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This chapter examines how scientists working on Artificial Life have understood their practices as situated historically. It first considers the practice of finding genealogies for Artificial Life, arguing that such a search for ancestors carries acute historiographical and epistemological dangers. It then comments on computer simulations that fashion the computer as a kind of fish tank into which users can peer to see artificial life forms swimming about. It also discusses a different realm of modeling, that of cognition in Artificial Intelligence. The chapter concludes by suggesting a mode of imagining history that it calls an underwater archaeology of knowledge. In an underwater archaeology of knowledge, representational artifacts become mixed in with portraits of the world, requiring new sorts of narrative disentangling and qualification.

This chapter examines water and seawater as media for modernist and experimental music, representing the ocean as a site of life sublime and endangered. More specifically, it considers the ways that the underwater realm manifests a scientifically, technologically, and epistemologically apprehensible zone. It does so by auditing underwater music, a genre of twentieth- and twenty-first-century composition performed or recorded under water in settings ranging from swimming pools to the ocean, with playback unfolding above water or beneath. Composers of underwater music are especially curious about scientific accounts of how sound behaves in water and eager to acquire technologies of subaqueous sound production. The chapter shows that listening to underwater music reveals water transforming from the static and sonared seas of Cold War modernism to the dynamic and confusing seas of global warming, from seas sound and sounded to seas unsound.

On November 6, 2001, the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH) was signed in Paris, France, with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation; or, UNESCO. When entered into force, it will apply to ‘all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical, or archaeological character, which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years’. To explain the merit of the CPUCH, a basic consideration must be made. Any attempts to deal with the cultural heritage at sea inevitably have to face an unexpected obstacle; that is Article 303 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). This provision is not only incomplete but also counterproductive, and can be interpreted in a way which undermines the very objective of protecting the underwater cultural heritage. This chapter looks at some of the issues surrounding Article 303, including the law of salvage and finds, ‘first come, first served’ approach for archaeological and historical objects found on the continental shelf, regional cooperation, and freedom of the seas.

The chapter demonstrates the scientific examination of hull construction materials of the 13th–14th century’s East Asian ships. Ship fastenings and timbers are highlighted by looking at specimens from the Quanzhou ship and the Shinan shipwreck as well as by referring to data from the Takashima underwater site in Japan. This site is a naval battlefield related to the invasion of Japan by Kublai Khan fleet of the Mongol Empire (Yuan Dynasty) in 1281. While the ship timbers recovered from the site were disarticulated, they provide important data for the study of the organs of ship structure (fastenings and timbers) complementary to the two ships that are also analysed comparatively in this chapter from an anatomical perspective.

This chapter examines the career of George Fischer, an underwater archaeologist who identified the HMS Fowey. Fischer worked at the Southeast Archaeological Center of the National Park Service (NPS) and his first underwater archaeology project involved the 1733 Spanish plate fleet galleon San José de las Animas in the Florida Keys.

This chapter examines the finding of the shipwreck at the Legare Anchorage in Florida on July 4, 1980. When treasure hunter Gerald Klein filed the claim in the admiralty court for title to a certain shipwreck in Legare Anchorage, he was required not only to surrender his collection of to the National Park Service (NPS) but also to provide the coordinates of the shipwreck. The NPS appointed underwater archaeologist George Fischer to search for the wreck.

This chapter discusses the structure and function of the auditory system in aquatic mammals. It also examines the evolutionary changes of the ear and presents a comparative analysis of hearing in several species of mammals. It begins with a description of the basic features of the auditory system of land mammals, and moves on to the mechanisms of airborne sound transmission and bone conduction. It then describes Fleischer's classification of ears found in land mammals. Finally, it discusses mammalian aquatic ear types and the mechanisms of underwater hearing.

Chapter Three begins by examining the importance of boats as technologies for living and working at sea - in contrast to a great deal of literature about the sea and fishing that focusses on human-environment relations only. The chapter draws on Marcel Mauss’ analysis of techniques to ethnographically and phenomenologically examine the way in which boats and other tools are used to extend people’s bodies and sensory perception deep into the sea. As a result of these extensions, the sea is treated as a familiar workspace and caring relationships of maintenance develop between people and their tools and boats. The chapter investigates how human subjectivities and bodily safety are affected by the struggle to remain in control of the extended practices often used to work at sea. This control also depends on the ownership of boats and their gear. The chapter engages with the history of the Scottish herring fishery, the anthropology of the senses, and Lucy Suchman’s and Michael Jackson’s anthropology of human-machine relations. It also draws on anthropologies of labour-action, enskilment and task-orientation by Michael Jackson, Gísli Pálsson, and Tim Ingold.

The origins, politics, organization, planning, and work done in the field as a partnership of wreck divers and NOAA’s archaeological team to extensively study, map, and document the wreck using underwater survey and underwater photography, and in doing so confirming the wreck’s identity, as well as the friendships that developed, are discussed.

This chapter focuses on the innovation of submarine telegraphy, and discusses the history of the development of underwater cables, first proposed by John and Jacob Brett in 1845, and how they differed considerably from landlines. The Brett brothers were able to develop Permalloy, an iron–nickel magnetic material that made up the wrappings of the core of the cable to provide “inductive loading.” Manufacturing this new innovation was accompanied by some difficulties, as witnessed by Charles Bright. It is suggested that the process through which underwater cables were manufactured and developed allowed the cable industry to demonstrate a certain entrepreneurial exuberance that pushed the industry towards the edge of what was technically feasible.

This chapter describes how Clarke’s fascination with the oceans predates his skin diving career, as early stories convey that humans are drawn to and inspired by the sea, which played a key role in human development. Later stories draw upon Clarke’s underwater experiences to rapturously describe undersea wonders; he occasionally argues that undersea creatures like dolphins and squids may be developing human-like intelligence; and he perceives similarities between life in the seas and life in space. In Clarke’s major novels about the oceans, the former astronaut of The Deep Range (1957) finds fulfillment in protecting Earth’s whales and other sea creatures, but The Ghost from the Grand Banks (1991) instead emphasizes how humans may never be able to fully understand, or master, this strange environment.

“Preservation of Space Heritage using Models from the Sea and Antarctica” turns to existing precedents set by the concepts of international waters and lands, like Underwater Heritage for the sea and Antarctica, as possible models for how other properties that lack ownership (such as Tranquillity Base on the Moon) could be preserved. The authors also discuss the concept of cultural landscape as a mechanism that is gaining recognition among other types of historic preservation efforts, being made by the likes of the UN Convention, NASA Guidelines, XPrize, and the Outer Space Treaty, and how it is becoming more important as threats to space heritage are emerging.

Contrary to accepted ideas, Cocteau was not a poet who later turned to cinema: he was a cinepoet from the start. This chapter examines the experience of the film apparatus and embodied spectatorial immersion in his writings over the years 1913 to 1930. Even before he penned film criticism (ca. 1919), or discovered Chaplin (ca. 1916), Cocteau developed a detailed sensorial poetics of the cinema apparatus. The chapter focuses on specific aspects such as the cone of image projection overhead, the screen as a slice of the 3-D cone, off-screen as fantasmatic visual space, and visual immersion as correlated to being submerged underwater or to encountering the hard snowy surface of the screen. Two types of documentary were germinal for Cocteau: the footage rescued posthumously from the Scott expedition (ca. 1912) and the Williamson brothers’ early submarine documentaries (ca. 1913). The cinepoetics of Scott vs. Williamson is also conspicuous in his early novels such as Thomas The Impostor (1923).

This chapter discusses the underwater photic environment, the anatomy of the eye, the spectral sensitivities of visual pigments, and the visual capabilities of the different cartilaginous fishes. All of the sharks, rays, and chimaeras have small pores on the underside of their heads connected to gel-filled tubules that lead to the nervous system, called the ampullae of Lorenzini. These sense minute electrical fields, which are produced by fish, clams, and crabs while out of sight buried in the sand.

Following on the rich preceding chapter, Smith revisits the Guest Mammoth site (8MR130). In 1973, Dr. Charles Hoffman planned and executed a comprehensive and precise underwater investigation at the Guest Mammoth site, uncovering the remains of three juvenile Columbian Mammoths in direct association with six flakes, a small projectile point and micro-debitage. As Smith details, because of the then-archaeological establishment’s stance regarding the Paleoindian period and, more specifically, that period in the American Southeast, Hoffman’s results were never accepted by the scientific community. This chapter tells the story of the origination of translating geologic and archaeological techniques to underwater First Americans sites. Following a thorough reprise of Hoffman’s work, Smith details his own encounter with the Guest Mammoth site, in 2014, which entailed a year’s frustrating effort before their relocation to the 1973 excavation block. In 2015 and 2017, Smith returned to the site. He conducted his first side-scan sonar survey in 2015. In 2017, he excavated again, finding six mammoth bones associated with lithics that he included in a possible Clovis or Clovis-like point.

As a critical first step in underwater research, the authors stress the importance of using geophysics for detecting, locating, and determining the extent of archaeological deposits. Magnetometry, multibeam depth sounding, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling, airborne bathymetric LiDAR (ABL), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) are discussed. The hydrographic GPR case study of stratigraphy and bathymetry took place at the Ryan-Harley site. The ABL case study took place at the Lake George Point Site.

In the new Advanced Base Force, Feland serves as captain of the underwater mining company. He takes part in more Caribbean expeditions, including a major practice exercise at Culebra, Puerto Rico, and in the U.S. attack on Vera Cruz, Mexico, in April 1914. He then returns to Advanced Base Force headquarters in Philadelphia. In 1916, as tensions increase in Europe, he commands a military preparedness training camp in Philadelphia sponsored by millionaire Anthony J. Drexel Biddle for men who want to serve in the Marine Corps Reserve. Feland is rapidly promoted to major and then lieutenant colonel. In May 1917 Commandant George Barnett chooses Feland and his friend Robert Dunlap to accompany General John Pershing and the first American Expeditionary Force (AEF) contingent sent to Europe.

Prostitution and the reasons for turning to it are contrasted with other clandestine activities done for other reasons. The chapter is organized around several subjects: resistance in the nineteenth century, the Underground Railroad, and resourcefulness in the eighteenth century. Archaeological examples of nineteenth-century resistance include defiance in the workplace at factories and railroad sites and archaeological evidence of prison escape attempts and site conditions behind the walls. The difficulty of finding legitimate evidence of the Underground Railroad is discussed, archaeologically identified hiding places are described, and the potential of using archaeology to reveal the participation of otherwise unknown free black communities is considered. Evidence for eighteenth-century resourcefulness includes in-the-ground evidence of smuggling as well as the presence of illegitimately acquired artifacts and the underwater recovery of two pirate ships.