David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This is the first comprehensive study of ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation—laws that explicitly gave individuals incentives to “kill a tyrant.” The book demonstrates that the ancient Greeks ...
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This is the first comprehensive study of ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation—laws that explicitly gave individuals incentives to “kill a tyrant.” The book demonstrates that the ancient Greeks promulgated these laws to harness the dynamics of mass uprisings and preserve popular democratic rule in the face of anti-democratic threats. It presents detailed historical and sociopolitical analyses of each law and considers a variety of issues: What is the nature of an anti-democratic threat? How would various provisions of the laws help pro-democrats counter those threats? And did the laws work? The book argues that tyrant-killing legislation facilitated pro-democracy mobilization both by encouraging brave individuals to strike the first blow against a nondemocratic regime and by convincing others that it was safe to follow the tyrant killer's lead. Such legislation thus deterred anti-democrats from staging a coup by ensuring that they would be overwhelmed by their numerically superior opponents. Drawing on modern social science models, the book looks at how the institution of public law affects the behavior of individuals and groups, thereby exploring the foundation of democracy's persistence in the ancient Greek world. It also provides the first English translation of the tyrant-killing laws from Eretria and Ilion. By analyzing crucial ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation, the book explains how certain laws enabled citizens to draw on collective strength in order to defend and preserve their democracy in the face of motivated opposition.Less
This is the first comprehensive study of ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation—laws that explicitly gave individuals incentives to “kill a tyrant.” The book demonstrates that the ancient Greeks promulgated these laws to harness the dynamics of mass uprisings and preserve popular democratic rule in the face of anti-democratic threats. It presents detailed historical and sociopolitical analyses of each law and considers a variety of issues: What is the nature of an anti-democratic threat? How would various provisions of the laws help pro-democrats counter those threats? And did the laws work? The book argues that tyrant-killing legislation facilitated pro-democracy mobilization both by encouraging brave individuals to strike the first blow against a nondemocratic regime and by convincing others that it was safe to follow the tyrant killer's lead. Such legislation thus deterred anti-democrats from staging a coup by ensuring that they would be overwhelmed by their numerically superior opponents. Drawing on modern social science models, the book looks at how the institution of public law affects the behavior of individuals and groups, thereby exploring the foundation of democracy's persistence in the ancient Greek world. It also provides the first English translation of the tyrant-killing laws from Eretria and Ilion. By analyzing crucial ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation, the book explains how certain laws enabled citizens to draw on collective strength in order to defend and preserve their democracy in the face of motivated opposition.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines one peculiar, but apparently quite popular, means by which pro-democrats in ancient Greece facilitated ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines one peculiar, but apparently quite popular, means by which pro-democrats in ancient Greece facilitated large-scale mobilization in defense of their democracy: the promulgation of tyrant-killing legislation— the promulgation, that is, of laws and decrees that explicitly encouraged individuals to “kill a tyrant.” The Athenians promulgated the earliest known tyrant-killing law—called the decree of Demophantos—in June 410, immediately after the democracy, which had been overthrown in the coup of the Four Hundred, had been reestablished. That decree required all Athenians to swear an oath both to kill “whoever overthrows the democracy at Athens or holds any office while the democracy is overthrown” and to reward anybody who kills such a man.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines one peculiar, but apparently quite popular, means by which pro-democrats in ancient Greece facilitated large-scale mobilization in defense of their democracy: the promulgation of tyrant-killing legislation— the promulgation, that is, of laws and decrees that explicitly encouraged individuals to “kill a tyrant.” The Athenians promulgated the earliest known tyrant-killing law—called the decree of Demophantos—in June 410, immediately after the democracy, which had been overthrown in the coup of the Four Hundred, had been reestablished. That decree required all Athenians to swear an oath both to kill “whoever overthrows the democracy at Athens or holds any office while the democracy is overthrown” and to reward anybody who kills such a man.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This concluding chapter provides a simple conceptual framework within which to interpret the long and complex history of tyrant-killing legislation. The framework has two parts. The first focuses on ...
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This concluding chapter provides a simple conceptual framework within which to interpret the long and complex history of tyrant-killing legislation. The framework has two parts. The first focuses on the dynamics of learning and innovation in Athens. The second briefly explores the likely dynamics of learning and adoption outside Athens. Tyrants, ancient as well as modern, fear the collective power of their people perhaps more than anything else. They have accordingly devised and implemented sophisticated practices that work to atomize the population—to prevent the people from doing what they actually want to do. Over 2,400 years ago, however, the Athenians invented a tool—tyrant-killing law—that enabled pro-democrats to draw upon their collective strength and mobilize against nondemocratic regimes despite whatever anti-mobilization practices they might have implemented. And like great technological innovations throughout history, it spread as the citizens of other poleis adopted it in order to gain control of their own political destiny. That helped secure the world's first democratic age.Less
This concluding chapter provides a simple conceptual framework within which to interpret the long and complex history of tyrant-killing legislation. The framework has two parts. The first focuses on the dynamics of learning and innovation in Athens. The second briefly explores the likely dynamics of learning and adoption outside Athens. Tyrants, ancient as well as modern, fear the collective power of their people perhaps more than anything else. They have accordingly devised and implemented sophisticated practices that work to atomize the population—to prevent the people from doing what they actually want to do. Over 2,400 years ago, however, the Athenians invented a tool—tyrant-killing law—that enabled pro-democrats to draw upon their collective strength and mobilize against nondemocratic regimes despite whatever anti-mobilization practices they might have implemented. And like great technological innovations throughout history, it spread as the citizens of other poleis adopted it in order to gain control of their own political destiny. That helped secure the world's first democratic age.
Sian Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621255
- eISBN:
- 9780748651047
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621255.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Tyrants and tyranny are more than the antithesis of democracy and the mark of political failure: they are a dynamic response to social and political pressures. This book examines the autocratic ...
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Tyrants and tyranny are more than the antithesis of democracy and the mark of political failure: they are a dynamic response to social and political pressures. This book examines the autocratic rulers and dynasties of classical Greece and Rome and the changing concepts of tyranny in political thought and culture. It brings together historians, political theorists and philosophers, all offering new perspectives on the autocratic governments of the ancient world. The volume is divided into four parts. It looks at the ways in which the term ‘tyranny’ was used and understood, and the kinds of individual who were called tyrants. The book then focuses on the genesis of tyranny and the social and political circumstances in which tyrants arose. The chapters in the final part of the book examine the presentation of tyrants by themselves and in literature and history. Part IV discusses the achievements of episodic tyranny within the non-autocratic regimes of Sparta and Rome and of autocratic regimes in Persia and the western Mediterranean world. Written by a wide range of leading experts in their field, this book offers a new and comparative study of tyranny within Greek, Roman, and Persian society.Less
Tyrants and tyranny are more than the antithesis of democracy and the mark of political failure: they are a dynamic response to social and political pressures. This book examines the autocratic rulers and dynasties of classical Greece and Rome and the changing concepts of tyranny in political thought and culture. It brings together historians, political theorists and philosophers, all offering new perspectives on the autocratic governments of the ancient world. The volume is divided into four parts. It looks at the ways in which the term ‘tyranny’ was used and understood, and the kinds of individual who were called tyrants. The book then focuses on the genesis of tyranny and the social and political circumstances in which tyrants arose. The chapters in the final part of the book examine the presentation of tyrants by themselves and in literature and history. Part IV discusses the achievements of episodic tyranny within the non-autocratic regimes of Sparta and Rome and of autocratic regimes in Persia and the western Mediterranean world. Written by a wide range of leading experts in their field, this book offers a new and comparative study of tyranny within Greek, Roman, and Persian society.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an ...
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This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an experience that taught the Athenians important lessons about mobilization in defense of their democracy. Two significant points emerge from that discussion. First, individuals in Athens did not respond to the coup initially because they had a so-called “revolutionary coordination problem”: many wanted to oppose the coup, but, because of the great risk that that involved, each individual waited for others to act before he did. Second, the conspicuous assassination of Phrynichos, a prominent figure in the regime of the Four Hundred, set in motion a “revolutionary bandwagon” that enabled previously quiescent individuals to mobilize en masse against the regime of the Four Hundred. The chapter then examines the consequence of the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos. The final section demonstrates that the successful mobilization against the Thirty Tyrants should be attributed, in part, to the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos.Less
This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an experience that taught the Athenians important lessons about mobilization in defense of their democracy. Two significant points emerge from that discussion. First, individuals in Athens did not respond to the coup initially because they had a so-called “revolutionary coordination problem”: many wanted to oppose the coup, but, because of the great risk that that involved, each individual waited for others to act before he did. Second, the conspicuous assassination of Phrynichos, a prominent figure in the regime of the Four Hundred, set in motion a “revolutionary bandwagon” that enabled previously quiescent individuals to mobilize en masse against the regime of the Four Hundred. The chapter then examines the consequence of the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos. The final section demonstrates that the successful mobilization against the Thirty Tyrants should be attributed, in part, to the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos.
Richard Seaford
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233359
- eISBN:
- 9780191716348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
In 6th century BC, the advanced Greek city-states were rapidly and pervasively monetized, largely through the introduction of coinage. It has been suggested that this monetization was a crucial ...
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In 6th century BC, the advanced Greek city-states were rapidly and pervasively monetized, largely through the introduction of coinage. It has been suggested that this monetization was a crucial factor in the genesis and in the preoccupations both of Presocratic philosophy and of Athenian tragedy. This chapter relates the monetization of Athens first to the development of polis festivals under the tyrants and then to the form and content of tragedy, which came into being in a polis festival of Dionysos.Less
In 6th century BC, the advanced Greek city-states were rapidly and pervasively monetized, largely through the introduction of coinage. It has been suggested that this monetization was a crucial factor in the genesis and in the preoccupations both of Presocratic philosophy and of Athenian tragedy. This chapter relates the monetization of Athens first to the development of polis festivals under the tyrants and then to the form and content of tragedy, which came into being in a polis festival of Dionysos.
Dominic Scott
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199289974
- eISBN:
- 9780191711008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
The philosopher and the tyrant of the Republic seem worlds apart from one another — the one just, ordered, and harmonious; the other lawless, bestial, and wild. And yet they have one thing in common: ...
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The philosopher and the tyrant of the Republic seem worlds apart from one another — the one just, ordered, and harmonious; the other lawless, bestial, and wild. And yet they have one thing in common: both are gripped by an obsessive erōs. At various points in book VI, philosophers are described as lovers, whether of learning, truth, or philosophy itself (485b1, 490b1-7, 499c1-2, and 501d2). According to the channel analogy of 485a-487a, their philosophical erōs is like a flow of water directed into a single stream, drying up their other desires for more worldly goods. But the channel argument also applies very well to the tyrant, described not just as lawless, but also as having an erōs that he pursues with complete single-mindedness, an erōs that informs all aspects of his character, dominating his beliefs, desires, and actions. This chapter begins with a description of the tyrant in book IX, focusing on the exact reason why Plato characterizes him in terms of erōs. It then turns to the philosopher and examines passages from the central books of the Republic that help to reveal the strand linking philosophical and tyrannical erōs.Less
The philosopher and the tyrant of the Republic seem worlds apart from one another — the one just, ordered, and harmonious; the other lawless, bestial, and wild. And yet they have one thing in common: both are gripped by an obsessive erōs. At various points in book VI, philosophers are described as lovers, whether of learning, truth, or philosophy itself (485b1, 490b1-7, 499c1-2, and 501d2). According to the channel analogy of 485a-487a, their philosophical erōs is like a flow of water directed into a single stream, drying up their other desires for more worldly goods. But the channel argument also applies very well to the tyrant, described not just as lawless, but also as having an erōs that he pursues with complete single-mindedness, an erōs that informs all aspects of his character, dominating his beliefs, desires, and actions. This chapter begins with a description of the tyrant in book IX, focusing on the exact reason why Plato characterizes him in terms of erōs. It then turns to the philosopher and examines passages from the central books of the Republic that help to reveal the strand linking philosophical and tyrannical erōs.
Robert S. Miola
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198112648
- eISBN:
- 9780191670831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112648.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
Albertino Mussato's Ecerinis, the first tragedy of the Trecento, exhibited the first of many instances of the how the portrayal of certain protagonists and tyrants seems relatively similar across ...
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Albertino Mussato's Ecerinis, the first tragedy of the Trecento, exhibited the first of many instances of the how the portrayal of certain protagonists and tyrants seems relatively similar across several different tragedies of Senecan form and style. Such tyrants are illustrated as characters that exude lawless egoism, glorification, and an almost absurd degree of persistent self-expression. In this case, political power for such characters presents opportunities for fulfilling all sorts of desires. Senecan style facilitates and features the shift of such insatiability of desires to theomachic aspiration. For tyrants with such power, possibilities are endless because their actions are not merely limited to those that can be recognized by making use of the plain senses. This chapter focuses on providing a comparison of how Mussato and Shakespeare express their thoughts regarding Renaissance and Senecan tyrants.Less
Albertino Mussato's Ecerinis, the first tragedy of the Trecento, exhibited the first of many instances of the how the portrayal of certain protagonists and tyrants seems relatively similar across several different tragedies of Senecan form and style. Such tyrants are illustrated as characters that exude lawless egoism, glorification, and an almost absurd degree of persistent self-expression. In this case, political power for such characters presents opportunities for fulfilling all sorts of desires. Senecan style facilitates and features the shift of such insatiability of desires to theomachic aspiration. For tyrants with such power, possibilities are endless because their actions are not merely limited to those that can be recognized by making use of the plain senses. This chapter focuses on providing a comparison of how Mussato and Shakespeare express their thoughts regarding Renaissance and Senecan tyrants.
Vincent Azoulay
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154596
- eISBN:
- 9781400851171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154596.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines Pericles' impact on Athenian democracy, and more specifically whether the stratēgos was an all-powerful figure or an evanescent one, and how his actions interacted with the will ...
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This chapter examines Pericles' impact on Athenian democracy, and more specifically whether the stratēgos was an all-powerful figure or an evanescent one, and how his actions interacted with the will of the people. It begins with a discussion of what was perceived by his opponents as Pericles' link to the tyrants of Athens. It then explores Pericles' role in the great building projects that included monuments, along with the ways that comic poetry fulfilled a function of social control over the members of the Athenian elite. It suggests that the notion of a Periclean monarchy is just a myth. Far from ruling Athens as a monarch, Pericles, the “great man,” lived constantly under tension in a context in which the power of the dēmos was relentlessly increasing.Less
This chapter examines Pericles' impact on Athenian democracy, and more specifically whether the stratēgos was an all-powerful figure or an evanescent one, and how his actions interacted with the will of the people. It begins with a discussion of what was perceived by his opponents as Pericles' link to the tyrants of Athens. It then explores Pericles' role in the great building projects that included monuments, along with the ways that comic poetry fulfilled a function of social control over the members of the Athenian elite. It suggests that the notion of a Periclean monarchy is just a myth. Far from ruling Athens as a monarch, Pericles, the “great man,” lived constantly under tension in a context in which the power of the dēmos was relentlessly increasing.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter defends the following thesis: the promulgation of the Eretrian tyrant-killing law played an important role in defending Eretria's newly reinstated democratic regime against internal ...
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This chapter defends the following thesis: the promulgation of the Eretrian tyrant-killing law played an important role in defending Eretria's newly reinstated democratic regime against internal subversion during the years immediately following the Athenian led liberation of 341. The arguments in support of that thesis are presented in three sections. The first section argues that the Eretrian pro-democrats quite likely would have lost control of their polis shortly after the Athenian-led liberation, if no serious attempt were made to facilitate their efforts to mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., to solve a revolutionary coordination problem). Next, it argues that, by promulgating their tyrant-killing law, the Eretrian democrats greatly increased the likelihood that they would successfully mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., overcome a potential revolutionary coordination problem) and thus likely would have deterred anti-democrats from attempting a coup. The final section argues that the Eretrian democrats maintained secure control of their polis, under very difficult circumstances, for several years after they promulgated their tyrant-killing law.Less
This chapter defends the following thesis: the promulgation of the Eretrian tyrant-killing law played an important role in defending Eretria's newly reinstated democratic regime against internal subversion during the years immediately following the Athenian led liberation of 341. The arguments in support of that thesis are presented in three sections. The first section argues that the Eretrian pro-democrats quite likely would have lost control of their polis shortly after the Athenian-led liberation, if no serious attempt were made to facilitate their efforts to mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., to solve a revolutionary coordination problem). Next, it argues that, by promulgating their tyrant-killing law, the Eretrian democrats greatly increased the likelihood that they would successfully mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., overcome a potential revolutionary coordination problem) and thus likely would have deterred anti-democrats from attempting a coup. The final section argues that the Eretrian democrats maintained secure control of their polis, under very difficult circumstances, for several years after they promulgated their tyrant-killing law.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
In the spring (or summer) of 336 an Athenian named Eukrates successfully proposed a law against tyranny and subversion of the Athenian democracy. Eukrates's law has two peculiar aspects. The first is ...
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In the spring (or summer) of 336 an Athenian named Eukrates successfully proposed a law against tyranny and subversion of the Athenian democracy. Eukrates's law has two peculiar aspects. The first is the date of its promulgation: the ninth prytany in the archonship of Phrynichos (spring/summer 336). The second is its focus on the council of the Areopagos. This chapter has two related objectives, each of which addresses one of the two aforementioned peculiar aspects of Eukrates' tyrant-killing law. The first is to identify the tyrannical threat that the Athenians faced in the spring of 336. It shows that the nature of the threat largely accounts for the fact that Eukrates proposed his law later than one might have expected. The second objective is to explain how the promulgation of Eukrates' law would neutralize the tyrannical threat that confronted the Athenians. The law's sharp focus on the council of the Areopagos played an important role, but so too did the process by which Eukrates's law was ratified and the placement of the two stelai upon which it was inscribed.Less
In the spring (or summer) of 336 an Athenian named Eukrates successfully proposed a law against tyranny and subversion of the Athenian democracy. Eukrates's law has two peculiar aspects. The first is the date of its promulgation: the ninth prytany in the archonship of Phrynichos (spring/summer 336). The second is its focus on the council of the Areopagos. This chapter has two related objectives, each of which addresses one of the two aforementioned peculiar aspects of Eukrates' tyrant-killing law. The first is to identify the tyrannical threat that the Athenians faced in the spring of 336. It shows that the nature of the threat largely accounts for the fact that Eukrates proposed his law later than one might have expected. The second objective is to explain how the promulgation of Eukrates' law would neutralize the tyrannical threat that confronted the Athenians. The law's sharp focus on the council of the Areopagos played an important role, but so too did the process by which Eukrates's law was ratified and the placement of the two stelai upon which it was inscribed.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
The earliest extant inscriptions from Eresos record punitive actions taken by the Eresian dēmos against tyrants and their descendants. This chapter argues that the “anti-tyranny dossier” documents ...
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The earliest extant inscriptions from Eresos record punitive actions taken by the Eresian dēmos against tyrants and their descendants. This chapter argues that the “anti-tyranny dossier” documents Eresos's transition from an unstable, nondemocratically governed polis to a stable polis governed by an authoritative dēmos. The argument is presented in three parts. The first part interprets the actions recorded in the first two texts of the dossier. Therein, it argues that Alexander ordered the Eresians to try the two tyrants in order to establish the pro-democrats' threat credibility and thus stabilize the new democratic regime. The second part interprets the actions recorded in the third, fourth, and fifth texts. The argument in that section is that the exiles' attempts to return to Eresos were potentially destabilizing because they suggested that exogenous factors (i.e., events outside of Eresos's new unilateral deterrence game set up by the trial) might undermine the dēmos's threat credibility. The third part interprets the action documented in the sixth text. It argues that the pro-democrats, now confident that the kings would not intervene on behalf of tyrants, proactively ended their potentially destabilizing struggle with tyrants by definitively proclaiming the permanent credibility of their threat.Less
The earliest extant inscriptions from Eresos record punitive actions taken by the Eresian dēmos against tyrants and their descendants. This chapter argues that the “anti-tyranny dossier” documents Eresos's transition from an unstable, nondemocratically governed polis to a stable polis governed by an authoritative dēmos. The argument is presented in three parts. The first part interprets the actions recorded in the first two texts of the dossier. Therein, it argues that Alexander ordered the Eresians to try the two tyrants in order to establish the pro-democrats' threat credibility and thus stabilize the new democratic regime. The second part interprets the actions recorded in the third, fourth, and fifth texts. The argument in that section is that the exiles' attempts to return to Eresos were potentially destabilizing because they suggested that exogenous factors (i.e., events outside of Eresos's new unilateral deterrence game set up by the trial) might undermine the dēmos's threat credibility. The third part interprets the action documented in the sixth text. It argues that the pro-democrats, now confident that the kings would not intervene on behalf of tyrants, proactively ended their potentially destabilizing struggle with tyrants by definitively proclaiming the permanent credibility of their threat.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor marked a dramatic turning point in Erythraian politics. For the previous fifty-four consecutive years (386–332) and for seventy-two of the previous eighty ...
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Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor marked a dramatic turning point in Erythraian politics. For the previous fifty-four consecutive years (386–332) and for seventy-two of the previous eighty years (412–394 and 386–332), oligarchs controlled that polis. By the end of the 330s, however, the democrats were in control. What many Erythraians likely considered to be the natural and immutable political order had been completely upended. This chapter analyzes the Erythraian democrats' efforts to maintain control of their polis in the face of efforts by their anti-democratic opponents to reinstate the pre-Alexander status quo. Based on an analysis of the events referred to in the Philites stele and their likely historical contexts, it argues that the creation and subsequent manipulation of the statue of Philites played an important role in the foundation, contestation, and ultimate securement of the democracy that was established in Erythrai in the wake of Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor.Less
Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor marked a dramatic turning point in Erythraian politics. For the previous fifty-four consecutive years (386–332) and for seventy-two of the previous eighty years (412–394 and 386–332), oligarchs controlled that polis. By the end of the 330s, however, the democrats were in control. What many Erythraians likely considered to be the natural and immutable political order had been completely upended. This chapter analyzes the Erythraian democrats' efforts to maintain control of their polis in the face of efforts by their anti-democratic opponents to reinstate the pre-Alexander status quo. Based on an analysis of the events referred to in the Philites stele and their likely historical contexts, it argues that the creation and subsequent manipulation of the statue of Philites played an important role in the foundation, contestation, and ultimate securement of the democracy that was established in Erythrai in the wake of Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on the Ilian tyrant-killing law. The law is long and complex, its extant portions alone contain roughly twice the number of words as the Eretrian tyrant-killing law and 4.5 times ...
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This chapter focuses on the Ilian tyrant-killing law. The law is long and complex, its extant portions alone contain roughly twice the number of words as the Eretrian tyrant-killing law and 4.5 times as many words as the law of Eukrates (Ilion: 1,078; Eretria: 534; Eukrates: 227). This chapter first examines the provisions in order to ensure that we know what the Ilian pro-democrats actually promulgated. The second section presents the law's likely historical context. It considers both the circumstances within which the law was promulgated and the nature of tyrannical threat that confronted the Ilians at that time. The third and final section determines whether or not the law was effective.Less
This chapter focuses on the Ilian tyrant-killing law. The law is long and complex, its extant portions alone contain roughly twice the number of words as the Eretrian tyrant-killing law and 4.5 times as many words as the law of Eukrates (Ilion: 1,078; Eretria: 534; Eukrates: 227). This chapter first examines the provisions in order to ensure that we know what the Ilian pro-democrats actually promulgated. The second section presents the law's likely historical context. It considers both the circumstances within which the law was promulgated and the nature of tyrannical threat that confronted the Ilians at that time. The third and final section determines whether or not the law was effective.
Ingo Gildenhard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199291557
- eISBN:
- 9780191594885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291557.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter explores how Cicero construes, respectively, ‘the good’ (especially his theory of the vir bonus) and ‘the bad’ (especially his notion of immanes naturae and naturally born tyrants)—as ...
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This chapter explores how Cicero construes, respectively, ‘the good’ (especially his theory of the vir bonus) and ‘the bad’ (especially his notion of immanes naturae and naturally born tyrants)—as well as those who fall in between, i.e. are neither naturally depraved nor endowed with impeccable goodness. For despite his penchant for portraying the world in black and white, Cicero also acknowledged (or was forced to acknowledge) shades of grey in political ethics. The last section of the chapter accordingly focuses on those moments where he forgoes the terms of his bipolar approach; notably, he was unable to fit Caesar into the stark dichotomy of thoroughly good or utterly evil, and the chapter shows how he uses Plato's conception of the tyrant as a great nature perverted to come to terms with the dictator.Less
This chapter explores how Cicero construes, respectively, ‘the good’ (especially his theory of the vir bonus) and ‘the bad’ (especially his notion of immanes naturae and naturally born tyrants)—as well as those who fall in between, i.e. are neither naturally depraved nor endowed with impeccable goodness. For despite his penchant for portraying the world in black and white, Cicero also acknowledged (or was forced to acknowledge) shades of grey in political ethics. The last section of the chapter accordingly focuses on those moments where he forgoes the terms of his bipolar approach; notably, he was unable to fit Caesar into the stark dichotomy of thoroughly good or utterly evil, and the chapter shows how he uses Plato's conception of the tyrant as a great nature perverted to come to terms with the dictator.
Alexandra Gajda
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199699681
- eISBN:
- 9780191739057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699681.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Essex and his followers’ attitudes to classical and historical scholarship are examined. The relationship between arms and letters was idealized in praise for Essex’s militarism, but the study of ...
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Essex and his followers’ attitudes to classical and historical scholarship are examined. The relationship between arms and letters was idealized in praise for Essex’s militarism, but the study of Tacitus fostered a parallel obsession with the likely repression of virtue, and the decline of states that failed to reward virtuous conduct. Readings of Tacitus by Sir Henry Savile, Essex’s mentor and translator of Tacitus’s Histories and Agricola, indicate the frameworks employed by the earl to interpret his political problems as manifestations of a state governed by a weak tyrant. Connections between Essex’s rising in 1601 and the fascination of writers and dramatists with medieval baronial revolts are also examined, especially the deposition of Richard II by Henry Bullingbrook. Noble revolts were widely condemned in sixteenth-century literature as liable to result in the deposition of monarchs. These were the frameworks invoked by contemporaries to define and interpret Essex’s rising in 1601.Less
Essex and his followers’ attitudes to classical and historical scholarship are examined. The relationship between arms and letters was idealized in praise for Essex’s militarism, but the study of Tacitus fostered a parallel obsession with the likely repression of virtue, and the decline of states that failed to reward virtuous conduct. Readings of Tacitus by Sir Henry Savile, Essex’s mentor and translator of Tacitus’s Histories and Agricola, indicate the frameworks employed by the earl to interpret his political problems as manifestations of a state governed by a weak tyrant. Connections between Essex’s rising in 1601 and the fascination of writers and dramatists with medieval baronial revolts are also examined, especially the deposition of Richard II by Henry Bullingbrook. Noble revolts were widely condemned in sixteenth-century literature as liable to result in the deposition of monarchs. These were the frameworks invoked by contemporaries to define and interpret Essex’s rising in 1601.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Rarely does the subject of power and abusive power come up for open discussion in social service environments and yet it is a critical component of any organizational setting. As communication breaks ...
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Rarely does the subject of power and abusive power come up for open discussion in social service environments and yet it is a critical component of any organizational setting. As communication breaks down, errors compound and the situation feels increasingly out of control, organizational leaders become more controlling and authoritarian. Under these circumstances, workplace bullying is likely to increase at all levels and organizations may become vulnerable to petty tyrants. As the organization becomes more hierarchical and autocratic there is a progressive and simultaneous isolation of leaders and a “dumbing down” of staff, with an accompanying “learned helplessness” and loss of critical thinking skills. The organization and the individuals in it become highly risk-avoidant. Efforts to empower workers may pay only lip service to true participatory processes. Although the importance of organizational democracy has long been recognized, true efforts to implement workplace democracy have often become forms of bogus empowerment and bullies are given license to intimidate other people.Less
Rarely does the subject of power and abusive power come up for open discussion in social service environments and yet it is a critical component of any organizational setting. As communication breaks down, errors compound and the situation feels increasingly out of control, organizational leaders become more controlling and authoritarian. Under these circumstances, workplace bullying is likely to increase at all levels and organizations may become vulnerable to petty tyrants. As the organization becomes more hierarchical and autocratic there is a progressive and simultaneous isolation of leaders and a “dumbing down” of staff, with an accompanying “learned helplessness” and loss of critical thinking skills. The organization and the individuals in it become highly risk-avoidant. Efforts to empower workers may pay only lip service to true participatory processes. Although the importance of organizational democracy has long been recognized, true efforts to implement workplace democracy have often become forms of bogus empowerment and bullies are given license to intimidate other people.
John P. McCormick
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691183503
- eISBN:
- 9780691187914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691183503.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that the people must assert their necessary, salutary role as the guardian of liberty against predatory oligarchs and tyrants. It suggests that once readers appreciate that one of ...
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This chapter argues that the people must assert their necessary, salutary role as the guardian of liberty against predatory oligarchs and tyrants. It suggests that once readers appreciate that one of the most frequently quoted passages in the entire Florentine Histories occurs just a mere few paragraphs after Machiavelli has demonstrated this to be a deeply inaccurate assessment of events, they are encouraged to begin rethinking the entire relationship of words and deeds in that book—a reconsideration which reveals that Machiavelli, perhaps more often than not, seems to undermine his own expressly declared evaluative judgments throughout the entire Histories. The chapter also shows how pleasurable, perplexing, and beguiling the careful reading of Machiavelli's political writings can be.Less
This chapter argues that the people must assert their necessary, salutary role as the guardian of liberty against predatory oligarchs and tyrants. It suggests that once readers appreciate that one of the most frequently quoted passages in the entire Florentine Histories occurs just a mere few paragraphs after Machiavelli has demonstrated this to be a deeply inaccurate assessment of events, they are encouraged to begin rethinking the entire relationship of words and deeds in that book—a reconsideration which reveals that Machiavelli, perhaps more often than not, seems to undermine his own expressly declared evaluative judgments throughout the entire Histories. The chapter also shows how pleasurable, perplexing, and beguiling the careful reading of Machiavelli's political writings can be.
Tessa Rajak
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558674
- eISBN:
- 9780191720895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558674.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter shows how continual re-interpretation, adaptation of, and addition to the biblical text allowed it to be a repertoire for all seasons. Late biblical texts in Greek guise, especially the ...
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This chapter shows how continual re-interpretation, adaptation of, and addition to the biblical text allowed it to be a repertoire for all seasons. Late biblical texts in Greek guise, especially the book of Daniel, and newer parabiblical texts, like the story of Bel and the great snake (also a Daniel story), or the Epistle of Jeremiah or the Wisdom of Solomon, expressed a response to external political authority. They could be markedly subversive. Twists and subtle modifications intensified themes that were already prominent in places in the Hebrew Bible. Only occasionally can a Hebrew original different from the Masoretic (standard) text be suspected as lying behind the changes. The denunciation of ‘idol’ and ‘idol worship’ had new force and point when linked with the vanity of rulers in a period in which manifestations of the imperial cult impinged on everyone. Representations of tyrannical rage united motifs taken from Greek political philosophy with those of oriental wisdom literature. They stood in sharp contrast to the justified wrath of the God of Israel.Less
This chapter shows how continual re-interpretation, adaptation of, and addition to the biblical text allowed it to be a repertoire for all seasons. Late biblical texts in Greek guise, especially the book of Daniel, and newer parabiblical texts, like the story of Bel and the great snake (also a Daniel story), or the Epistle of Jeremiah or the Wisdom of Solomon, expressed a response to external political authority. They could be markedly subversive. Twists and subtle modifications intensified themes that were already prominent in places in the Hebrew Bible. Only occasionally can a Hebrew original different from the Masoretic (standard) text be suspected as lying behind the changes. The denunciation of ‘idol’ and ‘idol worship’ had new force and point when linked with the vanity of rulers in a period in which manifestations of the imperial cult impinged on everyone. Representations of tyrannical rage united motifs taken from Greek political philosophy with those of oriental wisdom literature. They stood in sharp contrast to the justified wrath of the God of Israel.
Joshua Billings
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159232
- eISBN:
- 9781400852505
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159232.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter examines Friedrich Hölderlin's Sophocles “Notes.” Hölderlin's “Notes” to Oedipus the Tyrant and Antigone pursue two primary aims: on the one hand, they delineate the differences between ...
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This chapter examines Friedrich Hölderlin's Sophocles “Notes.” Hölderlin's “Notes” to Oedipus the Tyrant and Antigone pursue two primary aims: on the one hand, they delineate the differences between ancient and modern poetry; on the other, they seek to define “the tragic” as it is manifested in Sophocles' works. The first task, in essence, goes back to the Querelle and its “revival” in the 1790s, while the second is uniquely idealist, though powerfully mediated by Aristotle's Poetics. Religious and historical conceptions form the link between the two aims. Both aims invoke the dynamic interchange of ancient and modern suggested in Hölderlin's letters and his concept of translation. The addition of notes to the Sophocles translation allows Hölderlin to make these dynamics explicit, and to advocate for a new approach to ancient poetry among his contemporaries.Less
This chapter examines Friedrich Hölderlin's Sophocles “Notes.” Hölderlin's “Notes” to Oedipus the Tyrant and Antigone pursue two primary aims: on the one hand, they delineate the differences between ancient and modern poetry; on the other, they seek to define “the tragic” as it is manifested in Sophocles' works. The first task, in essence, goes back to the Querelle and its “revival” in the 1790s, while the second is uniquely idealist, though powerfully mediated by Aristotle's Poetics. Religious and historical conceptions form the link between the two aims. Both aims invoke the dynamic interchange of ancient and modern suggested in Hölderlin's letters and his concept of translation. The addition of notes to the Sophocles translation allows Hölderlin to make these dynamics explicit, and to advocate for a new approach to ancient poetry among his contemporaries.
