William G. Howell and Douglas L. Kriner
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199217977
- eISBN:
- 9780191711541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217977.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on congressional efforts to curtail the president's foreign policy over terrorism and the Middle East, almost all of which has been unilaterally instituted. With a series of case ...
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This chapter focuses on congressional efforts to curtail the president's foreign policy over terrorism and the Middle East, almost all of which has been unilaterally instituted. With a series of case studies and new experimental survey data, it is shown that congressional opposition to the president systematically influences the willingness of average citizens to support the president's military campaigns abroad and, moreover, that such opposition has occasionally induced the president to back off from his preferred policies. So doing, it demonstrates that congressional checks on presidential war powers, though certainly diminished, remain a core feature of unilateral politics.Less
This chapter focuses on congressional efforts to curtail the president's foreign policy over terrorism and the Middle East, almost all of which has been unilaterally instituted. With a series of case studies and new experimental survey data, it is shown that congressional opposition to the president systematically influences the willingness of average citizens to support the president's military campaigns abroad and, moreover, that such opposition has occasionally induced the president to back off from his preferred policies. So doing, it demonstrates that congressional checks on presidential war powers, though certainly diminished, remain a core feature of unilateral politics.
Daniel Marx, Jose Echague, and Guido Sandleris
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168006
- eISBN:
- 9780199783458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168003.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyzes the main problems of the current global sovereign debt markets, particularly in relation to emerging countries, and presents some policy recommendations. It describes the ...
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This chapter analyzes the main problems of the current global sovereign debt markets, particularly in relation to emerging countries, and presents some policy recommendations. It describes the evolution of sovereign debt markets during the 1990s. It then focuses on the emerging countries' debt crises of the late 1990s and their resolution. Finally, drawing from the analysis of the previous sections, it argues that there is room for significant improvements in the architecture of sovereign debt markets and that emerging countries have much to do in terms of unilateral reforms.Less
This chapter analyzes the main problems of the current global sovereign debt markets, particularly in relation to emerging countries, and presents some policy recommendations. It describes the evolution of sovereign debt markets during the 1990s. It then focuses on the emerging countries' debt crises of the late 1990s and their resolution. Finally, drawing from the analysis of the previous sections, it argues that there is room for significant improvements in the architecture of sovereign debt markets and that emerging countries have much to do in terms of unilateral reforms.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546220
- eISBN:
- 9780191720000
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546220.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
There are frequent claims that the international legal regulation in one or another field of international law is uncertain, vague, ambiguous, or indeterminate, which does not support the stability, ...
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There are frequent claims that the international legal regulation in one or another field of international law is uncertain, vague, ambiguous, or indeterminate, which does not support the stability, transparency, or predictability of international legal relations. This monograph examines the framework of interpretation in international law based on the premise of the effectiveness and determinacy of international legal regulation, which is a necessary prerequisite for international law to be viewed as law. This study examines this problem for the first time since these questions were addressed, and taken as the basic premises of the international legal analysis in the works of J. L. Brierly and Sir Hersch Lauterpacht. Addressing the different aspects of the effectiveness of legal regulation, this monograph examines the structural limits on and threshold of legal regulation, and the relationship between the established legal regulation and non-law. Once the limits of legal regulation are ascertained, the analysis proceeds to examine the legal framework of interpretation that serves the maintenance and preservation of the object and intendment of the existing legal regulation. The final indispensable stage of analysis is the interpretation of those treaty provisions that embody the indeterminate conditions of non-law. Given that the generalist element of international legal doctrine has been virtually silent on the problem and implications of the effectiveness and determinacy of international legal regulation, this study examines the material accumulated in doctrine and practice for the past several decades, including the relevant jurisprudence of all major international tribunals.Less
There are frequent claims that the international legal regulation in one or another field of international law is uncertain, vague, ambiguous, or indeterminate, which does not support the stability, transparency, or predictability of international legal relations. This monograph examines the framework of interpretation in international law based on the premise of the effectiveness and determinacy of international legal regulation, which is a necessary prerequisite for international law to be viewed as law. This study examines this problem for the first time since these questions were addressed, and taken as the basic premises of the international legal analysis in the works of J. L. Brierly and Sir Hersch Lauterpacht. Addressing the different aspects of the effectiveness of legal regulation, this monograph examines the structural limits on and threshold of legal regulation, and the relationship between the established legal regulation and non-law. Once the limits of legal regulation are ascertained, the analysis proceeds to examine the legal framework of interpretation that serves the maintenance and preservation of the object and intendment of the existing legal regulation. The final indispensable stage of analysis is the interpretation of those treaty provisions that embody the indeterminate conditions of non-law. Given that the generalist element of international legal doctrine has been virtually silent on the problem and implications of the effectiveness and determinacy of international legal regulation, this study examines the material accumulated in doctrine and practice for the past several decades, including the relevant jurisprudence of all major international tribunals.
Jennifer M. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged ...
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Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged conflict between sovereignty and human rights has been addressed in one of two ways: through an evolution in the notion of sovereignty, from ‘sovereignty as authority’ to ‘sovereignty as responsibility’; and through an expanded definition of what constitutes a threat to international peace and security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Second, despite this new climate of permissiveness, humanitarian intervention remains a controversial norm in international relations – largely because of continued opposition from certain members of international society, and concerns about its potentially negative consequences. Third, while the post Cold War period has seen some successful cases of intervention to address humanitarian catastrophes, the current capability of international organizations to undertake humanitarian interventions remains limited. Indeed, as the book demonstrates, the issue of humanitarian intervention has the potential to divide international institutions such as the UN and damage their credibility.Less
Three main themes emerge from this edited collection. First, there has been an increased incidence of intervention for humanitarian purposes since the end of the Cold War. In these cases, the alleged conflict between sovereignty and human rights has been addressed in one of two ways: through an evolution in the notion of sovereignty, from ‘sovereignty as authority’ to ‘sovereignty as responsibility’; and through an expanded definition of what constitutes a threat to international peace and security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Second, despite this new climate of permissiveness, humanitarian intervention remains a controversial norm in international relations – largely because of continued opposition from certain members of international society, and concerns about its potentially negative consequences. Third, while the post Cold War period has seen some successful cases of intervention to address humanitarian catastrophes, the current capability of international organizations to undertake humanitarian interventions remains limited. Indeed, as the book demonstrates, the issue of humanitarian intervention has the potential to divide international institutions such as the UN and damage their credibility.
Mikulas Fabry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199564446
- eISBN:
- 9780191722325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564446.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin ...
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Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin America, the de facto standard was a repudiation of dynastic rights and an embodiment of the classical liberal belief that people had a natural right to live under an independent government of their choosing. As a corollary of that right of self‐determination, they had a right vis‐à‐vis international society not to be interfered with as they pursued their choice. The requirement that third parties abstain from intervening in the self‐determination process logically demanded their respect for the self‐determination outcome. The formation of an effective entity in which the population habitually obeyed the new rulers was taken as an authoritative expression of the will of the people to constitute an independent state. In the absence of international agreement as to what constitutes a valid method of ascertaining popular will, it was this inference of popular consent that in the American and British eyes converted the fact of new independent states into the right to independence and external recognition.Less
Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin America, the de facto standard was a repudiation of dynastic rights and an embodiment of the classical liberal belief that people had a natural right to live under an independent government of their choosing. As a corollary of that right of self‐determination, they had a right vis‐à‐vis international society not to be interfered with as they pursued their choice. The requirement that third parties abstain from intervening in the self‐determination process logically demanded their respect for the self‐determination outcome. The formation of an effective entity in which the population habitually obeyed the new rulers was taken as an authoritative expression of the will of the people to constitute an independent state. In the absence of international agreement as to what constitutes a valid method of ascertaining popular will, it was this inference of popular consent that in the American and British eyes converted the fact of new independent states into the right to independence and external recognition.
Mikulas Fabry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199564446
- eISBN:
- 9780191722325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564446.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 3 traces the gradual adoption of the de facto standard in nineteenth‐century Europe. It was the defining consideration not only in response to unilateral secessions, but also to other types ...
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Chapter 3 traces the gradual adoption of the de facto standard in nineteenth‐century Europe. It was the defining consideration not only in response to unilateral secessions, but also to other types of internally generated changes to existing statehood, such as the merger of several states into a Kingdom of Italy in the 1860s. Moreover, it proved to be workable in a wide range of contexts, including those where an intervention took place to defend the rights of third parties, as in Belgium or Greece.Less
Chapter 3 traces the gradual adoption of the de facto standard in nineteenth‐century Europe. It was the defining consideration not only in response to unilateral secessions, but also to other types of internally generated changes to existing statehood, such as the merger of several states into a Kingdom of Italy in the 1860s. Moreover, it proved to be workable in a wide range of contexts, including those where an intervention took place to defend the rights of third parties, as in Belgium or Greece.
Mikulas Fabry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199564446
- eISBN:
- 9780191722325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564446.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 5 shows that despite the problematic character of self‐determination as a positive claim against international society, the Wilsonian conception was the basis of post‐1945 decolonization. ...
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Chapter 5 shows that despite the problematic character of self‐determination as a positive claim against international society, the Wilsonian conception was the basis of post‐1945 decolonization. Reflecting the new normative consensus that colonialism was no longer tolerable, international society defined, for the first time, specific peoples entitled to sovereignty: the populations of colonial jurisdictions. The key to their foreign recognition was not their attainment of de facto statehood but rather prior international acceptance of their asserted right to independence. This right required colonial powers to withdraw and third parties to facilitate the emergence of a new state in their place as soon as colonial peoples voiced their desire for independence. While in its most important documents decolonization was explicitly premised on the tenet that all peoples had a right to self‐determination, it was evident, just as in 1919, that self‐determination could not be a universal positive right. Post‐decolonization recognition practice restricted the legitimate candidates for statehood to colonial territories, to constituent units of dissolved states, and to seceding entities that received the consent of their parent states. Unilateral secession, which gave rise to recognition of de facto statehood, became illegitimate.Less
Chapter 5 shows that despite the problematic character of self‐determination as a positive claim against international society, the Wilsonian conception was the basis of post‐1945 decolonization. Reflecting the new normative consensus that colonialism was no longer tolerable, international society defined, for the first time, specific peoples entitled to sovereignty: the populations of colonial jurisdictions. The key to their foreign recognition was not their attainment of de facto statehood but rather prior international acceptance of their asserted right to independence. This right required colonial powers to withdraw and third parties to facilitate the emergence of a new state in their place as soon as colonial peoples voiced their desire for independence. While in its most important documents decolonization was explicitly premised on the tenet that all peoples had a right to self‐determination, it was evident, just as in 1919, that self‐determination could not be a universal positive right. Post‐decolonization recognition practice restricted the legitimate candidates for statehood to colonial territories, to constituent units of dissolved states, and to seceding entities that received the consent of their parent states. Unilateral secession, which gave rise to recognition of de facto statehood, became illegitimate.
Doreen Kimura
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195054927
- eISBN:
- 9780199872268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195054927.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the aim of this book, which is to present a study of the neural basis of communication that emphasizes behavioral analysis rather than ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the aim of this book, which is to present a study of the neural basis of communication that emphasizes behavioral analysis rather than linguistic or cognitive processes. The book proposes that during the course of evolution, human communication has become intrinsically bound to the various motor programming systems that control the relevant musculature. The characteristics of such motor programming systems are presumed to have been determined by a variety of constraints, only one of which is the system used for communication. Thus, the presumption is that communication systems have been shaped in part by the characteristics of certain motor systems. Communication in early hominids, methods of studying the neurology of language, and a study of patients with unilateral cerebral pathology are discussed.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the aim of this book, which is to present a study of the neural basis of communication that emphasizes behavioral analysis rather than linguistic or cognitive processes. The book proposes that during the course of evolution, human communication has become intrinsically bound to the various motor programming systems that control the relevant musculature. The characteristics of such motor programming systems are presumed to have been determined by a variety of constraints, only one of which is the system used for communication. Thus, the presumption is that communication systems have been shaped in part by the characteristics of certain motor systems. Communication in early hominids, methods of studying the neurology of language, and a study of patients with unilateral cerebral pathology are discussed.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing countries, Western concepts of IP, and international IP rules. A second phase began in the late 1960s when a core group of developing countries advanced a reformist discourse on international IP regulation, calling for fairer global rules. While there were some important regional differences among developing countries, local expertise and institutional capacity were generally weak, and former colonial powers continued to dominate many national IP systems. A third phase began in the mid‐1980s, when developing countries faced intense pressures to include strengthened international IP commitments in the multilateral trading system. A North–South standoff persisted throughout the TRIPS negotiations, resulting in a deeply contested final agreement. Dissatisfaction on both sides with the TRIPS deal set the stage for intense struggles over its implementation.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing countries, Western concepts of IP, and international IP rules. A second phase began in the late 1960s when a core group of developing countries advanced a reformist discourse on international IP regulation, calling for fairer global rules. While there were some important regional differences among developing countries, local expertise and institutional capacity were generally weak, and former colonial powers continued to dominate many national IP systems. A third phase began in the mid‐1980s, when developing countries faced intense pressures to include strengthened international IP commitments in the multilateral trading system. A North–South standoff persisted throughout the TRIPS negotiations, resulting in a deeply contested final agreement. Dissatisfaction on both sides with the TRIPS deal set the stage for intense struggles over its implementation.
Michael Lobban
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258826
- eISBN:
- 9780191705168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258826.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses contract formation in terms of offer and acceptance. It considers the meetings of the minds between parties, communication problems, and unilateral contracts.
This chapter discusses contract formation in terms of offer and acceptance. It considers the meetings of the minds between parties, communication problems, and unilateral contracts.
Louis Kaplow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158624
- eISBN:
- 9781400846078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines unilateral market power. The exercise of such power sometimes constitutes a competing explanation for price elevation in oligopolistic industries. This possibility raises three ...
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This chapter examines unilateral market power. The exercise of such power sometimes constitutes a competing explanation for price elevation in oligopolistic industries. This possibility raises three questions: whether exercising unilateral market power is also usually socially undesirable and thus should be prohibited by competition law; if it is not, how one can distinguish it from coordinated price elevation; and how one should err in cases of uncertainty. Analysis focuses both on industries with homogeneous goods and on those with differentiated products, the former of which are more relevant for present purposes because coordinated pricing is generally thought to be difficult when differentiation is substantial.Less
This chapter examines unilateral market power. The exercise of such power sometimes constitutes a competing explanation for price elevation in oligopolistic industries. This possibility raises three questions: whether exercising unilateral market power is also usually socially undesirable and thus should be prohibited by competition law; if it is not, how one can distinguish it from coordinated price elevation; and how one should err in cases of uncertainty. Analysis focuses both on industries with homogeneous goods and on those with differentiated products, the former of which are more relevant for present purposes because coordinated pricing is generally thought to be difficult when differentiation is substantial.
Ignazio Angeloni
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The distinction here explored between unilateral and multilateral currency union takes the experience of the European Monetary Union (EMU) as a basis. Unilateral currency union is the adoption by one ...
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The distinction here explored between unilateral and multilateral currency union takes the experience of the European Monetary Union (EMU) as a basis. Unilateral currency union is the adoption by one country of the money of another, without consent or agreement. Multilateral monetary union happens when a group of countries adopt a new currency, setting up the necessary institutions jointly. Considering six aspects, multilateral monetary unions have important advantages over the unilateral form of union. These aspects are: Macroeconomic stability, seignorage distribution, last-resort lending, fiscal policy, central bank structures, and resilience to stress.Less
The distinction here explored between unilateral and multilateral currency union takes the experience of the European Monetary Union (EMU) as a basis. Unilateral currency union is the adoption by one country of the money of another, without consent or agreement. Multilateral monetary union happens when a group of countries adopt a new currency, setting up the necessary institutions jointly. Considering six aspects, multilateral monetary unions have important advantages over the unilateral form of union. These aspects are: Macroeconomic stability, seignorage distribution, last-resort lending, fiscal policy, central bank structures, and resilience to stress.
Edgar L. Feige and James W. Dean
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign ...
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The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.Less
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.
Hans Genberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is ...
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Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.Less
Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.
Brian Copeland and Aaditya Mattoo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter starts with a brief overview on how services are traded and the different modes of service supply that include: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, foreign direct investment, and ...
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This chapter starts with a brief overview on how services are traded and the different modes of service supply that include: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, foreign direct investment, and labor movement. It then reviews the reasons for trade in services together with the sources of potential welfare as well as the effects of services liberalization on income distribution. It notes that these issues are very similar to the standard analysis of trade in goods and factors. Next the interactions among the different modes of supply are discussed. These interactions are important because restrictions on some modes (such as labor mobility) may either render some services non-tradable, or may force service providers to use another (possibly less efficient) mode. An analysis is then provided of the effects of some of the most common barriers to trade in services, noting in particular how the effects of trade liberalization cannot be analyzed independently of the domestic regulatory system. The relative merits of trade agreements versus unilateral liberalization of services trade are discussed.Less
This chapter starts with a brief overview on how services are traded and the different modes of service supply that include: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, foreign direct investment, and labor movement. It then reviews the reasons for trade in services together with the sources of potential welfare as well as the effects of services liberalization on income distribution. It notes that these issues are very similar to the standard analysis of trade in goods and factors. Next the interactions among the different modes of supply are discussed. These interactions are important because restrictions on some modes (such as labor mobility) may either render some services non-tradable, or may force service providers to use another (possibly less efficient) mode. An analysis is then provided of the effects of some of the most common barriers to trade in services, noting in particular how the effects of trade liberalization cannot be analyzed independently of the domestic regulatory system. The relative merits of trade agreements versus unilateral liberalization of services trade are discussed.
Jason B. Mattingley and Robin Walker
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195140132
- eISBN:
- 9780199865307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140132.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on a visual anomaly that arises after unilateral damage, in which patients claim to see a complete visual shape even though a substantial portion of the stimulus falls within an ...
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This chapter focuses on a visual anomaly that arises after unilateral damage, in which patients claim to see a complete visual shape even though a substantial portion of the stimulus falls within an objectively blind region of their contralesional visual field. This phenomenon, known as pathological visual completion, was first described by Poppelreuter in 1917, and has been the subject of numerous investigations by psychologists and neuroscientists. Recently, the phenomenon has received renewed attention due to advances in understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying perceptual completion in the normal visual system. The chapter provides a historical account of Poppelreuter's pioneering work and then critically reviews previous studies of pathological visual completion, highlighting some of their methodological and theoretical shortcomings. Finally, it proposes a framework for understanding pathological visual completion and suggests possible avenues for future research.Less
This chapter focuses on a visual anomaly that arises after unilateral damage, in which patients claim to see a complete visual shape even though a substantial portion of the stimulus falls within an objectively blind region of their contralesional visual field. This phenomenon, known as pathological visual completion, was first described by Poppelreuter in 1917, and has been the subject of numerous investigations by psychologists and neuroscientists. Recently, the phenomenon has received renewed attention due to advances in understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying perceptual completion in the normal visual system. The chapter provides a historical account of Poppelreuter's pioneering work and then critically reviews previous studies of pathological visual completion, highlighting some of their methodological and theoretical shortcomings. Finally, it proposes a framework for understanding pathological visual completion and suggests possible avenues for future research.
John Lambert
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297672
- eISBN:
- 9780191594335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297672.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the largest and last of Britain's colonies of settlement, highlighting its advanced degree of responsible government, making it almost a dominion, which caused Britain its ...
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This chapter examines the largest and last of Britain's colonies of settlement, highlighting its advanced degree of responsible government, making it almost a dominion, which caused Britain its greatest crisis of decolonization. Despite its unusually high rate of population turnover, great efforts were made to foster a local sense of identity which was linked to a wider loyalty to the British empire/Commonwealth and a sense of kinship with the white dominions in particular. The chapter analyses the white Rhodesians' egalitarian self‐image, as well as the complexities of their attitudes to the metropole, to Afrikaners and to Africans who constituted the great majority of the population. It also examines the settlers' ambition to become a permanent autonomous community against increasing odds, as well as their attempts to come to terms with the failure of this project.Less
This chapter examines the largest and last of Britain's colonies of settlement, highlighting its advanced degree of responsible government, making it almost a dominion, which caused Britain its greatest crisis of decolonization. Despite its unusually high rate of population turnover, great efforts were made to foster a local sense of identity which was linked to a wider loyalty to the British empire/Commonwealth and a sense of kinship with the white dominions in particular. The chapter analyses the white Rhodesians' egalitarian self‐image, as well as the complexities of their attitudes to the metropole, to Afrikaners and to Africans who constituted the great majority of the population. It also examines the settlers' ambition to become a permanent autonomous community against increasing odds, as well as their attempts to come to terms with the failure of this project.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149524
- eISBN:
- 9780199865154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149524.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This chapter covers a type of treatment for substance use that targets partners of the problem drinker. Variations of this type of treatment are categorized together as “reinforcement training,” ...
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This chapter covers a type of treatment for substance use that targets partners of the problem drinker. Variations of this type of treatment are categorized together as “reinforcement training,” which revolve around operant behavioral theory and the central importance of reinforcement for increasing desirable behavior (sobriety in the case of substance use). Also central is the concept of antecedent conditions that cue certain behaviors to occur. Applied to substance abuse, partners are trained to pay more positive attention to their partners when they are not drinking and to create opportunities for sobriety. Skills training in communication and conflict resolution are also offered as part of a behavioral approach. Before presenting the application of the model, its empirical evidence will be briefly described, followed by a discussion of when it is appropriate to use reinforcement training as an option for treatment.Less
This chapter covers a type of treatment for substance use that targets partners of the problem drinker. Variations of this type of treatment are categorized together as “reinforcement training,” which revolve around operant behavioral theory and the central importance of reinforcement for increasing desirable behavior (sobriety in the case of substance use). Also central is the concept of antecedent conditions that cue certain behaviors to occur. Applied to substance abuse, partners are trained to pay more positive attention to their partners when they are not drinking and to create opportunities for sobriety. Skills training in communication and conflict resolution are also offered as part of a behavioral approach. Before presenting the application of the model, its empirical evidence will be briefly described, followed by a discussion of when it is appropriate to use reinforcement training as an option for treatment.
Kenneth M. Heilman
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195144901
- eISBN:
- 9780199865642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195144901.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses how we become aware of stimuli, focus our attention, and withdraw it. Topics covered include sensory awareness, spotlights and floodlights of attention, and habituation. It ...
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This chapter discusses how we become aware of stimuli, focus our attention, and withdraw it. Topics covered include sensory awareness, spotlights and floodlights of attention, and habituation. It shows that the brain has a limited processing capacity and receives more information than it can process fully. People attend to stimuli that are important and ignore those that are unimportant. Stimulus significance is determined by their immediate needs (drives) and future goals.Less
This chapter discusses how we become aware of stimuli, focus our attention, and withdraw it. Topics covered include sensory awareness, spotlights and floodlights of attention, and habituation. It shows that the brain has a limited processing capacity and receives more information than it can process fully. People attend to stimuli that are important and ignore those that are unimportant. Stimulus significance is determined by their immediate needs (drives) and future goals.
Isabelle Van Damme
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562237
- eISBN:
- 9780191705588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562237.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter defines the subject of treaty interpretation in WTO dispute settlement and discusses how and what the Appellate Body considers as WTO treaty language. Special attention is given to ...
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This chapter defines the subject of treaty interpretation in WTO dispute settlement and discusses how and what the Appellate Body considers as WTO treaty language. Special attention is given to schedules of commitments and to the suggested constitutional status of the WTO covered agreements.Less
This chapter defines the subject of treaty interpretation in WTO dispute settlement and discusses how and what the Appellate Body considers as WTO treaty language. Special attention is given to schedules of commitments and to the suggested constitutional status of the WTO covered agreements.
