Conan Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208006
- eISBN:
- 9780191716607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208006.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Poincaré's invasion of the Ruhr District in 1923 might have been driven by sincerely-held convictions, but inflicted untold damage on the political health of the fledgling German Republic. Passive ...
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Poincaré's invasion of the Ruhr District in 1923 might have been driven by sincerely-held convictions, but inflicted untold damage on the political health of the fledgling German Republic. Passive resistance by the people of the Ruhr was driven by their republican convictions, but the physical and moral price they paid during this campaign was compounded by its failure. Their commitment to the republican order was further compromised by the readiness of cash-strapped industrialists to renege on their promises to Weimar. A decade later Hitler's Nazis were arguably the indirect beneficiaries of the Ruhr Crisis. Despite this bleak scenario, there were moments when key players — French and German — seemed to recognise that the futures of France and Germany were inextricably linked if Europe was ever to enjoy peace and prosperity. That realisation has finally born fruit in the aftermath of World War Two with the creation of the European Union.Less
Poincaré's invasion of the Ruhr District in 1923 might have been driven by sincerely-held convictions, but inflicted untold damage on the political health of the fledgling German Republic. Passive resistance by the people of the Ruhr was driven by their republican convictions, but the physical and moral price they paid during this campaign was compounded by its failure. Their commitment to the republican order was further compromised by the readiness of cash-strapped industrialists to renege on their promises to Weimar. A decade later Hitler's Nazis were arguably the indirect beneficiaries of the Ruhr Crisis. Despite this bleak scenario, there were moments when key players — French and German — seemed to recognise that the futures of France and Germany were inextricably linked if Europe was ever to enjoy peace and prosperity. That realisation has finally born fruit in the aftermath of World War Two with the creation of the European Union.
Richard McCarty
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199567720
- eISBN:
- 9780191721465
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567720.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, History of Philosophy
The theory of action underlying Immanuel Kant's moral theory is the subject of this book. What “maxims” are, and how we act on maxims, are explained here in light of both the historical context of ...
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The theory of action underlying Immanuel Kant's moral theory is the subject of this book. What “maxims” are, and how we act on maxims, are explained here in light of both the historical context of Kant's thought, and his classroom lectures on psychology and ethics. Arguing against the current of much recent scholarship, a strong case is made for interpreting Kant as having embraced psychological determinism, a version of the “belief-desire model” of human motivation, and a literal, “two-worlds” metaphysics. On this interpretation, actions in the familiar, sensible world are always effects of prior psychological causes. Their explaining causal laws are the maxims of agents' characters. And agents act freely if, acting in an intelligible world, what they do there results in their having the characters they have here, in the sensible world. In this way Kant's theory of action coordinates thoroughgoing causal determinism in the natural world with human freedom and moral responsibility. This line of interpretation is fruitful also for addressing some familiar problems in Kant's moral psychology. It allows explaining actions caused by admirable inclinations as “virtuous”, without requiring the motive of duty behind every morally praiseworthy action.Less
The theory of action underlying Immanuel Kant's moral theory is the subject of this book. What “maxims” are, and how we act on maxims, are explained here in light of both the historical context of Kant's thought, and his classroom lectures on psychology and ethics. Arguing against the current of much recent scholarship, a strong case is made for interpreting Kant as having embraced psychological determinism, a version of the “belief-desire model” of human motivation, and a literal, “two-worlds” metaphysics. On this interpretation, actions in the familiar, sensible world are always effects of prior psychological causes. Their explaining causal laws are the maxims of agents' characters. And agents act freely if, acting in an intelligible world, what they do there results in their having the characters they have here, in the sensible world. In this way Kant's theory of action coordinates thoroughgoing causal determinism in the natural world with human freedom and moral responsibility. This line of interpretation is fruitful also for addressing some familiar problems in Kant's moral psychology. It allows explaining actions caused by admirable inclinations as “virtuous”, without requiring the motive of duty behind every morally praiseworthy action.
Alan F. Wilt
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208716
- eISBN:
- 9780191717024
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208716.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Food for War is a ground-breaking study of Britain's food and agricultural preparations in the 1930s as the nation once again made ready for war. Historians writing about 1930s Britain ...
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Food for War is a ground-breaking study of Britain's food and agricultural preparations in the 1930s as the nation once again made ready for war. Historians writing about 1930s Britain have usually focused on the Depression, appeasement, or political, military, and industrial concerns. None have dealt adequately with another significant topic, food and agriculture, as the nation moved, albeit reluctantly, from peace to war. In this new account Alan F. Wilt makes right this omission by examining in depth the relationship between food, agriculture, and the nation's preparations for war. He reveals how food and agriculture became closely linked to rearmament as early as 1936; that the government's preparations in this sector, as contrasted with other areas of the economy, were relatively well-developed when war broke out in 1936; and that rural and farm interests well understood the effect that war would have on their way of life. He argues that food and agriculture need to be integrated into the more general historical discourse, for what happened in Britain in the 1930s not only set the stage for World War II, but also contributed to a more robust agriculture in the decades that followed.Less
Food for War is a ground-breaking study of Britain's food and agricultural preparations in the 1930s as the nation once again made ready for war. Historians writing about 1930s Britain have usually focused on the Depression, appeasement, or political, military, and industrial concerns. None have dealt adequately with another significant topic, food and agriculture, as the nation moved, albeit reluctantly, from peace to war. In this new account Alan F. Wilt makes right this omission by examining in depth the relationship between food, agriculture, and the nation's preparations for war. He reveals how food and agriculture became closely linked to rearmament as early as 1936; that the government's preparations in this sector, as contrasted with other areas of the economy, were relatively well-developed when war broke out in 1936; and that rural and farm interests well understood the effect that war would have on their way of life. He argues that food and agriculture need to be integrated into the more general historical discourse, for what happened in Britain in the 1930s not only set the stage for World War II, but also contributed to a more robust agriculture in the decades that followed.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and points to the long–term effects of the events it covers, in the areas of military tactics, intelligence practice, and even the discipline of ...
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This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and points to the long–term effects of the events it covers, in the areas of military tactics, intelligence practice, and even the discipline of history. It touches on World War Two, the Cold War, and the present American and British intervention in Iraq.Less
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and points to the long–term effects of the events it covers, in the areas of military tactics, intelligence practice, and even the discipline of history. It touches on World War Two, the Cold War, and the present American and British intervention in Iraq.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the postwar consolidation of a new style of covert empire, in which real executive power in the Middle Eastern colonies was held by intelligence agents operating in hidden ...
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This chapter describes the postwar consolidation of a new style of covert empire, in which real executive power in the Middle Eastern colonies was held by intelligence agents operating in hidden reaches of the bureaucracy. The scheme evolved informally after the failure of proposals for a more formal intelligence network, which were deemed impolitic. The covert style allowed colonial control in the increasingly anti-imperial postwar world, in places where more overt control would be strenuously resisted but where paranoia dictated some kind of control. The discreet air control scheme was the centerpiece of this system. The covert mode enabled the British to remain in Iraq well after the declaration of Iraqi independence in 1932, through the fifties. The chapter closes with a description of the growing paranoia of Iraqis and other powers in the region about the British presence and British incredulity in response.Less
This chapter describes the postwar consolidation of a new style of covert empire, in which real executive power in the Middle Eastern colonies was held by intelligence agents operating in hidden reaches of the bureaucracy. The scheme evolved informally after the failure of proposals for a more formal intelligence network, which were deemed impolitic. The covert style allowed colonial control in the increasingly anti-imperial postwar world, in places where more overt control would be strenuously resisted but where paranoia dictated some kind of control. The discreet air control scheme was the centerpiece of this system. The covert mode enabled the British to remain in Iraq well after the declaration of Iraqi independence in 1932, through the fifties. The chapter closes with a description of the growing paranoia of Iraqis and other powers in the region about the British presence and British incredulity in response.
Dominic J. O'Meara
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198751472
- eISBN:
- 9780191598128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198751478.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Discusses, in the context of the Platonic theory of two worlds, Plotinus’ argument that soul is not body, does not depend on body, and is of a different nature from that of body, a distinction ...
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Discusses, in the context of the Platonic theory of two worlds, Plotinus’ argument that soul is not body, does not depend on body, and is of a different nature from that of body, a distinction compared to the distinction in Descartes between mind and body.Less
Discusses, in the context of the Platonic theory of two worlds, Plotinus’ argument that soul is not body, does not depend on body, and is of a different nature from that of body, a distinction compared to the distinction in Descartes between mind and body.
Katja Maria Vogt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199916818
- eISBN:
- 9780199980291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916818.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
In Plato's Republic, knowledge and doxa have their own respective domains: “what is” in the case of knowledge, and “what participates in what is and in what is not” in the case of doxa. This division ...
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In Plato's Republic, knowledge and doxa have their own respective domains: “what is” in the case of knowledge, and “what participates in what is and in what is not” in the case of doxa. This division should be recognized as a central part of Plato's proposal in the Republic. At the same time it cannot be quite as clear-cut as it might initially appear. Otherwise it should be impossible to begin to investigate justice by thinking through someone's beliefs about justice—and that is precisely what the interlocutors do in Book I. Notably, Socrates is not prepared to put forward his beliefs about justice. Staying true to the intuition that mere doxa is “shameful and ugly,” he prefers hypotheses and similes as methods of investigation. But others are less cautious. An interpretation of the Republic's epistemology must account for an, albeit deficient, way in which mere doxa can relate to objects of knowledge.Less
In Plato's Republic, knowledge and doxa have their own respective domains: “what is” in the case of knowledge, and “what participates in what is and in what is not” in the case of doxa. This division should be recognized as a central part of Plato's proposal in the Republic. At the same time it cannot be quite as clear-cut as it might initially appear. Otherwise it should be impossible to begin to investigate justice by thinking through someone's beliefs about justice—and that is precisely what the interlocutors do in Book I. Notably, Socrates is not prepared to put forward his beliefs about justice. Staying true to the intuition that mere doxa is “shameful and ugly,” he prefers hypotheses and similes as methods of investigation. But others are less cautious. An interpretation of the Republic's epistemology must account for an, albeit deficient, way in which mere doxa can relate to objects of knowledge.
Peter Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273256
- eISBN:
- 9780191706370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273256.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter examines the conflicts in Mairi MacInnes's poetry, fiction, and memoirs between creative freedom, domestic ties, the love of home, and expatriation. It draws upon her memoirs and poetry ...
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This chapter examines the conflicts in Mairi MacInnes's poetry, fiction, and memoirs between creative freedom, domestic ties, the love of home, and expatriation. It draws upon her memoirs and poetry of recollection to address the relationship between lived experience and the formal poise of her art. The casual circumstances of what merely appears to happen or befall are seen in her art as inevitabilities, especially when they concern natural processes. This sense of an inevitable ‘absolute circumstance’ is then followed out in works that address the fateful occurrences of family history, decision-making, and grief.Less
This chapter examines the conflicts in Mairi MacInnes's poetry, fiction, and memoirs between creative freedom, domestic ties, the love of home, and expatriation. It draws upon her memoirs and poetry of recollection to address the relationship between lived experience and the formal poise of her art. The casual circumstances of what merely appears to happen or befall are seen in her art as inevitabilities, especially when they concern natural processes. This sense of an inevitable ‘absolute circumstance’ is then followed out in works that address the fateful occurrences of family history, decision-making, and grief.
Marion A. Kaplan
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195130928
- eISBN:
- 9780199854486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130928.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The outbreak of World War Two caused the Nazi government to intensify their persecution of the Jews. The chapter first discusses the persecutions and trials endured by the Jews in the months leading ...
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The outbreak of World War Two caused the Nazi government to intensify their persecution of the Jews. The chapter first discusses the persecutions and trials endured by the Jews in the months leading up to the war. Upon the outbreak of war, Jewish properties were confiscated, people were sent to labor and concentration camps, and even emigration was prohibited. When curfews and food rationing were implemented, the Jews suffered even more and they lived in daily fear of the mini-pogroms conducted by the Gestapo. Government propaganda blamed the Jews for the war and the German population became even more hardened towards them. The chapter also relates how the Jewish people tried yet again to cope with their desperate circumstances. The final section reconstructs the story of an elderly Jewish couple and their experiences throughout the war.Less
The outbreak of World War Two caused the Nazi government to intensify their persecution of the Jews. The chapter first discusses the persecutions and trials endured by the Jews in the months leading up to the war. Upon the outbreak of war, Jewish properties were confiscated, people were sent to labor and concentration camps, and even emigration was prohibited. When curfews and food rationing were implemented, the Jews suffered even more and they lived in daily fear of the mini-pogroms conducted by the Gestapo. Government propaganda blamed the Jews for the war and the German population became even more hardened towards them. The chapter also relates how the Jewish people tried yet again to cope with their desperate circumstances. The final section reconstructs the story of an elderly Jewish couple and their experiences throughout the war.
Lee Spinks
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638352
- eISBN:
- 9780748671632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638352.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter provides a guide to landmark episodes in James Joyce criticism and key examples of the different ways in which his work is currently being read. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ...
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This chapter provides a guide to landmark episodes in James Joyce criticism and key examples of the different ways in which his work is currently being read. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, some critics identified a stylistic advance beyond both Edwardian and naturalistic fiction. Arnold Bennett's review provides praise and condemnation of Ulysses. Stuart Gilbert takes pains to highlight Joyce's classical literary heritage. The years between the end of World War Two and the explosion of critical interest in Joyce's work caused by the emergence of modern literary and cultural ‘theory’ saw the debate over his achievement and legacy steadily intensify. Joyce's work has a long and involved relationship with psychoanalytic criticism. Joyce's ‘general awareness of Irish politics’ expressed itself in a number of lasting commitments. There has been a problem with Joyce's belief in the cultural redemptiveness of the artwork.Less
This chapter provides a guide to landmark episodes in James Joyce criticism and key examples of the different ways in which his work is currently being read. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, some critics identified a stylistic advance beyond both Edwardian and naturalistic fiction. Arnold Bennett's review provides praise and condemnation of Ulysses. Stuart Gilbert takes pains to highlight Joyce's classical literary heritage. The years between the end of World War Two and the explosion of critical interest in Joyce's work caused by the emergence of modern literary and cultural ‘theory’ saw the debate over his achievement and legacy steadily intensify. Joyce's work has a long and involved relationship with psychoanalytic criticism. Joyce's ‘general awareness of Irish politics’ expressed itself in a number of lasting commitments. There has been a problem with Joyce's belief in the cultural redemptiveness of the artwork.
Yezid Sayigh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296430
- eISBN:
- 9780191685224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296430.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Palestine war of 1948 coincided with the initial phases of three historic processes affecting the entire Middle East in the aftermath of World War Two: the formation of independent national ...
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The Palestine war of 1948 coincided with the initial phases of three historic processes affecting the entire Middle East in the aftermath of World War Two: the formation of independent national states, the emergence of a distinct Arab state system, and the replacement of colonial domination with US-Soviet rivalry. As these processes evolved, they increasingly interacted with one another, and it was this multidimensional dynamic that determined the decisions taken by the parties to the Arab-Israeli conflict regarding war and peace. This war left Palestinian society leaderless and disorganized. Its principal political institutions during the British mandate had been closely identified with key members of the old elite, and suffered their fate. The Palestinians evolved varying strategies of survival in adaptation to their disparate circumstances. Palestinian nationalist patriotism did, however, ultimately emerge as a dominant force.Less
The Palestine war of 1948 coincided with the initial phases of three historic processes affecting the entire Middle East in the aftermath of World War Two: the formation of independent national states, the emergence of a distinct Arab state system, and the replacement of colonial domination with US-Soviet rivalry. As these processes evolved, they increasingly interacted with one another, and it was this multidimensional dynamic that determined the decisions taken by the parties to the Arab-Israeli conflict regarding war and peace. This war left Palestinian society leaderless and disorganized. Its principal political institutions during the British mandate had been closely identified with key members of the old elite, and suffered their fate. The Palestinians evolved varying strategies of survival in adaptation to their disparate circumstances. Palestinian nationalist patriotism did, however, ultimately emerge as a dominant force.
Jessica Moss
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198867401
- eISBN:
- 9780191904141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198867401.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
How should we set about understanding epistêmê and doxa? Plato in fact offers us explicit instructions, in the famous “powers” argument of Republic V: he seems to say that each is to be defined as ...
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How should we set about understanding epistêmê and doxa? Plato in fact offers us explicit instructions, in the famous “powers” argument of Republic V: he seems to say that each is to be defined as the cognition of a special kind of object. But there is a difficulty: over the past half-century, this interpretation—the “Two Worlds” or “Distinct Objects” reading—has been so widely questioned as to now be declared “outrageous.” The aim of this chapter is to shift the burden of proof onto those who reject that reading. I explain the debate, mount textual evidence and, through a survey of Plato scholarship over the past 2400 years, and a brief discussion of Distinct Objects epistemologies in other thinkers, argue that resistance to the Distinct Objects reading is motivated largely by the assumption that Plato must be talking about knowledge and belief as we understand them now.Less
How should we set about understanding epistêmê and doxa? Plato in fact offers us explicit instructions, in the famous “powers” argument of Republic V: he seems to say that each is to be defined as the cognition of a special kind of object. But there is a difficulty: over the past half-century, this interpretation—the “Two Worlds” or “Distinct Objects” reading—has been so widely questioned as to now be declared “outrageous.” The aim of this chapter is to shift the burden of proof onto those who reject that reading. I explain the debate, mount textual evidence and, through a survey of Plato scholarship over the past 2400 years, and a brief discussion of Distinct Objects epistemologies in other thinkers, argue that resistance to the Distinct Objects reading is motivated largely by the assumption that Plato must be talking about knowledge and belief as we understand them now.
Tom Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570331
- eISBN:
- 9780191741425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570331.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on a decade dominated by war. Britain's war with Germany in September 1939 overshadowed China's continuing struggle with Japan, and this was not reversed when Britain entered the ...
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This chapter focuses on a decade dominated by war. Britain's war with Germany in September 1939 overshadowed China's continuing struggle with Japan, and this was not reversed when Britain entered the war in the Far East in December 1941. Meanwhile, the politics of the left in Britain were complicated by the Nazi-Soviet Pact until June 1941. After 1941 the British left contributed to a broad, humanitarian fundraising campaign in support of China (the British United Aid for China Fund). After 1945 the left did not regain interest in China until the Chinese Communists had gained the upper hand in the latter stages of the Civil War with the ruling KMT. The CCC supported the Chinese Communists, but with some reservations, and a new solidarity organisation was created in 1949 to foster relations with the new People's Republic of China (PRC).Less
This chapter focuses on a decade dominated by war. Britain's war with Germany in September 1939 overshadowed China's continuing struggle with Japan, and this was not reversed when Britain entered the war in the Far East in December 1941. Meanwhile, the politics of the left in Britain were complicated by the Nazi-Soviet Pact until June 1941. After 1941 the British left contributed to a broad, humanitarian fundraising campaign in support of China (the British United Aid for China Fund). After 1945 the left did not regain interest in China until the Chinese Communists had gained the upper hand in the latter stages of the Civil War with the ruling KMT. The CCC supported the Chinese Communists, but with some reservations, and a new solidarity organisation was created in 1949 to foster relations with the new People's Republic of China (PRC).
Sydney Janet Kaplan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748641482
- eISBN:
- 9780748671595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748641482.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter examines the public reaction to Murry after Lawrence's death. It analyses Lawrence's representations of Murry in several short stories and Huxley's caricature of him in Point ...
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This chapter examines the public reaction to Murry after Lawrence's death. It analyses Lawrence's representations of Murry in several short stories and Huxley's caricature of him in Point Counterpoint. Murry's critical debate with T. S. Eliot over Romanticism and Classicism is discussed, as is Murry's alienation from Bloomsbury. The second part of the chapter concentrates on Murry's representations of himself in his unpublished journals and his autobiography: Between Two Worlds. It considers the emotional difficulties of his childhood, his altering ideological perspectives, his anxieties about class-identification, and his recurrent obsession with Mansfield and Lawrence throughout the rest of his life.Less
This chapter examines the public reaction to Murry after Lawrence's death. It analyses Lawrence's representations of Murry in several short stories and Huxley's caricature of him in Point Counterpoint. Murry's critical debate with T. S. Eliot over Romanticism and Classicism is discussed, as is Murry's alienation from Bloomsbury. The second part of the chapter concentrates on Murry's representations of himself in his unpublished journals and his autobiography: Between Two Worlds. It considers the emotional difficulties of his childhood, his altering ideological perspectives, his anxieties about class-identification, and his recurrent obsession with Mansfield and Lawrence throughout the rest of his life.
Reuven Firestone
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860302
- eISBN:
- 9780199950621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860302.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish ...
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The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish self-government. Many Orthodox Jews who were a-Zionist or anti-Zionist changed their position on the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state. But mass immigration to the Land of Israel and creating a military force to protect the community there were considered by many to be an act of defiance against God’s dictate that Jews vow to refrain from mass immigration to Palestine. The problem was resolved for many by the Holocaust, which represented to them Gentile rebellion against their own divinely dictated vow not to persecute the Jews living among them too harshly. Historical crisis and the meaning applied to it thus began the process of breaking down the traditional rabbinic barriers to engaging in war.Less
The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish self-government. Many Orthodox Jews who were a-Zionist or anti-Zionist changed their position on the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state. But mass immigration to the Land of Israel and creating a military force to protect the community there were considered by many to be an act of defiance against God’s dictate that Jews vow to refrain from mass immigration to Palestine. The problem was resolved for many by the Holocaust, which represented to them Gentile rebellion against their own divinely dictated vow not to persecute the Jews living among them too harshly. Historical crisis and the meaning applied to it thus began the process of breaking down the traditional rabbinic barriers to engaging in war.
Leigh A. Gardner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199661527
- eISBN:
- 9780191744877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661527.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Economic History, British and Irish Modern History
From the 1930s onwards, colonial administrations made concerted efforts to strengthen local government institutions. New administrative units were established, and given both the right to raise ...
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From the 1930s onwards, colonial administrations made concerted efforts to strengthen local government institutions. New administrative units were established, and given both the right to raise revenue and responsibility for public services. These efforts intensified after World War Two, as African protests against declining living standards and colonial policies proliferated. Local governments were intended to deflect demand for social services to a local level. Further, proponents argued that Africans would be more willing to shoulder a larger tax burden if they were closer to the authority collecting the taxes and spending the revenue. This chapter examines the rise of local authority treasuries and offers speculative conclusions regarding the impact of decentralization on development. It argues that the principal impact was growing inequality between local areas in the services offered.Less
From the 1930s onwards, colonial administrations made concerted efforts to strengthen local government institutions. New administrative units were established, and given both the right to raise revenue and responsibility for public services. These efforts intensified after World War Two, as African protests against declining living standards and colonial policies proliferated. Local governments were intended to deflect demand for social services to a local level. Further, proponents argued that Africans would be more willing to shoulder a larger tax burden if they were closer to the authority collecting the taxes and spending the revenue. This chapter examines the rise of local authority treasuries and offers speculative conclusions regarding the impact of decentralization on development. It argues that the principal impact was growing inequality between local areas in the services offered.
Charlotte Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226193564
- eISBN:
- 9780226193731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226193731.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter Two explores the political ferment in Chinese American communities during and immediately after World War Two. Chinese politics remained a major obsession, and the Chinese civil war split the ...
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Chapter Two explores the political ferment in Chinese American communities during and immediately after World War Two. Chinese politics remained a major obsession, and the Chinese civil war split the community. But after the 1943 repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which gave Chinese immigrants the ability to become naturalized citizens, American politics began to attract the attention of more of the Chinese American population. An influx of thousands of China-born wives under the provisions of 1946 “war bride” legislation compounded this effect: war veterans of Chinese ancestry pleaded with Congress to allow continued family immigration and an end to immigration officials’ harassment of their wives. By 1947 and 1948, the growing importance of American domestic politics, and the increasingly poor reputation of the Nationalists, signaled the declining power of conservative leaders and organizations in Chinese American communities.Less
Chapter Two explores the political ferment in Chinese American communities during and immediately after World War Two. Chinese politics remained a major obsession, and the Chinese civil war split the community. But after the 1943 repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which gave Chinese immigrants the ability to become naturalized citizens, American politics began to attract the attention of more of the Chinese American population. An influx of thousands of China-born wives under the provisions of 1946 “war bride” legislation compounded this effect: war veterans of Chinese ancestry pleaded with Congress to allow continued family immigration and an end to immigration officials’ harassment of their wives. By 1947 and 1948, the growing importance of American domestic politics, and the increasingly poor reputation of the Nationalists, signaled the declining power of conservative leaders and organizations in Chinese American communities.
David F. Schmitz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780813180441
- eISBN:
- 9780813180472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The success of the D-Day landing on June 6, 1944 began the last stage of World War II that culminated in victory in Europe in May 1945 and Asia in August 1945. While Roosevelt did not live to see the ...
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The success of the D-Day landing on June 6, 1944 began the last stage of World War II that culminated in victory in Europe in May 1945 and Asia in August 1945. While Roosevelt did not live to see the final victories, his actions in 1944 and early 1945 shaped much of the postwar period. The month after the landings at Normandy beach, forty-four nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire where they established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In August, delegates from around the world gathered at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington to begin the establishment of the United Nations. In February, 1945, the Big Three met again at Yalta to plan for the end of the war, occupation of Germany, and postwar peace.Less
The success of the D-Day landing on June 6, 1944 began the last stage of World War II that culminated in victory in Europe in May 1945 and Asia in August 1945. While Roosevelt did not live to see the final victories, his actions in 1944 and early 1945 shaped much of the postwar period. The month after the landings at Normandy beach, forty-four nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire where they established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In August, delegates from around the world gathered at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington to begin the establishment of the United Nations. In February, 1945, the Big Three met again at Yalta to plan for the end of the war, occupation of Germany, and postwar peace.
David F. Schmitz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780813180441
- eISBN:
- 9780813180472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The crisis of the 1930s made changes in American foreign policy a necessity, and events demonstrated that Franklin Roosevelt made the correct decisions on the major issues to protect American ...
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The crisis of the 1930s made changes in American foreign policy a necessity, and events demonstrated that Franklin Roosevelt made the correct decisions on the major issues to protect American interests and meet the challenges. For FDR, World War II was the second chance for the United States to create a lasting peace, one based on the Grand Alliance, collective security, and the United Nations. Beyond just the defeat of Germany and Japan, it was an opportunity to build a world order that would produce peace and prosperity through a cooperative, multilateral international system. This was Roosevelt's great legacy, to envision a different world than the one that proceeded the war and to begin to establish the values and institutions it would be built on. In doing so, he transformed American foreign policy. Roosevelt was the most important and most successful foreign policymaker in the nation's history.Less
The crisis of the 1930s made changes in American foreign policy a necessity, and events demonstrated that Franklin Roosevelt made the correct decisions on the major issues to protect American interests and meet the challenges. For FDR, World War II was the second chance for the United States to create a lasting peace, one based on the Grand Alliance, collective security, and the United Nations. Beyond just the defeat of Germany and Japan, it was an opportunity to build a world order that would produce peace and prosperity through a cooperative, multilateral international system. This was Roosevelt's great legacy, to envision a different world than the one that proceeded the war and to begin to establish the values and institutions it would be built on. In doing so, he transformed American foreign policy. Roosevelt was the most important and most successful foreign policymaker in the nation's history.
Anja Jauernig
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780199695386
- eISBN:
- 9780191761140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199695386.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The plan for the book is sketched, and a classification scheme for extant interpretations of Kant’s transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves is provided. The ...
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The plan for the book is sketched, and a classification scheme for extant interpretations of Kant’s transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves is provided. The interpretation of Kant’s critical idealism that will be developed in the book, which is a version of the so-called classic two-world view, is presented in outline, and a brief overview of the history of the classic two-world view is given.Less
The plan for the book is sketched, and a classification scheme for extant interpretations of Kant’s transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves is provided. The interpretation of Kant’s critical idealism that will be developed in the book, which is a version of the so-called classic two-world view, is presented in outline, and a brief overview of the history of the classic two-world view is given.
