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Following the U.S. Supreme Court rulings and the ensuing legislative changes, the U.S. Department of State established the Board of Appellate Review to oversee the department’s expatriation decisions. The goal was to detect whether the Department of State had satisfied the burden of proof that the appellant’s expatriation act was performed with the intent to relinquish United States citizenship. This chapter follows the board’s decisions since 1980 and shows that while the board’s deliberations do incorporate the idea of intent, the board also continues to uphold the principle that nationality should not be divided. Those cases include the deliberation on the Original African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem. A special emphasis is placed on the assumptions regarding reasonable time in those cases. The real-world motives of individuals did not easily fit into a rigid scheme of voluntary allegiance as defined by bureaucracy and the courts.

Following the U.S. Supreme Court rulings and the ensuing legislative changes, the U.S. Department of State established the Board of Appellate Review to oversee the department’s expatriation decisions. The goal was to detect whether the Department of State had satisfied the burden of proof that the appellant’s expatriation act was performed with the intent to relinquish United States citizenship. This chapter follows the board’s decisions since 1980 and shows that while the board’s deliberations do incorporate the idea of intent, the board also continues to uphold the principle that nationality should not be divided. Those cases include the deliberation on the Original African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem. A special emphasis is placed on the assumptions regarding reasonable time in those cases. The real-world motives of individuals did not easily fit into a rigid scheme of voluntary allegiance as defined by bureaucracy and the courts.

This chapter presents the initial practical dilemmas that led the U.S. Department of State to adopt a policy of exclusive nationality. Letters and circulars exchanged between Washington and U.S. consulates around the world show the need for a concrete and coherent policy regarding expatriation both before and after the legislation of the expatriation acts in Congress. The actual concerns of diplomatic and consular officers in the protection of Americans abroad shaped the practice of expatriation. This does not imply that the national world order is generated from the ground up, but that its performance and regulation are responsive to war and peace and different economic and ideological circumstances (such as mercantilism and Orientalism). A constant range of boundary issues does not undermine the order generating them.

This chapter examines the history of the chemical pesticide DDT after the United States banned its use in 1972. It explores how U.S. policy makers, environmental activists, and chemical corporations shaped federal pesticide regulation throughout the 1970s. During this period, the global marketplace for DDT and other chemical pesticides exploded, as domestic and foreign chemical corporations marketed their products around the world. The dramatic increase of pesticide consumption worldwide called into question the limits of state power. This chapter considers the regulatory limits of the nation-state and its impact on the global environment by situating the history of U.S. pesticide regulation in an international context.

By mid-November 1978, most experts at the U. S. Department of State had come to believe that the United States should be bracing for a post-shah Iran. The Iranian generals' view of their relationship with the United States military was shaped by two agreements: one which gave the United States the right to make sure that the highly secret and classified parts of the weapons systems it sold Iran would not fall into unfriendly hands; the other, the 1959 bilateral treaty, which obligated the United States to protect Iran's national independence and territorial integrity against any external or internal communist threat. All this, however, had to be mediated through the shah, whose behavior toward the armed forces palpably changed during his last weeks in Iran. The shah left Iran on 16 January 1979.

This chapter presents the initial practical dilemmas that led the U.S. Department of State to adopt a policy of exclusive nationality. Letters and circulars exchanged between Washington and U.S. consulates around the world show the need for a concrete and coherent policy regarding expatriation both before and after the legislation of the expatriation acts in Congress. The actual concerns of diplomatic and consular officers in the protection of Americans abroad shaped the practice of expatriation. This does not imply that the national world order is generated from the ground up, but that its performance and regulation are responsive to war and peace and different economic and ideological circumstances (such as mercantilism and Orientalism). A constant range of boundary issues does not undermine the order generating them.