Arndt Sorge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278909
- eISBN:
- 9780191706820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278909.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of ...
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Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of Germany. Social spaces are typically segmented, such that opposite meanings are allocated specific sub-spaces; co-exist at close quarters; and become temporarily interdependent. This vitiates any treatment of society being uniformly marked by specific characteristics. Internal opposition of meanings and external effects together fuel an evolutionary dialectic, which makes different characteristics prevail, alternate, and become intertwined at different moments. Such developments congeal into a meta-tradition which resembles the swing of a pendulum. A meta-tradition encases the dialectics of internationalization and provincialization, and other recombinations of opposed characteristics into novel institutions. In the case of Germany, a salient opposition governing the meta-tradition is between economic liberalization and corporatist economic and political association. The dialectic between these has been stimulated by international exposure, politically and economically. The fundamental casing of the meta-tradition is called the South Germanic bedrock (as against the North Germanic, Scandinavian, bedrock).Less
Layered societies evolve distinctive institutions and culture, partly against and partly by way of internationalization. The latter nexus is often neglected but demonstrated well in the case of Germany. Social spaces are typically segmented, such that opposite meanings are allocated specific sub-spaces; co-exist at close quarters; and become temporarily interdependent. This vitiates any treatment of society being uniformly marked by specific characteristics. Internal opposition of meanings and external effects together fuel an evolutionary dialectic, which makes different characteristics prevail, alternate, and become intertwined at different moments. Such developments congeal into a meta-tradition which resembles the swing of a pendulum. A meta-tradition encases the dialectics of internationalization and provincialization, and other recombinations of opposed characteristics into novel institutions. In the case of Germany, a salient opposition governing the meta-tradition is between economic liberalization and corporatist economic and political association. The dialectic between these has been stimulated by international exposure, politically and economically. The fundamental casing of the meta-tradition is called the South Germanic bedrock (as against the North Germanic, Scandinavian, bedrock).
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326222
- eISBN:
- 9780199944064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326222.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective ...
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This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective consciousness continually addresses fears of forgetting. Then, it provides a historical context for “The Social Construction of Moral Universals”. It examines how the movement, from a progressive tragic trauma narration created moral particularism alongside universalism, and fueled social splitting and antagonism at the same time as cooperation and expanded solidarity. This chapter also looks at Israeli Jews.Less
This chapter begins by presenting a comic strip,Non Sequitor, by Wiley. This strip of popular culture indicates that the universalization of the Holocaust is alive and well, even as the collective consciousness continually addresses fears of forgetting. Then, it provides a historical context for “The Social Construction of Moral Universals”. It examines how the movement, from a progressive tragic trauma narration created moral particularism alongside universalism, and fueled social splitting and antagonism at the same time as cooperation and expanded solidarity. This chapter also looks at Israeli Jews.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population ...
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By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population resulted in the outbreak of widespread protests by various socioeconomic groups. The latter objected to the solidaristic principles and redistributionist objectives of French social security, and their concerns would eventually be met by the creations of an old age insurance system which was divided along occupational lines. The failure was due to the revival of social tensions in a climate of persistent economic difficulties, but it also demonstrated that the social security plan had been marked by utopian ambitions which could only frustrated by the harsh social and economic realities of postwar France.Less
By the end of 1946, the reformist momentum which found its origin in the aftermath of the Liberation abruptly came to an end, as the attempt to extend old age insurance to the entire population resulted in the outbreak of widespread protests by various socioeconomic groups. The latter objected to the solidaristic principles and redistributionist objectives of French social security, and their concerns would eventually be met by the creations of an old age insurance system which was divided along occupational lines. The failure was due to the revival of social tensions in a climate of persistent economic difficulties, but it also demonstrated that the social security plan had been marked by utopian ambitions which could only frustrated by the harsh social and economic realities of postwar France.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the ...
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The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the principles which he had first come to espouse during his early career. Moreover, the failure to implement a universal system of old age insurance illustrated the fact that the national consensus which supported the principle of social security was shallow altogether, despite the rhetoric of the Resistance and the provisional government and the support of tehe main political parties.Less
The Laroque Plan of 1945 was a product of the interplay of various institutional considerations and ideological influences, and it confirmed the fact that Pierre Laroque remained committed to the principles which he had first come to espouse during his early career. Moreover, the failure to implement a universal system of old age insurance illustrated the fact that the national consensus which supported the principle of social security was shallow altogether, despite the rhetoric of the Resistance and the provisional government and the support of tehe main political parties.
Jordi Canals
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198773504
- eISBN:
- 9780191695322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198773504.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the ...
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This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the process of banking universalization and the concentration of the industry. The chapter explains that this point is crucial, since financial authorities' definitions of legal framework and operating norms condition to a great extent banking activity. The second aspect relates to the transformation of the banking industry and the subsequent urgency of respective corporate strategies.Less
This chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the process of banking universalization and the concentration of the industry. The chapter explains that this point is crucial, since financial authorities' definitions of legal framework and operating norms condition to a great extent banking activity. The second aspect relates to the transformation of the banking industry and the subsequent urgency of respective corporate strategies.
Philip J. Kain
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239321
- eISBN:
- 9780191679896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept ...
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This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept of essence much like Aristotle's, which Marx tries to link to a principle of universalisation similar to Immanuel Kant's ‘categorical imperative’. In the period 1845–6 Marx abandoned this view, holding morality to be incompatible with his historical materialism. In the later writings Marx is less of a determinist, and he no longer wants to reject morality. However, he does want to transcend a morality of burdensome obligation and constraint so as to realise a community built upon spontaneous bonds of solidarity.Less
This book traces the development of Karl Marx's ethics as they underwent various shifts and changes during different periods of his thought. In his early writings, his ethics are based on a concept of essence much like Aristotle's, which Marx tries to link to a principle of universalisation similar to Immanuel Kant's ‘categorical imperative’. In the period 1845–6 Marx abandoned this view, holding morality to be incompatible with his historical materialism. In the later writings Marx is less of a determinist, and he no longer wants to reject morality. However, he does want to transcend a morality of burdensome obligation and constraint so as to realise a community built upon spontaneous bonds of solidarity.
Lucy Newlyn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187110
- eISBN:
- 9780191674631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187110.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of ...
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Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of reading practices is accompanied by an increasing activity — and thus by a widening gap between the common reader and the expert. This, too, was a feature of modernity apprehended by English writers at the turn of the 18th century, when increasing literacy created a mass-reading audience, but when the rise of professional criticism registered the emergence of a new race of specialist readers. The mutual pressures exerted on writers and their critics, which mounted under the increasingly competitive conditions of periodical culture in the early 19th century were further intensified by this dual consciousness.Less
Early 19th-century England marks the rise of the reader in a number of distinctive ways. For Chee Dimmock, one of the outstanding characteristics of modernity is that an apparent universalisation of reading practices is accompanied by an increasing activity — and thus by a widening gap between the common reader and the expert. This, too, was a feature of modernity apprehended by English writers at the turn of the 18th century, when increasing literacy created a mass-reading audience, but when the rise of professional criticism registered the emergence of a new race of specialist readers. The mutual pressures exerted on writers and their critics, which mounted under the increasingly competitive conditions of periodical culture in the early 19th century were further intensified by this dual consciousness.
Philip J. Kain
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239321
- eISBN:
- 9780191679896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239321.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from ...
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This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from Hegel's concept of essence towards one in some ways more like Aristotle's and he operates with a concept of universalisation similar to that found in Kant's categorical imperative. At the same time, Marx's task is to reconcile these Aristotelian and Kantian elements. Eventually, Marx's doctrine of historical materialism leads him to abandon these elements and indeed to reject all morality as ideological illusion. This chapter examines what morality means for the young Marx as well as his concepts of freedom, essence, and the state.Less
This chapter argues that the views of young Karl Marx on ethics have been influenced not only by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel but even more so by Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Marx draws away from Hegel's concept of essence towards one in some ways more like Aristotle's and he operates with a concept of universalisation similar to that found in Kant's categorical imperative. At the same time, Marx's task is to reconcile these Aristotelian and Kantian elements. Eventually, Marx's doctrine of historical materialism leads him to abandon these elements and indeed to reject all morality as ideological illusion. This chapter examines what morality means for the young Marx as well as his concepts of freedom, essence, and the state.
R. M. Hare
- Published in print:
- 1981
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198246602
- eISBN:
- 9780191597596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198246609.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal ...
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By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal and singular, have to be made in cognizance of the facts if they are to be rational. Moral judgements are universalizable only in the sense that they entail identical judgements about all cases identical in their universal properties. Universalizability can be demonstrated in the sense that it is possible to make the progression from prescriptions that I accept for my own experiences to prescriptions that I must accept for experiences I should have, were I to be in someone else's position with his preferences.Less
By referring to prescriptions that are expressions of motivational states or preferences in language, we are better able to display the logical relations between them. All prescriptions, universal and singular, have to be made in cognizance of the facts if they are to be rational. Moral judgements are universalizable only in the sense that they entail identical judgements about all cases identical in their universal properties. Universalizability can be demonstrated in the sense that it is possible to make the progression from prescriptions that I accept for my own experiences to prescriptions that I must accept for experiences I should have, were I to be in someone else's position with his preferences.
Robert N. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599349
- eISBN:
- 9780191731556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599349.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in ...
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The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in detail the structure of a Kantian argument for self-improvement based on it. The central argument of the chapter is thatthis Formula can only establish that persons ought to perform certain self-developing acts. It cannot establish, however, that persons ought to pursue self-development as a goal.Less
The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature is perhaps the most well-known version of the Categorical Imperative. This chapter sets out the author’s understanding of this Formula and explains in detail the structure of a Kantian argument for self-improvement based on it. The central argument of the chapter is thatthis Formula can only establish that persons ought to perform certain self-developing acts. It cannot establish, however, that persons ought to pursue self-development as a goal.
Richard Tieszen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199606207
- eISBN:
- 9780191725500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606207.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of ...
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The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of the place of reason in mathematics and logic. A discussion of general features of reason, according to the rationalist tradition in philosophy, ensues. The reader is reminded of how a type of conception that includes a capacity for universalization and generalization is associated with rationalist views of reason. Reason has also been considered a source of clarity, exactness, idealization, objectivity, and optimism in problem-solving. The capacity for a kind of rational intuition (which Husserl calls “categorial” intuition) has been embraced by a number of rationalists. A very important feature of reason, according to Husserl, is that it exhibits intentionality. A theory of intentionality is sketched and the “intentional difference principle,” which is pivotal for the remaining chapters, is introducedLess
The chapter opens with an account of serious deficiencies in recent treatments of human consciousness in the philosophy of mind and epistemology. These deficiencies, it is argued, affect our view of the place of reason in mathematics and logic. A discussion of general features of reason, according to the rationalist tradition in philosophy, ensues. The reader is reminded of how a type of conception that includes a capacity for universalization and generalization is associated with rationalist views of reason. Reason has also been considered a source of clarity, exactness, idealization, objectivity, and optimism in problem-solving. The capacity for a kind of rational intuition (which Husserl calls “categorial” intuition) has been embraced by a number of rationalists. A very important feature of reason, according to Husserl, is that it exhibits intentionality. A theory of intentionality is sketched and the “intentional difference principle,” which is pivotal for the remaining chapters, is introduced
Renee Mckenzie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823225187
- eISBN:
- 9780823237135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823225187.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful ...
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Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful to ourselves and others about God and our self. If there is no middle ground between participation and separation, how do we engage any experience not our own? This chapter considers the nature of the experience useful for theological reflection as shared by Culp. The first observation is this: experience, as she describes it, is individual and unique. Situating experience as singular and individual does not shield one from the possibility of universalization. This question of how experience might be useful as a method for avoiding essentialism is of particular interest to many scholars, especially womanist scholars. There is a sense in which our experience is always more than that which belongs solely to the individual. In sharing it, and sometimes also just in the living of it, our experience becomes a part of the collective whole.Less
Unlike some postmodern feminists, Kristine Culp wants to reclaim, at least for feminist theology, the intrinsic and extrinsic value of experience in saying something meaningful to ourselves and others about God and our self. If there is no middle ground between participation and separation, how do we engage any experience not our own? This chapter considers the nature of the experience useful for theological reflection as shared by Culp. The first observation is this: experience, as she describes it, is individual and unique. Situating experience as singular and individual does not shield one from the possibility of universalization. This question of how experience might be useful as a method for avoiding essentialism is of particular interest to many scholars, especially womanist scholars. There is a sense in which our experience is always more than that which belongs solely to the individual. In sharing it, and sometimes also just in the living of it, our experience becomes a part of the collective whole.
V. Sujatha
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198099130
- eISBN:
- 9780199082995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198099130.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent ...
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This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent of privatization determines not just the kind of medical care delivered, but also reflects the division of labour, specialization and the professional authority of medicine in any given society. The term private sector in this chapter is employed to refer to the institutions that have emerged because of the investment of private capital and the advent of mass industrial production of drugs since the nineteenth century. If we take capital investment and mass production as the markers of a distinct phase in medicine, then the process of privatization has not been uniform for different fields of medicine such as, medical care, manufacture of medicines and medical education. The chapter briefly maps the process in these three sectors.Less
This chapter highlights the role of the private sector in health and medicine with reference to India. The private sector plays a critical role in the field of medicine because the nature and extent of privatization determines not just the kind of medical care delivered, but also reflects the division of labour, specialization and the professional authority of medicine in any given society. The term private sector in this chapter is employed to refer to the institutions that have emerged because of the investment of private capital and the advent of mass industrial production of drugs since the nineteenth century. If we take capital investment and mass production as the markers of a distinct phase in medicine, then the process of privatization has not been uniform for different fields of medicine such as, medical care, manufacture of medicines and medical education. The chapter briefly maps the process in these three sectors.
James D. Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231161107
- eISBN:
- 9780231536417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231161107.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain ...
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This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain norms should be valid for everyone, everywhere. The efforts to arrive at such norms, however, can be paradoxical and self-undermining for three reasons. The first argues that the universal has to be expressed from somewhere, against something, which makes it a particular. The second claims that if universalism is to be practical or normative, it must be able to discriminate, to judge some things as better than others. The third reason states that universalism denotes a pretense of knowing people's interests better than they do and seeks to act on them, disregarding the principle of equality. Through the works of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu, the chapter demonstrates the shift from a theory of universalism to a practice of universalization.Less
This chapter turns to moral-ethical cosmopolitanism in search of a positive account of normative universalism. In moral philosophy, normative universalism is identified with the idea that certain norms should be valid for everyone, everywhere. The efforts to arrive at such norms, however, can be paradoxical and self-undermining for three reasons. The first argues that the universal has to be expressed from somewhere, against something, which makes it a particular. The second claims that if universalism is to be practical or normative, it must be able to discriminate, to judge some things as better than others. The third reason states that universalism denotes a pretense of knowing people's interests better than they do and seeks to act on them, disregarding the principle of equality. Through the works of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu, the chapter demonstrates the shift from a theory of universalism to a practice of universalization.
James D. Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231161107
- eISBN:
- 9780231536417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231161107.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights ...
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This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights politics when we fail to consider the relation between the normative question of what we want to achieve and the political question of who should do what. Using Hannah Arendt's formula, this chapter contrasts three ways of understanding the politics of human rights. The first two interpretations perceive human rights politics as a politics of implementation; these views reveal the problems that emerge when universal moral aspirations are combined with an insufficient conception of politics. The third interpretation asserts that human rights politics should be understood as a democratic politics of universalization, based on the political activity of its participants.Less
This chapter examines the different attempts of thinking about human rights not just from a moral or philosophical point of view, but as a type of politics. A contradiction arises within human rights politics when we fail to consider the relation between the normative question of what we want to achieve and the political question of who should do what. Using Hannah Arendt's formula, this chapter contrasts three ways of understanding the politics of human rights. The first two interpretations perceive human rights politics as a politics of implementation; these views reveal the problems that emerge when universal moral aspirations are combined with an insufficient conception of politics. The third interpretation asserts that human rights politics should be understood as a democratic politics of universalization, based on the political activity of its participants.
Ute Frevert
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199655731
- eISBN:
- 9780191757662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655731.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights ...
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This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights into connections between encyclopedic knowledge about emotions and the structures and processes of modern societies. The chapter reflects on some of the most pivotal changes in the perception of emotions in European societies over the past three centuries, including the complex relationship between passion and reason, the evolution of feelings in the midst of new social orders, and the changing role of emotions in the scientific realm.Less
This chapter summarizes and draws together the main themes of the previous chapters, discussing the overarching developments of emotional concepts in encyclopedias and lexicons. It provides insights into connections between encyclopedic knowledge about emotions and the structures and processes of modern societies. The chapter reflects on some of the most pivotal changes in the perception of emotions in European societies over the past three centuries, including the complex relationship between passion and reason, the evolution of feelings in the midst of new social orders, and the changing role of emotions in the scientific realm.
Michael J. Silverman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- June 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198735366
- eISBN:
- 9780191802249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198735366.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Health Psychology
Factors that influence therapeutic outcome in music therapy can be related to attendance and participation as well as characteristics of both the client and therapist. Researchers and clinicians have ...
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Factors that influence therapeutic outcome in music therapy can be related to attendance and participation as well as characteristics of both the client and therapist. Researchers and clinicians have developed numerous taxonomies to describe mechanisms responsible for therapeutic change. Understanding mechanisms of therapeutic change allow the therapist to program for, implement, and identify and use these factors to enhance therapeutic outcome. Cognitive factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are universalization, insight, and modeling. Affective factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are acceptance, altruism, and transference. Behavioral factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are reality testing, ventilation, and interactionLess
Factors that influence therapeutic outcome in music therapy can be related to attendance and participation as well as characteristics of both the client and therapist. Researchers and clinicians have developed numerous taxonomies to describe mechanisms responsible for therapeutic change. Understanding mechanisms of therapeutic change allow the therapist to program for, implement, and identify and use these factors to enhance therapeutic outcome. Cognitive factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are universalization, insight, and modeling. Affective factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are acceptance, altruism, and transference. Behavioral factors potentially influencing therapeutic change are reality testing, ventilation, and interaction
Clifford Ando
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190465667
- eISBN:
- 9780190465681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465667.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter offers a long-term perspective on the history of citizenship which illustrates several massive discontinuities. It shows that the enfranchisement of aliens originally served not as ...
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This chapter offers a long-term perspective on the history of citizenship which illustrates several massive discontinuities. It shows that the enfranchisement of aliens originally served not as reward but as punishment for defeated communities. The second century BCE saw a key departure with the innovation of conferring citizenship on office-holders in some subordinate communities. The chapter highlights the paradox that this devolved the right to create citiens to alien populations, while underlining its effect in integrating local elites into a wider community that was distinctly imperial in form. On this reading, the universalization of citizenship by the emperor Caracalla can not simply be seen as logical continuation of earlier practices. Rather, citizenship fulfilled radically different functions in different periods.Less
This chapter offers a long-term perspective on the history of citizenship which illustrates several massive discontinuities. It shows that the enfranchisement of aliens originally served not as reward but as punishment for defeated communities. The second century BCE saw a key departure with the innovation of conferring citizenship on office-holders in some subordinate communities. The chapter highlights the paradox that this devolved the right to create citiens to alien populations, while underlining its effect in integrating local elites into a wider community that was distinctly imperial in form. On this reading, the universalization of citizenship by the emperor Caracalla can not simply be seen as logical continuation of earlier practices. Rather, citizenship fulfilled radically different functions in different periods.
M.S. Sreerekha
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199468164
- eISBN:
- 9780199088836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199468164.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter includes a detailed chronology of the history of honorary/anganwadi workers in India. Here the focus is on the women workers—both workers and helpers—as part of the scheme, instead of an ...
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This chapter includes a detailed chronology of the history of honorary/anganwadi workers in India. Here the focus is on the women workers—both workers and helpers—as part of the scheme, instead of an analysis of the impact of ICDS on the beneficiaries. The everyday functioning of the anganwadi and the problems around the functioning of the ICDS will be a part of the history of the anganwadi worker. It attempts a narrative of the ICDS, the history of the anganwadi worker and helper, their honorarium/wages, the training provided to the workers, funding for the ICDS both from the government and from external agencies like the World Bank or USAID, and reviews and appraisals of the ICDS. It also discusses in detail the Universalization of the ICDS and its Mission Mode in the context of the future needs of ICDS and its workers.Less
This chapter includes a detailed chronology of the history of honorary/anganwadi workers in India. Here the focus is on the women workers—both workers and helpers—as part of the scheme, instead of an analysis of the impact of ICDS on the beneficiaries. The everyday functioning of the anganwadi and the problems around the functioning of the ICDS will be a part of the history of the anganwadi worker. It attempts a narrative of the ICDS, the history of the anganwadi worker and helper, their honorarium/wages, the training provided to the workers, funding for the ICDS both from the government and from external agencies like the World Bank or USAID, and reviews and appraisals of the ICDS. It also discusses in detail the Universalization of the ICDS and its Mission Mode in the context of the future needs of ICDS and its workers.
Murad Idris
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190658014
- eISBN:
- 9780190658045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190658014.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, Comparative Politics
This chapter discusses three unacknowledged discursive functions of peace—namely, that peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. First, idealizers of peace rarely speak of peace ...
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This chapter discusses three unacknowledged discursive functions of peace—namely, that peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. First, idealizers of peace rarely speak of peace on its own but of peace and security, law, friendship, order, and so on. The chapter calls this structure of discursive supplementation parasitical in which each of these added elements is “an insinuate of peace.” Second, idealizations of peace reflect particularistic desires, fears, interests, anxieties, and theories of difference. This logic of universalized idealization is provincial. Third, idealizations of peace are polemical in that they make peace into an ideal in relation to constitutive antagonisms and against specific enemies. This idealization then enables further hostility. The chapter situates these arguments in relation to affiliated arguments, including “politics is a continuation of war,” “peace talk is empty,” “peace has eroded,” and those of just war theory. Finally, it discusses the political work and theoretical elisions of the tropes surrounding “Islam and peace,” the opposition between “Islam and the West,” and “cross-cultural” understandings of peace.Less
This chapter discusses three unacknowledged discursive functions of peace—namely, that peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. First, idealizers of peace rarely speak of peace on its own but of peace and security, law, friendship, order, and so on. The chapter calls this structure of discursive supplementation parasitical in which each of these added elements is “an insinuate of peace.” Second, idealizations of peace reflect particularistic desires, fears, interests, anxieties, and theories of difference. This logic of universalized idealization is provincial. Third, idealizations of peace are polemical in that they make peace into an ideal in relation to constitutive antagonisms and against specific enemies. This idealization then enables further hostility. The chapter situates these arguments in relation to affiliated arguments, including “politics is a continuation of war,” “peace talk is empty,” “peace has eroded,” and those of just war theory. Finally, it discusses the political work and theoretical elisions of the tropes surrounding “Islam and peace,” the opposition between “Islam and the West,” and “cross-cultural” understandings of peace.
