Michael O. Emerson and George Yancey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199742684
- eISBN:
- 9780199943388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742684.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Despite recent progress against racial inequalities, American society continues to produce attitudes and outcomes that reinforce the racial divide. This book offers a fresh perspective on how to ...
More
Despite recent progress against racial inequalities, American society continues to produce attitudes and outcomes that reinforce the racial divide. This book offers a fresh perspective on how to combat racial division. The chapters document the historical move from white supremacy to institutional racism, and then look at modern efforts to overcome the racialized nature of our society. They argue that both conservative and progressive approaches have failed, as they continually fall victim to forces of ethnocentrism and group interest. They then explore group interest and possible ways to account for the perspectives of both majority and minority group members. They also look to multiracial congregations, multiracial families, the military, and sports teams—all situations in which group interests have been overcome before. In each context they find the development of a core set of values that binds together different racial groups, along with the flexibility to express racially-based cultural uniqueness that does not conflict with this critical core. The book offers what is at once a balanced approach towards dealing with racial alienation and a bold step forward in the debate about the steps necessary to overcome present-day racism.Less
Despite recent progress against racial inequalities, American society continues to produce attitudes and outcomes that reinforce the racial divide. This book offers a fresh perspective on how to combat racial division. The chapters document the historical move from white supremacy to institutional racism, and then look at modern efforts to overcome the racialized nature of our society. They argue that both conservative and progressive approaches have failed, as they continually fall victim to forces of ethnocentrism and group interest. They then explore group interest and possible ways to account for the perspectives of both majority and minority group members. They also look to multiracial congregations, multiracial families, the military, and sports teams—all situations in which group interests have been overcome before. In each context they find the development of a core set of values that binds together different racial groups, along with the flexibility to express racially-based cultural uniqueness that does not conflict with this critical core. The book offers what is at once a balanced approach towards dealing with racial alienation and a bold step forward in the debate about the steps necessary to overcome present-day racism.
Lucian Turcescu
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174250
- eISBN:
- 9780199835478
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195174259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The concept of personhood is central to a wide range of contemporary issues, ranging from reproductive rights to the death penalty and euthanasia. We may think that the concept of person is a modern ...
More
The concept of personhood is central to a wide range of contemporary issues, ranging from reproductive rights to the death penalty and euthanasia. We may think that the concept of person is a modern development. In fact, however, this idea does not originate with our discovery of human rights, consciousness, and individuality. This study shows that the fourth-century theologian Gregory of Nyssa developed a very sophisticated concept of the person in the context of his attempts to clarify the paradox of the Trinity—a single God comprising three distinct persons. The book offers the first in-depth analysis of Gregory’s writings about the divine persons. It shows that Gregory understood personhood as characterized by uniqueness, relationality, and freedom. He reasoned that the three persons of the Trinity have distinctive properties that make them individuals, that is, capable of being enumerated and circumscribed. But this idea of individuation, inherited from the neo-Platonists, falls short of expressing a clear notion of personal uniqueness. By itself it would suggest that a person is merely a collection of properties. Gregory’s great contribution was to perceive the importance of relationality to personhood. The three divine persons know and love each other, are in communion with each other, and freely act together in their common will. This understanding adds up to a concept of personal uniqueness much like our modern one. The book not only contributes to our knowledge of the history of Trinitarian theology but can be helpful to theologians who are dealing with issues in contemporary ethics.Less
The concept of personhood is central to a wide range of contemporary issues, ranging from reproductive rights to the death penalty and euthanasia. We may think that the concept of person is a modern development. In fact, however, this idea does not originate with our discovery of human rights, consciousness, and individuality. This study shows that the fourth-century theologian Gregory of Nyssa developed a very sophisticated concept of the person in the context of his attempts to clarify the paradox of the Trinity—a single God comprising three distinct persons. The book offers the first in-depth analysis of Gregory’s writings about the divine persons. It shows that Gregory understood personhood as characterized by uniqueness, relationality, and freedom. He reasoned that the three persons of the Trinity have distinctive properties that make them individuals, that is, capable of being enumerated and circumscribed. But this idea of individuation, inherited from the neo-Platonists, falls short of expressing a clear notion of personal uniqueness. By itself it would suggest that a person is merely a collection of properties. Gregory’s great contribution was to perceive the importance of relationality to personhood. The three divine persons know and love each other, are in communion with each other, and freely act together in their common will. This understanding adds up to a concept of personal uniqueness much like our modern one. The book not only contributes to our knowledge of the history of Trinitarian theology but can be helpful to theologians who are dealing with issues in contemporary ethics.
Maximilian de Gaynesford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287826
- eISBN:
- 9780191603570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287821.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
I fulfils its referential function in the deictic mode. Deictic terms fulfil their referential role by the action of making an individual salient. That is the genus to which ...
More
I fulfils its referential function in the deictic mode. Deictic terms fulfil their referential role by the action of making an individual salient. That is the genus to which demonstration, utterance-relative uniqueness, and leading candidature belong as species. I fulfils its referential role by making an individual salient. Salience is the determinant of the term.Less
I fulfils its referential function in the deictic mode. Deictic terms fulfil their referential role by the action of making an individual salient. That is the genus to which demonstration, utterance-relative uniqueness, and leading candidature belong as species. I fulfils its referential role by making an individual salient. Salience is the determinant of the term.
Henry Laycock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199281718
- eISBN:
- 9780191603594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199281718.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The second application of the assumption that singular reference is ‘ultimately’ exhaustive also represents non-count reference as singular — as reference to individual ‘quantities’ or ‘parcels’ of ...
More
The second application of the assumption that singular reference is ‘ultimately’ exhaustive also represents non-count reference as singular — as reference to individual ‘quantities’ or ‘parcels’ of stuff. Unsurprisingly, the idea is sometimes explicitly advanced on the model of plural reference as singular. However, any such view must attempt to circumvent the difficulties posed by Russell’s analysis of the conditions, whereby descriptions count as semantically singular. It is argued that such an attempt cannot succeed.Less
The second application of the assumption that singular reference is ‘ultimately’ exhaustive also represents non-count reference as singular — as reference to individual ‘quantities’ or ‘parcels’ of stuff. Unsurprisingly, the idea is sometimes explicitly advanced on the model of plural reference as singular. However, any such view must attempt to circumvent the difficulties posed by Russell’s analysis of the conditions, whereby descriptions count as semantically singular. It is argued that such an attempt cannot succeed.
Maximilian de Gaynesford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287826
- eISBN:
- 9780191603570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287821.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The referential function of any singular term is to provide a positive answer to the question: ‘which individual is being spoken of?’, that is, to achieve determinacy of reference. What enables a ...
More
The referential function of any singular term is to provide a positive answer to the question: ‘which individual is being spoken of?’, that is, to achieve determinacy of reference. What enables a singular term to carry out this function is the ‘determinant’ of the term. Demonstration is not the determinant of deictic terms because they can fulfil their referential function by appeal to utterance-relative uniqueness, or by leading candidacy given the surrounding discourse or perceptual environment.Less
The referential function of any singular term is to provide a positive answer to the question: ‘which individual is being spoken of?’, that is, to achieve determinacy of reference. What enables a singular term to carry out this function is the ‘determinant’ of the term. Demonstration is not the determinant of deictic terms because they can fulfil their referential function by appeal to utterance-relative uniqueness, or by leading candidacy given the surrounding discourse or perceptual environment.
Mattison Mines
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520084780
- eISBN:
- 9780520914599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520084780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Individuality is often viewed as an exclusively Western value. In non-Western societies, collective identities seem to eclipse those of individuals. These generalities, however, have overlooked the ...
More
Individuality is often viewed as an exclusively Western value. In non-Western societies, collective identities seem to eclipse those of individuals. These generalities, however, have overlooked the importance of personal uniqueness, volition, and achievement in these cultures. As an anthropologist in Tamil Nadu, South India, the author of this book found private and public expressions of self in all sectors of society. Based on twenty-five years of field research, the book weaves together personal life stories, historical description, and theoretical analysis to define individuality in South Asia, and to distinguish it from its Western counterpart.Less
Individuality is often viewed as an exclusively Western value. In non-Western societies, collective identities seem to eclipse those of individuals. These generalities, however, have overlooked the importance of personal uniqueness, volition, and achievement in these cultures. As an anthropologist in Tamil Nadu, South India, the author of this book found private and public expressions of self in all sectors of society. Based on twenty-five years of field research, the book weaves together personal life stories, historical description, and theoretical analysis to define individuality in South Asia, and to distinguish it from its Western counterpart.
Juan Luis Vázquez
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569039
- eISBN:
- 9780191717468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569039.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the PME posed in the whole space, which take a Radon measure as initial data. Section 13.1 constructs limit ...
More
This chapter studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the PME posed in the whole space, which take a Radon measure as initial data. Section 13.1 constructs limit solutions for data measures with the growth condition found as optimal in the previous chapter (in the non-negative case). The theory is continued in Section 13.2 where it is proven that any non-negative solution defined in a domain QT has a unique initial trace. In Sections 13.3 and 13.4, it is proved that the initial trace determines the solution in a unique way. This is a landmark in the theory of the PME and completes the basic theory of the Cauchy problem developed in previous chapters.Less
This chapter studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the PME posed in the whole space, which take a Radon measure as initial data. Section 13.1 constructs limit solutions for data measures with the growth condition found as optimal in the previous chapter (in the non-negative case). The theory is continued in Section 13.2 where it is proven that any non-negative solution defined in a domain QT has a unique initial trace. In Sections 13.3 and 13.4, it is proved that the initial trace determines the solution in a unique way. This is a landmark in the theory of the PME and completes the basic theory of the Cauchy problem developed in previous chapters.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0014
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This final chapter introduces an inverse electromagnetic reconstruction problem of finding the shape of a scatterer from far field data. It focuses on the Linear Sampling Method that reduces the ...
More
This final chapter introduces an inverse electromagnetic reconstruction problem of finding the shape of a scatterer from far field data. It focuses on the Linear Sampling Method that reduces the problem to the solution of many linear integral equations. Using techniques from earlier in the book as well as reciprocity of the solution, the uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem is proved. The inverse problem is shown to be ill-posed, but a partial mathematical justification of the inversion scheme is shown. Details of the Morozov discrepancy principle and Tikhonov regularization scheme used to approximate the integral equations are given, and numerical results are provided to illustrate the scheme.Less
This final chapter introduces an inverse electromagnetic reconstruction problem of finding the shape of a scatterer from far field data. It focuses on the Linear Sampling Method that reduces the problem to the solution of many linear integral equations. Using techniques from earlier in the book as well as reciprocity of the solution, the uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem is proved. The inverse problem is shown to be ill-posed, but a partial mathematical justification of the inversion scheme is shown. Details of the Morozov discrepancy principle and Tikhonov regularization scheme used to approximate the integral equations are given, and numerical results are provided to illustrate the scheme.
Alfredo Bellen and Marino Zennaro
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506546
- eISBN:
- 9780191709609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506546.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter discusses the regularity of the solutions of DDEs by analysing how the discontinuities — caused by different types of delays — propagate along the solutions, and the impact this lack of ...
More
This chapter discusses the regularity of the solutions of DDEs by analysing how the discontinuities — caused by different types of delays — propagate along the solutions, and the impact this lack of smoothness on the design of efficient numerical methods. Comparisons are made between vanishing and non-vanishing, bounded and unbounded, and state dependent delays. The possible propagation of discontinuities in systems in dependence of the type of coupling among the various components is investigated. The chapter also reports some results for the most familiar classes of DDEs and neutral DDEs, which are considered later in this book from the numerical point of view.Less
This chapter discusses the regularity of the solutions of DDEs by analysing how the discontinuities — caused by different types of delays — propagate along the solutions, and the impact this lack of smoothness on the design of efficient numerical methods. Comparisons are made between vanishing and non-vanishing, bounded and unbounded, and state dependent delays. The possible propagation of discontinuities in systems in dependence of the type of coupling among the various components is investigated. The chapter also reports some results for the most familiar classes of DDEs and neutral DDEs, which are considered later in this book from the numerical point of view.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter presents a standard variational method based on the electric field for the cavity problem to prepare for the finite element approximation of this problem. Mixed boundary conditions ...
More
This chapter presents a standard variational method based on the electric field for the cavity problem to prepare for the finite element approximation of this problem. Mixed boundary conditions (perfectly conducting on one boundary, impedance on another) are assumed. A suitable solution space is described and the Helmholtz decomposition is used to decompose the problem into a simple scalar elliptic problem and a vector problem posed on a Sobolev space of divergence free fields. This space is shown to have a compact inclusion in the space of square integrable vector fields. After a proof of uniqueness of the solution, the Fredholm alternative is used to prove the existence of a solution to the variational problem, and hence show that this variational formulation is appropriate for discretization.Less
This chapter presents a standard variational method based on the electric field for the cavity problem to prepare for the finite element approximation of this problem. Mixed boundary conditions (perfectly conducting on one boundary, impedance on another) are assumed. A suitable solution space is described and the Helmholtz decomposition is used to decompose the problem into a simple scalar elliptic problem and a vector problem posed on a Sobolev space of divergence free fields. This space is shown to have a compact inclusion in the space of square integrable vector fields. After a proof of uniqueness of the solution, the Fredholm alternative is used to prove the existence of a solution to the variational problem, and hence show that this variational formulation is appropriate for discretization.
Michael O. Emerson and George Yancey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199742684
- eISBN:
- 9780199943388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742684.003.0019
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Groups have their own personalities and ways of doing—what we call culture. For distinct groups to come together, they must share a core and they must have distinctions. Our students in race and ...
More
Groups have their own personalities and ways of doing—what we call culture. For distinct groups to come together, they must share a core and they must have distinctions. Our students in race and ethnicity classes intuitively recognize this fact. For most of U.S. history, one form or another of assimilation has been the de facto model of “unity in diversity.” Most bluntly, achieving unity relied on attempts to squeeze out group distinctiveness. This effort began in the highest office in the land—that of the U.S. president. What might cultural uniqueness look like? We can think of the distinction between thin ethnicity and thick ethnicity. Many people in the United States who are assimilated practice thin ethnicity. This chapter argues that we must create a society that has both a common cultural core and acknowledges our mutual obligations, and we must have cultural and individual distinctiveness. That is the model of e pluribus unum that we must now strive for.Less
Groups have their own personalities and ways of doing—what we call culture. For distinct groups to come together, they must share a core and they must have distinctions. Our students in race and ethnicity classes intuitively recognize this fact. For most of U.S. history, one form or another of assimilation has been the de facto model of “unity in diversity.” Most bluntly, achieving unity relied on attempts to squeeze out group distinctiveness. This effort began in the highest office in the land—that of the U.S. president. What might cultural uniqueness look like? We can think of the distinction between thin ethnicity and thick ethnicity. Many people in the United States who are assimilated practice thin ethnicity. This chapter argues that we must create a society that has both a common cultural core and acknowledges our mutual obligations, and we must have cultural and individual distinctiveness. That is the model of e pluribus unum that we must now strive for.
Doreen Massey and Nigel Thrirt
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262863
- eISBN:
- 9780191734076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262863.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Place has long been a key element in geographical thought and writing. Along with ‘region’, it has been a core conceptual focus of what geography, or certainly human geography, has been thought to be ...
More
Place has long been a key element in geographical thought and writing. Along with ‘region’, it has been a core conceptual focus of what geography, or certainly human geography, has been thought to be about. In some ways, indeed, it is hard to separate region from place or place from region. ‘Places’ as objects of conceptualisation and of research raise some crucial issues that have long been the concern of geographers: the issue of spatial variation, the conceptualisation of space, and the passivity or influence of the spatial realm; the ‘problem’ of specificity and uniqueness, of the significance of these and of how (indeed whether) they can be ‘scientifically’ analysed; issues around the conceptualisation of ‘identity’; and the problems and possibilities of geography's supposed character as a synthesising discipline. This chapter recounts a history of the role of place in British geography.Less
Place has long been a key element in geographical thought and writing. Along with ‘region’, it has been a core conceptual focus of what geography, or certainly human geography, has been thought to be about. In some ways, indeed, it is hard to separate region from place or place from region. ‘Places’ as objects of conceptualisation and of research raise some crucial issues that have long been the concern of geographers: the issue of spatial variation, the conceptualisation of space, and the passivity or influence of the spatial realm; the ‘problem’ of specificity and uniqueness, of the significance of these and of how (indeed whether) they can be ‘scientifically’ analysed; issues around the conceptualisation of ‘identity’; and the problems and possibilities of geography's supposed character as a synthesising discipline. This chapter recounts a history of the role of place in British geography.
Michael Potter
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252619
- eISBN:
- 9780191712647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252619.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Dedekind was explicit, as Frege was, that ‘arithmetic is part of logic’, by which he meant to imply that he considered ‘the number concept entirely independent of the notions or intuitions of space ...
More
Dedekind was explicit, as Frege was, that ‘arithmetic is part of logic’, by which he meant to imply that he considered ‘the number concept entirely independent of the notions or intuitions of space and time’. Moreover, he did not limit himself to justifying the necessity of arithmetic; he shared Frege's view of the importance of explaining its applicability, as the title of his monograph — Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (What are numbers and what are they for?) — makes clear. Although there are considerable similarities between the two treatments, there are also marked differences, not just in the technical details of their developments of arithmetic within logic but in the way they tackled the dual problems of establishing the existence of the number sequence and uniqueness of the number sequence. In particular, although Dedekind's characterization of the natural numbers faced a version of the Julius Caesar problem just as Frege's did, Dedekind solved it in a very different way, which allowed him to avoid the problem of extraneous properties.Less
Dedekind was explicit, as Frege was, that ‘arithmetic is part of logic’, by which he meant to imply that he considered ‘the number concept entirely independent of the notions or intuitions of space and time’. Moreover, he did not limit himself to justifying the necessity of arithmetic; he shared Frege's view of the importance of explaining its applicability, as the title of his monograph — Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (What are numbers and what are they for?) — makes clear. Although there are considerable similarities between the two treatments, there are also marked differences, not just in the technical details of their developments of arithmetic within logic but in the way they tackled the dual problems of establishing the existence of the number sequence and uniqueness of the number sequence. In particular, although Dedekind's characterization of the natural numbers faced a version of the Julius Caesar problem just as Frege's did, Dedekind solved it in a very different way, which allowed him to avoid the problem of extraneous properties.
Barbara Abbott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331639
- eISBN:
- 9780199867981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331639.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter defends an analysis of definite descriptions according to which they express a presupposition of existence and a conventional implicature of uniqueness. It replies to analyses offered by ...
More
This chapter defends an analysis of definite descriptions according to which they express a presupposition of existence and a conventional implicature of uniqueness. It replies to analyses offered by Szabó (2000) and Ludlow & Segal (2004), according to which definite descriptions semantically encode familiarity and give rise to a conversational implicature of uniqueness. Evidence is provided that the familiarity implicature is cancelable and calculable, unlike the (conventional) implicature of uniqueness, and is thus conversational. Descriptions with stressed the either contrast uniqueness with non-uniqueness or express a hyperbolic extension of uniqueness such as importance or prominence. Two counterarguments of Szabó and Ludlow and Segal, involving kinds of determiner meanings in languages of the world and the definiteness effect in existential sentences, are briefly replied to.Less
This chapter defends an analysis of definite descriptions according to which they express a presupposition of existence and a conventional implicature of uniqueness. It replies to analyses offered by Szabó (2000) and Ludlow & Segal (2004), according to which definite descriptions semantically encode familiarity and give rise to a conversational implicature of uniqueness. Evidence is provided that the familiarity implicature is cancelable and calculable, unlike the (conventional) implicature of uniqueness, and is thus conversational. Descriptions with stressed the either contrast uniqueness with non-uniqueness or express a hyperbolic extension of uniqueness such as importance or prominence. Two counterarguments of Szabó and Ludlow and Segal, involving kinds of determiner meanings in languages of the world and the definiteness effect in existential sentences, are briefly replied to.
Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 2, ‘Romantic Historiography in the Service of Nation‐Building’, discusses the historians' expectations of historical writing and explores how their ambitions related to those of the ...
More
Chapter 2, ‘Romantic Historiography in the Service of Nation‐Building’, discusses the historians' expectations of historical writing and explores how their ambitions related to those of the representatives of Enlightenment‐style general history and representatives of Romantic national history elsewhere. These goals included the democratization of the content, the democratization of the medium and the democratization of the audience. They sought to write histories in a pragmatic, impartial manner and believed that history was magistra vitae. Relating the five scholars'goals to mainstream developments, the chapter demonstrates that there existed a general blueprint of national history‐writing in this period, one which emphasized the ancient, continuous, unified and unique nature of national history. Lastly, a comparison is undertaken between self‐congratulatory accounts in mainstream historiography and the historians' change‐oriented emancipatory rhetoric.Less
Chapter 2, ‘Romantic Historiography in the Service of Nation‐Building’, discusses the historians' expectations of historical writing and explores how their ambitions related to those of the representatives of Enlightenment‐style general history and representatives of Romantic national history elsewhere. These goals included the democratization of the content, the democratization of the medium and the democratization of the audience. They sought to write histories in a pragmatic, impartial manner and believed that history was magistra vitae. Relating the five scholars'goals to mainstream developments, the chapter demonstrates that there existed a general blueprint of national history‐writing in this period, one which emphasized the ancient, continuous, unified and unique nature of national history. Lastly, a comparison is undertaken between self‐congratulatory accounts in mainstream historiography and the historians' change‐oriented emancipatory rhetoric.
Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 5, ‘Language as Medium, Language as Message’, is dedicated to the role of language in the scholars' life‐work. It discusses their contribution to the renewal of the national language. It ...
More
Chapter 5, ‘Language as Medium, Language as Message’, is dedicated to the role of language in the scholars' life‐work. It discusses their contribution to the renewal of the national language. It demonstrates the possibilities which language provided for arguments about the antiquity, continuity, unity and uniqueness of national history. It then goes on to address problems of intellectual transfer, originality and imitation. On the basis of textual analysis an attempt is made to illustrate how translations and adaptations were exploited as shortcuts in the process of creating national culture. These include the Lithuanian version of Robinson Crusoe, translations of historiographical texts from German into Hungarian and the use of translations for the creation of modern political language in Romania.Less
Chapter 5, ‘Language as Medium, Language as Message’, is dedicated to the role of language in the scholars' life‐work. It discusses their contribution to the renewal of the national language. It demonstrates the possibilities which language provided for arguments about the antiquity, continuity, unity and uniqueness of national history. It then goes on to address problems of intellectual transfer, originality and imitation. On the basis of textual analysis an attempt is made to illustrate how translations and adaptations were exploited as shortcuts in the process of creating national culture. These include the Lithuanian version of Robinson Crusoe, translations of historiographical texts from German into Hungarian and the use of translations for the creation of modern political language in Romania.
Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter introduces some aspects of linguistics that may be helpful in labelling emotive content of speech. The following questions are asked: Are speech and emotion separate events or does ...
More
This chapter introduces some aspects of linguistics that may be helpful in labelling emotive content of speech. The following questions are asked: Are speech and emotion separate events or does speech occur within the context of emotion? Is a uniqueness hypothesis more useful than a modulation hypothesis? How context sensitive is expressive content? What might be the function of prosodic patterns in triggering perception of expressive and emotive content? What are some acoustic correlates of speech production and perception? Can linguistics and phonetics theory and models provide useful descriptive labels for characterizing expression in speech?Less
This chapter introduces some aspects of linguistics that may be helpful in labelling emotive content of speech. The following questions are asked: Are speech and emotion separate events or does speech occur within the context of emotion? Is a uniqueness hypothesis more useful than a modulation hypothesis? How context sensitive is expressive content? What might be the function of prosodic patterns in triggering perception of expressive and emotive content? What are some acoustic correlates of speech production and perception? Can linguistics and phonetics theory and models provide useful descriptive labels for characterizing expression in speech?
Earl Conee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226078
- eISBN:
- 9780191594236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226078.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter formulates a rational uniqueness principle holding that those who are epistemic peers on a proposition, in that they know that they share all rational considerations concerning the truth ...
More
This chapter formulates a rational uniqueness principle holding that those who are epistemic peers on a proposition, in that they know that they share all rational considerations concerning the truth of the proposition, cannot be justified in having different attitudes toward it. It then argues against the principle, primarily on the grounds that such peers may rationally regard themselves as differing in their basis for rational belief, or their evidence, on the topic. The rationality of their differing perspectives can justify having different attitudes toward the disputed proposition.Less
This chapter formulates a rational uniqueness principle holding that those who are epistemic peers on a proposition, in that they know that they share all rational considerations concerning the truth of the proposition, cannot be justified in having different attitudes toward it. It then argues against the principle, primarily on the grounds that such peers may rationally regard themselves as differing in their basis for rational belief, or their evidence, on the topic. The rationality of their differing perspectives can justify having different attitudes toward the disputed proposition.
Kathrin Koslicki
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199539895
- eISBN:
- 9780191716300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539895.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Ancient Philosophy
The thesis that ordinary material objects are mereological sums in the standard sense has been remarkably popular among three-dimensionalists and four-dimensionalists alike. This chapter considers ...
More
The thesis that ordinary material objects are mereological sums in the standard sense has been remarkably popular among three-dimensionalists and four-dimensionalists alike. This chapter considers two prominent representatives: Judith Jarvis Thomson, for the three-dimensionalist camp; and David Lewis, for the four-dimensionalist camp. The question of why Thomson's temporalized and modalized version of standard mereology still does not adequately capture the characteristics of ordinary material objects is postponed until Chapter 4. The remainder of the chapter considers Lewis' argument in favor of Unrestricted Composition, in particular in the recently expanded version offered in Theodore Sider's, Four-Dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time; as well as Lewis' defence of the Composition-as-Identity Thesis in his Parts of Classes. It is argued that the three-dimensionalist need not be swayed by either component of Lewis' view, since they are ultimately founded on question-begging reasoning.Less
The thesis that ordinary material objects are mereological sums in the standard sense has been remarkably popular among three-dimensionalists and four-dimensionalists alike. This chapter considers two prominent representatives: Judith Jarvis Thomson, for the three-dimensionalist camp; and David Lewis, for the four-dimensionalist camp. The question of why Thomson's temporalized and modalized version of standard mereology still does not adequately capture the characteristics of ordinary material objects is postponed until Chapter 4. The remainder of the chapter considers Lewis' argument in favor of Unrestricted Composition, in particular in the recently expanded version offered in Theodore Sider's, Four-Dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time; as well as Lewis' defence of the Composition-as-Identity Thesis in his Parts of Classes. It is argued that the three-dimensionalist need not be swayed by either component of Lewis' view, since they are ultimately founded on question-begging reasoning.
Kathrin Koslicki
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199539895
- eISBN:
- 9780191716300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539895.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter demonstrates that a structure-based neo-Aristotelian mereology for ordinary material objects can be defended utilizing a single relation of parthood with relatively straightforward ...
More
This chapter demonstrates that a structure-based neo-Aristotelian mereology for ordinary material objects can be defended utilizing a single relation of parthood with relatively straightforward formal properties. A substantive restriction on composition can be derived from a comparatively minimal and metaphysically neutral independently motivated ontology of kinds. The thoroughly mereological conception of composition defended here recommends itself based on Leibniz's Law and the Weak Supplementation Principle. Among its benefits are the following: it yields the Uniqueness of Composition as a derived principle; it contributes to the Problem of Constitution and, possibly, the Grounding Problem; and it clarifies the relation between a whole and both its material and its structural components. Finally, it is demonstrated how, on the approach defended here, wholes can be thought of as both ontologically committing and genuinely unified, despite the apparent Aristotelian regress caused by a never-ending demand for further principles of unity.Less
This chapter demonstrates that a structure-based neo-Aristotelian mereology for ordinary material objects can be defended utilizing a single relation of parthood with relatively straightforward formal properties. A substantive restriction on composition can be derived from a comparatively minimal and metaphysically neutral independently motivated ontology of kinds. The thoroughly mereological conception of composition defended here recommends itself based on Leibniz's Law and the Weak Supplementation Principle. Among its benefits are the following: it yields the Uniqueness of Composition as a derived principle; it contributes to the Problem of Constitution and, possibly, the Grounding Problem; and it clarifies the relation between a whole and both its material and its structural components. Finally, it is demonstrated how, on the approach defended here, wholes can be thought of as both ontologically committing and genuinely unified, despite the apparent Aristotelian regress caused by a never-ending demand for further principles of unity.
