provisional government and the support of tehe main political parties.
Jordi Canals
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198773504
- eISBN:
- 9780191695322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198773504.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the ...
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This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the process of banking universalization and the concentration of the industry. The chapter explains that this point is crucial, since financial authorities' definitions of legal framework and operating norms condition to a great extent banking activity. The second aspect relates to the transformation of the banking industry and the subsequent urgency of respective corporate strategies.Less
This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the process of banking universalization and the concentration of the industry. The chapter explains that this point is crucial, since financial authorities' definitions of legal framework and operating norms condition to a great extent banking activity. The second aspect relates to the transformation of the banking industry and the subsequent urgency of respective corporate strategies.
Philip J. Kain
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239321
- eISBN:
- 9780191679896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept ...
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This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept of essence much like Aristotle's, which Marx tries to link to a principle of universalisation similar to Immanuel Kant's ‘categorical imperative’. In the period 1845–6 Marx abandoned this view, holding morality to be incompatible with his historical materialism. In the later writings Marx is less of a determinist, and he no longer wants to reject morality. However, he does want to transcend a morality of burdensome obligation and constraint so as to realise a community built upon spontaneous bonds of solidarity.Less
This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept of essence much like Aristotle's, which Marx tries to link to a principle of universalisation similar to Immanuel Kant's ‘categorical imperative’. In the period 1845–6 Marx abandoned this view, holding morality to be incompatible with his historical materialism. In the later writings Marx is less of a determinist, and he no longer wants to reject morality. However, he does want to transcend a morality of burdensome obligation and constraint so as to realise a community built upon spontaneous bonds of solidarity.
Philip J. Kain
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239321
- eISBN:
- 9780191679896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239321.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from ...
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This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from Hegel's concept of essence towards one in some ways more like Aristotle's and he operates with a concept of universalisation similar to that found in Kant's categorical imperative. At the same time, Marx's task is to reconcile these Aristotelian and Kantian elements. Eventually, Marx's doctrine of historical materialism leads him to abandon these elements and indeed to reject all morality as ideological illusion. This chapter examines what morality means for the young Marx as well as his concepts of freedom, essence, and the state.Less
This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from Hegel's concept of essence towards one in some ways more like Aristotle's and he operates with a concept of universalisation similar to that found in Kant's categorical imperative. At the same time, Marx's task is to reconcile these Aristotelian and Kantian elements. Eventually, Marx's doctrine of historical materialism leads him to abandon these elements and indeed to reject all morality as ideological illusion. This chapter examines what morality means for the young Marx as well as his concepts of freedom, essence, and the state.
R. M. Hare
- Published in print:
- 1981
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198246602
- eISBN:
- 9780191597596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198246609.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal ...
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By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal and singular, have to be made in cognizance of the facts if they are to be rational. Moral judgements are universalizable only in the sense that they entail identical judgements about all cases identical in their universal properties. Universalizability can be demonstrated in the sense that it is possible to make the progression from prescriptions that I accept for my own experiences to prescriptions that I must accept for experiences I should have, were I to be in someone else's position with his preferences.Less
By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal and singular, have to be made in cognizance of the facts if they are to be rational. Moral judgements are universalizable only in the sense that they entail identical judgements about all cases identical in their universal properties. Universalizability can be demonstrated in the sense that it is possible to make the progression from prescriptions that I accept for my own experiences to prescriptions that I must accept for experiences I should have, were I to be in someone else's position with his preferences.
Robert N. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599349
- eISBN:
- 9780191731556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599349.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in ...
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The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in detail the structure of a Kantian argument for self-improvement based on it. The central argument of the chapter is thatthis Formula can only establish that persons ought to perform certain self-developing acts. It cannot establish, however, that persons ought to pursue self-development as a goal.Less
The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in detail the structure of a Kantian argument for self-improvement based on it. The central argument of the chapter is thatthis Formula can only establish that persons ought to perform certain self-developing acts. It cannot establish, however, that persons ought to pursue self-development as a goal.
Richard Tieszen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199606207
- eISBN:
- 9780191725500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606207.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of ...
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The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of the place of reason in mathematics and logic. A discussion of general features of reason, according to the rationalist tradition in philosophy, ensues. The reader is reminded of how a type of conception that includes a capacity for universalization and generalization is associated with rationalist views of reason. Reason has also been considered a source of clarity, exactness, idealization, objectivity, and optimism in problem-solving. The capacity for a kind of rational intuition (which Husserl calls “categorial” intuition) has been embraced by a number of rationalists. A very important feature of reason, according to Husserl, is that it exhibits intentionality. A theory of intentionality is sketched and the “intentional difference principle,” which is pivotal for the remaining chapters, is introducedLess
The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of the place of reason in mathematics and logic. A discussion of general features of reason, according to the rationalist tradition in philosophy, ensues. The reader is reminded of how a type of conception that includes a capacity for universalization and generalization is associated with rationalist views of reason. Reason has also been considered a source of clarity, exactness, idealization, objectivity, and optimism in problem-solving. The capacity for a kind of rational intuition (which Husserl calls “categorial” intuition) has been embraced by a number of rationalists. A very important feature of reason, according to Husserl, is that it exhibits intentionality. A theory of intentionality is sketched and the “intentional difference principle,” which is pivotal for the remaining chapters, is introduced
Renee Mckenzie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823225187
- eISBN:
- 9780823237135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823225187.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful ...
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Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful to ourselves and others about God and our self. If there is no middle ground between participation and separation, how do we engage any experience not our own? This chapter considers the nature of the experience useful for theological reflection as shared by Culp. The first observation is this: experience, as she describes it, is individual and unique. Situating experience as singular and individual does not shield one from the possibility of universalization. This question of how experience might be useful as a method for avoiding essentialism is of particular interest to many scholars, especially womanist scholars. There is a sense in which our experience is always more than that which belongs solely to the individual. In sharing it, and sometimes also just in the living of it, our experience becomes a part of the collective whole.Less
Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful to ourselves and others about God and our self. If there is no middle ground between participation and separation, how do we engage any experience not our own? This chapter considers the nature of the experience useful for theological reflection as shared by Culp. The first observation is this: experience, as she describes it, is individual and unique. Situating experience as singular and individual does not shield one from the possibility of universalization. This question of how experience might be useful as a method for avoiding essentialism is of particular interest to many scholars, especially womanist scholars. There is a sense in which our experience is always more than that which belongs solely to the individual. In sharing it, and sometimes also just in the living of it, our experience becomes a part of the collective whole.
V. Sujatha
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198099130
- eISBN:
- 9780199082995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198099130.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent ...
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This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent of privatization determines not just the kind of medical care delivered, but also reflects the division of labour, specialization and the professional authority of medicine in any given society. The term private sector in this chapter is employed to refer to the institutions that have emerged because of the investment of private capital and the advent of mass industrial production of drugs since the nineteenth century. If we take capital investment and mass production as the markers of a distinct phase in medicine, then the process of privatization has not been uniform for different fields of medicine such as, medical care, manufacture of medicines and medical education. The chapter briefly maps the process in these three sectors.Less
This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent of privatization determines not just the kind of medical care delivered, but also reflects the division of labour, specialization and the professional authority of medicine in any given society. The term private sector in this chapter is employed to refer to the institutions that have emerged because of the investment of private capital and the advent of mass industrial production of drugs since the nineteenth century. If we take capital investment and mass production as the markers of a distinct phase in medicine, then the process of privatization has not been uniform for different fields of medicine such as, medical care, manufacture of medicines and medical education. The chapter briefly maps the process in these three sectors.
Katharina Müller
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829911
- eISBN:
- 9780191868368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0075
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Social security is the protection provided by a given society to individuals and households, particularly in the case of old age. The design and scope of social security protection differs ...
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Social security is the protection provided by a given society to individuals and households, particularly in the case of old age. The design and scope of social security protection differs significantly across geographical regions, countries, and population groups, while also undergoing constant transformation over time. On a global scale, the area of social security witnessed three major paradigm shifts over the past 125 years: (1) formalization, sparked by Bismarck’s social insurance legislation in the 1880s; (2) privatization, initiated in the 1980s in Latin America and subsequently spreading to other regions, mainly Eastern Europe; and (3) universalization, as exemplified by the proliferation of non-contributory benefits in the Global South since the 2000s. This chapter outlines these trends to illustrate the transformation of social security in both the Global North and the Global South.Less
Social security is the protection provided by a given society to individuals and households, particularly in the case of old age. The design and scope of social security protection differs significantly across geographical regions, countries, and population groups, while also undergoing constant transformation over time. On a global scale, the area of social security witnessed three major paradigm shifts over the past 125 years: (1) formalization, sparked by Bismarck’s social insurance legislation in the 1880s; (2) privatization, initiated in the 1980s in Latin America and subsequently spreading to other regions, mainly Eastern Europe; and (3) universalization, as exemplified by the proliferation of non-contributory benefits in the Global South since the 2000s. This chapter outlines these trends to illustrate the transformation of social security in both the Global North and the Global South.
David Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199677597
- eISBN:
- 9780191803710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199677597.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature, European Literature
This chapter relates that in the past two decades, postcolonial theory has been preoccupied with two categories that underpin the operations of colonial discourse; that of the subject and that of ...
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This chapter relates that in the past two decades, postcolonial theory has been preoccupied with two categories that underpin the operations of colonial discourse; that of the subject and that of history. The discriminatory function of aesthetic culture is what makes it a necessary object of postcolonial theory and which makes critical a rethinking of the aesthetic from the place of the sensible body as an arrangement of differentiation rather than identity. This chapter also points out that both the transcendental and physiological accounts of the aesthetic and political subject remain inscribed within a precocious, as well as unilateral, universalization of a singular conception of the human.Less
This chapter relates that in the past two decades, postcolonial theory has been preoccupied with two categories that underpin the operations of colonial discourse; that of the subject and that of history. The discriminatory function of aesthetic culture is what makes it a necessary object of postcolonial theory and which makes critical a rethinking of the aesthetic from the place of the sensible body as an arrangement of differentiation rather than identity. This chapter also points out that both the transcendental and physiological accounts of the aesthetic and political subject remain inscribed within a precocious, as well as unilateral, universalization of a singular conception of the human.
James D. Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231161107
- eISBN:
- 9780231536417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231161107.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain ...
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This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain norms should be valid for everyone, everywhere. The efforts to arrive at such norms, however, can be paradoxical and self-undermining for three reasons. The first argues that the universal has to be expressed from somewhere, against something, which makes it a particular. The second claims that if universalism is to be practical or normative, it must be able to discriminate, to judge some things as better than others. The third reason states that universalism denotes a pretense of knowing people's interests better than they do and seeks to act on them, disregarding the principle of equality. Through the works of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu, the chapter demonstrates the shift from a theory of universalism to a practice of universalization.Less
This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain norms should be valid for everyone, everywhere. The efforts to arrive at such norms, however, can be paradoxical and self-undermining for three reasons. The first argues that the universal has to be expressed from somewhere, against something, which makes it a particular. The second claims that if universalism is to be practical or normative, it must be able to discriminate, to judge some things as better than others. The third reason states that universalism denotes a pretense of knowing people's interests better than they do and seeks to act on them, disregarding the principle of equality. Through the works of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu, the chapter demonstrates the shift from a theory of universalism to a practice of universalization.
James D. Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231161107
- eISBN:
- 9780231536417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231161107.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights ...
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This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights politics when we fail to consider the relation between the normative question of what we want to achieve and the political question of who should do what. Using Hannah Arendt's formula, this chapter contrasts three ways of understanding the politics of human rights. The first two interpretations perceive human rights politics as a politics of implementation; these views reveal the problems that emerge when universal moral aspirations are combined with an insufficient conception of politics. The third interpretation asserts that human rights politics should be understood as a democratic politics of universalization, based on the political activity of its participants.Less
This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights politics when we fail to consider the relation between the normative question of what we want to achieve and the political question of who should do what. Using Hannah Arendt's formula, this chapter contrasts three ways of understanding the politics of human rights. The first two interpretations perceive human rights politics as a politics of implementation; these views reveal the problems that emerge when universal moral aspirations are combined with an insufficient conception of politics. The third interpretation asserts that human rights politics should be understood as a democratic politics of universalization, based on the political activity of its participants.
James Buzard
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199560615
- eISBN:
- 9780191803499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199560615.003.0024
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter examines theme of nationalism in the nineteenth-century British novel. It highlights a so-called self-universalizing habit of mind, to which many English men and women of the Victorian ...
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This chapter examines theme of nationalism in the nineteenth-century British novel. It highlights a so-called self-universalizing habit of mind, to which many English men and women of the Victorian age must have felt some amount of temptation. This is the habit of regarding the ways of one's own people as best for all, if only the benighted others of the planet would acknowledge the fact. All cultures have some form of ethnocentric outlook: we are all apt to believe on some level that the particular domain of custom in which we have been raised is the only one in the world that really makes sense. But the Victorian English lived in an era in which the enormous expansion of their country's global reach made imaginable the prospect of actually exporting English values and customs throughout the world. For this particular social group, the self-universalization endemic to cultures as such became imaginable as something capable of realization and freighted with possible consequences.Less
This chapter examines theme of nationalism in the nineteenth-century British novel. It highlights a so-called self-universalizing habit of mind, to which many English men and women of the Victorian age must have felt some amount of temptation. This is the habit of regarding the ways of one's own people as best for all, if only the benighted others of the planet would acknowledge the fact. All cultures have some form of ethnocentric outlook: we are all apt to believe on some level that the particular domain of custom in which we have been raised is the only one in the world that really makes sense. But the Victorian English lived in an era in which the enormous expansion of their country's global reach made imaginable the prospect of actually exporting English values and customs throughout the world. For this particular social group, the self-universalization endemic to cultures as such became imaginable as something capable of realization and freighted with possible consequences.
Ute Frevert
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199655731
- eISBN:
- 9780191757662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655731.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights ...
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This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights into connections between encyclopedic knowledge about emotions and the structures and processes of modern societies. The chapter reflects on some of the most pivotal changes in the perception of emotions in European societies over the past three centuries, including the complex relationship between passion and reason, the evolution of feelings in the midst of new social orders, and the changing role of emotions in the scientific realm.Less
This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights into connections between encyclopedic knowledge about emotions and the structures and processes of modern societies. The chapter reflects on some of the most pivotal changes in the perception of emotions in European societies over the past three centuries, including the complex relationship between passion and reason, the evolution of feelings in the midst of new social orders, and the changing role of emotions in the scientific realm.
Angela Garcia Calvo
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198864561
- eISBN:
- 9780191896606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198864561.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter examines Spain’s and Korea’s upgrading strategies from the perspective of the telecommunications services and telecommunications equipment sector (henceforth information and ...
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This chapter examines Spain’s and Korea’s upgrading strategies from the perspective of the telecommunications services and telecommunications equipment sector (henceforth information and communications technologies or ICT). The chapter emphasizes the link between the identities and preferences of Spain’s and Korea’s governments and characterizes two types of governments: generalists and techno-industrial. The two types of governments are connected to public preferences for upgrading in complex services and manufacturing respectively. The chapter consists of five sections. Following the chapter’s introduction, section 4.2 describes the forces shaping the transformation of the ICT industry in the 1980s and situates Spain’s and Korea’s firms. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 connect the characteristics of Spain’s and Korea’s generalist and techno-industrial governments to the two countries upgrading patterns. Section 4.5 sets the two outcomes in comparative perspective, concludes, and prepares the stage for the next chapter.Less
This chapter examines Spain’s and Korea’s upgrading strategies from the perspective of the telecommunications services and telecommunications equipment sector (henceforth information and communications technologies or ICT). The chapter emphasizes the link between the identities and preferences of Spain’s and Korea’s governments and characterizes two types of governments: generalists and techno-industrial. The two types of governments are connected to public preferences for upgrading in complex services and manufacturing respectively. The chapter consists of five sections. Following the chapter’s introduction, section 4.2 describes the forces shaping the transformation of the ICT industry in the 1980s and situates Spain’s and Korea’s firms. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 connect the characteristics of Spain’s and Korea’s generalist and techno-industrial governments to the two countries upgrading patterns. Section 4.5 sets the two outcomes in comparative perspective, concludes, and prepares the stage for the next chapter.
