Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular ...
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Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.Less
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Macromolecular crystal structure analyses can be severely hampered by cases of twinning or of multiple crystals. However, increasingly, twinning can readily be recognized, notably when the X‐ray ...
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Macromolecular crystal structure analyses can be severely hampered by cases of twinning or of multiple crystals. However, increasingly, twinning can readily be recognized, notably when the X‐ray diffraction data are analyzed using intensity statistics. Remediation of such cases is possible via alteration of crystal‐growth conditions including use, mainly, of chemical additives. The case of multiple crystal growths likewise can hamper crystal‐structure analysis and although not necessarily associated with twinning is a crystal‐growth situation where similar remediation methods can be adopted, or portions of crystals ‘cut out’ or selected through use of X‐ray ‘microbeams’. There is also a nice body of case studies now in the crystallographic literature and several of these are highlighted in this chapter. Practical details of use of MAD, SAD or molecular replacement with different degrees of crystal twinning, as well as software to diagnose such cases, are described.Less
Macromolecular crystal structure analyses can be severely hampered by cases of twinning or of multiple crystals. However, increasingly, twinning can readily be recognized, notably when the X‐ray diffraction data are analyzed using intensity statistics. Remediation of such cases is possible via alteration of crystal‐growth conditions including use, mainly, of chemical additives. The case of multiple crystal growths likewise can hamper crystal‐structure analysis and although not necessarily associated with twinning is a crystal‐growth situation where similar remediation methods can be adopted, or portions of crystals ‘cut out’ or selected through use of X‐ray ‘microbeams’. There is also a nice body of case studies now in the crystallographic literature and several of these are highlighted in this chapter. Practical details of use of MAD, SAD or molecular replacement with different degrees of crystal twinning, as well as software to diagnose such cases, are described.
Peter Müller, Regine Herbst-Irmer, Anthony L. Spek, Thomas R. Schneider, and Michael R. Sawaya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570769
- eISBN:
- 9780191718809
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first ...
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This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.Less
This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.
Anthony Brueckner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199585861
- eISBN:
- 9780191595332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585861.003.0024
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter raises some new points that seem to strengthen the McKinsey Problem. These are eventually defused.
This chapter raises some new points that seem to strengthen the McKinsey Problem. These are eventually defused.
Simon Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219469
- eISBN:
- 9780191722516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219469.003.0018
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter presents a simple model for twinning, the occurrence of more than one orientation of a structure with a rational relationship in a crystal. Characterization of a two-component twin ...
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This chapter presents a simple model for twinning, the occurrence of more than one orientation of a structure with a rational relationship in a crystal. Characterization of a two-component twin requires a twin law and a twin fraction; common examples of twin laws are discussed, together with possible extension to multiple twins. Twinning affects diffraction patterns in various ways, with full or partial overlap of some or all reflections from the twin components. Different types of twinning include inversion, merohedral, pseudo-merohedral (overlap of all reflections), and non-merohedral (some overlap). Methods of handling twins in practice are described, including how to derive the twin law, some common signs of twinning, and detailed applications in a number of examples.Less
This chapter presents a simple model for twinning, the occurrence of more than one orientation of a structure with a rational relationship in a crystal. Characterization of a two-component twin requires a twin law and a twin fraction; common examples of twin laws are discussed, together with possible extension to multiple twins. Twinning affects diffraction patterns in various ways, with full or partial overlap of some or all reflections from the twin components. Different types of twinning include inversion, merohedral, pseudo-merohedral (overlap of all reflections), and non-merohedral (some overlap). Methods of handling twins in practice are described, including how to derive the twin law, some common signs of twinning, and detailed applications in a number of examples.
Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195308532
- eISBN:
- 9780199785728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308532.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Since 1989, four competing models of church‐state relations have been advocated by the dominant Orthodox Church, the religious minority groups, the humanistic civil society, and the Romanian ...
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Since 1989, four competing models of church‐state relations have been advocated by the dominant Orthodox Church, the religious minority groups, the humanistic civil society, and the Romanian authorities. This chapter presents church‐state relations in pre‐communist, communist and post‐communist times as reflected in the 1831, 1923, 1948 and 1991 constitutions and contrasts the post‐communist model to Alfred Stepan's democratic requirement of twin tolerations between church and state.Less
Since 1989, four competing models of church‐state relations have been advocated by the dominant Orthodox Church, the religious minority groups, the humanistic civil society, and the Romanian authorities. This chapter presents church‐state relations in pre‐communist, communist and post‐communist times as reflected in the 1831, 1923, 1948 and 1991 constitutions and contrasts the post‐communist model to Alfred Stepan's democratic requirement of twin tolerations between church and state.
Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570769
- eISBN:
- 9780191718809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570769.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
According to Carmelo Giacovazzo crystallographic ‘twins are regular aggregates consisting of individual crystals of the same species joined together in some definite mutual orientation’. Georges ...
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According to Carmelo Giacovazzo crystallographic ‘twins are regular aggregates consisting of individual crystals of the same species joined together in some definite mutual orientation’. Georges Friedel distinguished between merohedral twinning (a special case which is racemic twinning) pseudo-merohedral twinning, reticular merohedral twinning, and non-merohedral twinning. This chapter defines all four types of crystallographic twinning. It describes how twin laws can be derived, how twinning can be taken into consideration during data reduction, absorption correction, scaling, and merging of the data; and how HKLF5 format files can be generated. Several programs are described in addition to SHELXL, and the typical warning signs for twinning are listed and twinning tests are explained. Six detailed examples are used to demonstrate how twin refinement is performed in SHELXL.Less
According to Carmelo Giacovazzo crystallographic ‘twins are regular aggregates consisting of individual crystals of the same species joined together in some definite mutual orientation’. Georges Friedel distinguished between merohedral twinning (a special case which is racemic twinning) pseudo-merohedral twinning, reticular merohedral twinning, and non-merohedral twinning. This chapter defines all four types of crystallographic twinning. It describes how twin laws can be derived, how twinning can be taken into consideration during data reduction, absorption correction, scaling, and merging of the data; and how HKLF5 format files can be generated. Several programs are described in addition to SHELXL, and the typical warning signs for twinning are listed and twinning tests are explained. Six detailed examples are used to demonstrate how twin refinement is performed in SHELXL.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Begins by giving an outline of the idea of trusteeship as presented by P. H. Kerr, and then as viewed against a background of the opposite idea—that of liberty, as considered by J. S. Mill. It states ...
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Begins by giving an outline of the idea of trusteeship as presented by P. H. Kerr, and then as viewed against a background of the opposite idea—that of liberty, as considered by J. S. Mill. It states the purpose of the book is to interrogate the character of trusteeship as an idea of international society, to investigate the assumptions, claims, and justifications that render it intelligible as a recognized and settled mode of human conduct in international life. It contends that the character of trusteeship is discernible in full relief at the intersection of two dispositions of human conduct: the good of assisting persons in need, and the good of respecting human autonomy. The first part of the chapter is a general discussion of the idea of trusteeship in contemporary international society, and it ends by commenting that, since the 11 September attacks, there is very little about the Bush administration's claims that would be out of place in the age of empire—an age in which trusteeship was the most obvious outward manifestation of a similarly righteous mission to propagate the virtue of civilization and to eradicate its enemies. The remaining three sections of the chapter discuss the idiom of Oakeshottian conversation in which the book is written, the international society/English School theoretical tradition in which the book is situated, and the character of trusteeship, which is intelligible in a particular relation of virtue, inequality, and tutelage.Less
Begins by giving an outline of the idea of trusteeship as presented by P. H. Kerr, and then as viewed against a background of the opposite idea—that of liberty, as considered by J. S. Mill. It states the purpose of the book is to interrogate the character of trusteeship as an idea of international society, to investigate the assumptions, claims, and justifications that render it intelligible as a recognized and settled mode of human conduct in international life. It contends that the character of trusteeship is discernible in full relief at the intersection of two dispositions of human conduct: the good of assisting persons in need, and the good of respecting human autonomy. The first part of the chapter is a general discussion of the idea of trusteeship in contemporary international society, and it ends by commenting that, since the 11 September attacks, there is very little about the Bush administration's claims that would be out of place in the age of empire—an age in which trusteeship was the most obvious outward manifestation of a similarly righteous mission to propagate the virtue of civilization and to eradicate its enemies. The remaining three sections of the chapter discuss the idiom of Oakeshottian conversation in which the book is written, the international society/English School theoretical tradition in which the book is situated, and the character of trusteeship, which is intelligible in a particular relation of virtue, inequality, and tutelage.
Giovanni Ferraris, Emil Makovicky, and Stefano Merlino
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199545698
- eISBN:
- 9780191712111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545698.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The chapter develops the reticular theory of twinning and some related worked examples. Twinning leads to oriented associations of crystals whose main types are: twin by merohedry, where the twin ...
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The chapter develops the reticular theory of twinning and some related worked examples. Twinning leads to oriented associations of crystals whose main types are: twin by merohedry, where the twin operation belongs to the point group of the lattice but not to the point group of the crystal; and twin by reticular merohedry, where the twin operation belongs to the point group of a sublattice but not to that of the crystal. If the twin operation is only approximate, the terms pseudomerohedry and reticular pseudomerohedry are used. The twin operation leads to (quasi)overlapping of diffractions belonging to different individuals composing a twin. The consequences of these overlapped diffractions on a diffraction pattern and the way (e.g., non-space group absences) for recognizing twinning and recovering the intensities diffracted by one individual (detwinning) are discussed. As examples, twinning in kristiansenite, gjerdingenite-Fe, and hydroxylclinohumite are discussed.Less
The chapter develops the reticular theory of twinning and some related worked examples. Twinning leads to oriented associations of crystals whose main types are: twin by merohedry, where the twin operation belongs to the point group of the lattice but not to the point group of the crystal; and twin by reticular merohedry, where the twin operation belongs to the point group of a sublattice but not to that of the crystal. If the twin operation is only approximate, the terms pseudomerohedry and reticular pseudomerohedry are used. The twin operation leads to (quasi)overlapping of diffractions belonging to different individuals composing a twin. The consequences of these overlapped diffractions on a diffraction pattern and the way (e.g., non-space group absences) for recognizing twinning and recovering the intensities diffracted by one individual (detwinning) are discussed. As examples, twinning in kristiansenite, gjerdingenite-Fe, and hydroxylclinohumite are discussed.
John C. Avise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369670
- eISBN:
- 9780199871063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369670.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Polyembryony or “twinning” is an intra-generational rather than an inter-generational form of clonality. It happens when a fertilized egg divides mitotically and splits before initiating the ...
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Polyembryony or “twinning” is an intra-generational rather than an inter-generational form of clonality. It happens when a fertilized egg divides mitotically and splits before initiating the development of two or more clonemate embryos within a brood. Polyembryony occurs sporadically in many species, including humans, but it occurs constitutively in only one vertebrate taxon: Dasypus armadillos. Polyembryony would seem at face value to be an ill-advised reproductive tactic that might be likened to the purchase of multiple lottery tickets with the same number. But several invertebrate species, including parasitic wasps, also engage in polyembryony. Surprisingly, peculiar aspects of the life cycle are shared by armadillos and parasitic wasps, and these give clues as to how polyembryony might be of adaptive significance as an opportunistic tactic in particular kinds of ecological settings.Less
Polyembryony or “twinning” is an intra-generational rather than an inter-generational form of clonality. It happens when a fertilized egg divides mitotically and splits before initiating the development of two or more clonemate embryos within a brood. Polyembryony occurs sporadically in many species, including humans, but it occurs constitutively in only one vertebrate taxon: Dasypus armadillos. Polyembryony would seem at face value to be an ill-advised reproductive tactic that might be likened to the purchase of multiple lottery tickets with the same number. But several invertebrate species, including parasitic wasps, also engage in polyembryony. Surprisingly, peculiar aspects of the life cycle are shared by armadillos and parasitic wasps, and these give clues as to how polyembryony might be of adaptive significance as an opportunistic tactic in particular kinds of ecological settings.
Thomas F. Farr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179958.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines how a more realistic and historically accurate understanding of religion and democracy can increase the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy in influencing the natural desire of ...
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This chapter examines how a more realistic and historically accurate understanding of religion and democracy can increase the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy in influencing the natural desire of peoples for freedom. It begins with a discussion of the nature of democracy and what makes it stable and lasting. It asks how and why U.S. diplomacy has ignored the connections between religion and democracy, and how the deficit might be remedied. It surveys America's understanding of religion at the founding and beyond. It describes concepts vital to a refurbishing of American diplomacy in an age of faith: religious pluralism and the free market, the “twin tolerations,” and social and spiritual capital. It analyzes the history of Protestant and Catholic experiences with liberal governance and provides insights into the larger question of how religious societies might accommodate themselves to democracy.Less
This chapter examines how a more realistic and historically accurate understanding of religion and democracy can increase the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy in influencing the natural desire of peoples for freedom. It begins with a discussion of the nature of democracy and what makes it stable and lasting. It asks how and why U.S. diplomacy has ignored the connections between religion and democracy, and how the deficit might be remedied. It surveys America's understanding of religion at the founding and beyond. It describes concepts vital to a refurbishing of American diplomacy in an age of faith: religious pluralism and the free market, the “twin tolerations,” and social and spiritual capital. It analyzes the history of Protestant and Catholic experiences with liberal governance and provides insights into the larger question of how religious societies might accommodate themselves to democracy.
Ron Rodman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340242
- eISBN:
- 9780199863778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340242.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
Although in its early years television relied heavily on the broadcasting practices of radio and film, by the 1980s and 1990s television had come into its own and developed a language that was ...
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Although in its early years television relied heavily on the broadcasting practices of radio and film, by the 1980s and 1990s television had come into its own and developed a language that was uniquely televisual. This chapter traces these developments through analysis of several programs according to theories of the avant‐garde theater of Michel Chion (1994). Programs from this period, such as Northern Exposure, The X‐Files, Twin Peaks, Seinfeld, and Frasier, are analyzed through Chion's principles and compared to definitions of postmodernism.Less
Although in its early years television relied heavily on the broadcasting practices of radio and film, by the 1980s and 1990s television had come into its own and developed a language that was uniquely televisual. This chapter traces these developments through analysis of several programs according to theories of the avant‐garde theater of Michel Chion (1994). Programs from this period, such as Northern Exposure, The X‐Files, Twin Peaks, Seinfeld, and Frasier, are analyzed through Chion's principles and compared to definitions of postmodernism.
Lowell Edmunds
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165127
- eISBN:
- 9781400874224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
This chapter examines the divine twins, the “Dioscuri,” to which Helen is variously related in the mythology. After reviewing the evidence for the theft of Helen and her rescue by the Dioscuri, the ...
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This chapter examines the divine twins, the “Dioscuri,” to which Helen is variously related in the mythology. After reviewing the evidence for the theft of Helen and her rescue by the Dioscuri, the chapter studies the Indo-European background of the trio, and attempts to reconstruct an Indo-European prototype story. Turning back to the Greeks, the chapter asks if the evidence for the three characters suggests some more primordial trio lying behind the rescue story. However, the chapter abandons the search for Indo-European or primordial prototypes of the story for want of sufficient evidence, though it argues that, nevertheless, one does not have to deny every kind of Indo-European explanation.Less
This chapter examines the divine twins, the “Dioscuri,” to which Helen is variously related in the mythology. After reviewing the evidence for the theft of Helen and her rescue by the Dioscuri, the chapter studies the Indo-European background of the trio, and attempts to reconstruct an Indo-European prototype story. Turning back to the Greeks, the chapter asks if the evidence for the three characters suggests some more primordial trio lying behind the rescue story. However, the chapter abandons the search for Indo-European or primordial prototypes of the story for want of sufficient evidence, though it argues that, nevertheless, one does not have to deny every kind of Indo-European explanation.
Claire Nightingale and Jonathan Sandy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198714828
- eISBN:
- 9780191916793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198714828.003.0022
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Dentistry
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Chapter 7 is devoted to two twin parables and argues that they convey the same message by means of two distinct images. The use of universal human concepts allows us to identify this message and to ...
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Chapter 7 is devoted to two twin parables and argues that they convey the same message by means of two distinct images. The use of universal human concepts allows us to identify this message and to articulate it as follows:there is one thing that is good for all peoplea person can live with Godif a person lives with God this is always good for this personnothing else is like thismany people don’t know thisThe chapter discusses the metaphors of “hiddenness,” “smallness,” “treasure,” “price,” “cost,” and “profit” and clarifies their meaning in the concepts of the two parables.Less
Chapter 7 is devoted to two twin parables and argues that they convey the same message by means of two distinct images. The use of universal human concepts allows us to identify this message and to articulate it as follows:
there is one thing that is good for all people
a person can live with God
if a person lives with God this is always good for this person
nothing else is like this
many people don’t know this
The chapter discusses the metaphors of “hiddenness,” “smallness,” “treasure,” “price,” “cost,” and “profit” and clarifies their meaning in the concepts of the two parables.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter, too, is devoted to two twin parables with an identical message, and it argues that the image of a God, searching tirelessly for every lost “sheep” or “coin” (that is, every individual, ...
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This chapter, too, is devoted to two twin parables with an identical message, and it argues that the image of a God, searching tirelessly for every lost “sheep” or “coin” (that is, every individual, every lost human being), suggests a hope of universal salvation and is incompatible with the traditional notion of an eternal “hell.” The explication of the two parables’ message includes components like the following ones:God wants to do good things for all peopleGod wants all people to live with Godwhen a person doesn’t want to live with GodGod feels something bad because of thisGod does many things because of thisif afterwards this person wants to live with GodGod feels something very good because of thisLess
This chapter, too, is devoted to two twin parables with an identical message, and it argues that the image of a God, searching tirelessly for every lost “sheep” or “coin” (that is, every individual, every lost human being), suggests a hope of universal salvation and is incompatible with the traditional notion of an eternal “hell.” The explication of the two parables’ message includes components like the following ones:
God wants to do good things for all people
God wants all people to live with God
when a person doesn’t want to live with God
God feels something bad because of this
God does many things because of this
if afterwards this person wants to live with God
God feels something very good because of this
Neil Feit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195341362
- eISBN:
- 9780199866922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341362.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter considers Twin Earth cases of the sort introduced by Hilary Putnam. The goal is to present a collection of answers to various metaphysical and semantic questions raised by these cases. ...
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This chapter considers Twin Earth cases of the sort introduced by Hilary Putnam. The goal is to present a collection of answers to various metaphysical and semantic questions raised by these cases. The chapter defends a property-theoretic version of internalism about the mind, which is defended in part by a critical examination of the standard arguments that draw externalist conclusions from Twin Earth examples. The first section reviews Putnam's classic example and distinguishes psychological from semantic externalism. The second section discusses the general Twin Earth argument against psychological internalism. The third and fourth sections contain a two-stage internalist response to Twin Earth arguments for externalism. The fifth and final section presents and defends some concluding remarks about self-ascription and belief about natural kinds.Less
This chapter considers Twin Earth cases of the sort introduced by Hilary Putnam. The goal is to present a collection of answers to various metaphysical and semantic questions raised by these cases. The chapter defends a property-theoretic version of internalism about the mind, which is defended in part by a critical examination of the standard arguments that draw externalist conclusions from Twin Earth examples. The first section reviews Putnam's classic example and distinguishes psychological from semantic externalism. The second section discusses the general Twin Earth argument against psychological internalism. The third and fourth sections contain a two-stage internalist response to Twin Earth arguments for externalism. The fifth and final section presents and defends some concluding remarks about self-ascription and belief about natural kinds.
Nick Huggett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379518
- eISBN:
- 9780199776559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379518.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers ...
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These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers with no prior background, and illuminates the conceptual foundations well. Chapter 14 first shows how Einstein used the extraordinary physical fact that light has the same speed relative to any standard of rest, to conclude that whether two things happen simultaneously is relative: there is no answer to the question whether they are separated in time or only space, they are just in ‘spacetime’. Relativity of simultaneity is represented geometrically, and it is simply shown that moving objects shrink and moving clocks slow down. Chapter 15 addresses the twins ‘paradox’, and the implications of relativity for time, especially whether it abolishes the ‘present’; Gödel's spacetime, in which there are paths leading back in time is explained.Less
These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers with no prior background, and illuminates the conceptual foundations well. Chapter 14 first shows how Einstein used the extraordinary physical fact that light has the same speed relative to any standard of rest, to conclude that whether two things happen simultaneously is relative: there is no answer to the question whether they are separated in time or only space, they are just in ‘spacetime’. Relativity of simultaneity is represented geometrically, and it is simply shown that moving objects shrink and moving clocks slow down. Chapter 15 addresses the twins ‘paradox’, and the implications of relativity for time, especially whether it abolishes the ‘present’; Gödel's spacetime, in which there are paths leading back in time is explained.
Nick Huggett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379518
- eISBN:
- 9780199776559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379518.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers ...
More
These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers with no prior background, and illuminates the conceptual foundations well. Chapter 14 first shows how Einstein used the extraordinary physical fact that light has the same speed relative to any standard of rest, to conclude that whether two things happen simultaneously is relative: there is no answer to the question whether they are separated in time or only space, they are just in ‘spacetime’. Relativity of simultaneity is represented geometrically, and it is simply shown that moving objects shrink and moving clocks slow down. Chapter 15 addresses the twins ‘paradox’, and the implications of relativity for time, especially whether it abolishes the ‘present’; Gödel's spacetime, in which there are paths leading back in time is explained.Less
These chapters explain Einstein's theory of relativity accurately but without mathematics, using a simple geometric operation: drawing the reflection of a line. This approach is accessible to readers with no prior background, and illuminates the conceptual foundations well. Chapter 14 first shows how Einstein used the extraordinary physical fact that light has the same speed relative to any standard of rest, to conclude that whether two things happen simultaneously is relative: there is no answer to the question whether they are separated in time or only space, they are just in ‘spacetime’. Relativity of simultaneity is represented geometrically, and it is simply shown that moving objects shrink and moving clocks slow down. Chapter 15 addresses the twins ‘paradox’, and the implications of relativity for time, especially whether it abolishes the ‘present’; Gödel's spacetime, in which there are paths leading back in time is explained.
Joseph Mendola
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534999
- eISBN:
- 9780191715969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534999.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The dominant roots of externalism are the Twin Earth and Elm-Beech cases of Hilary Putnam, the Arthritis case of Tyler Burge, and the Feynman-Gell-Mann, Gödel-Schmidt, and Aristotle cases of Saul ...
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The dominant roots of externalism are the Twin Earth and Elm-Beech cases of Hilary Putnam, the Arthritis case of Tyler Burge, and the Feynman-Gell-Mann, Gödel-Schmidt, and Aristotle cases of Saul Kripke. This chapter sketches a general internalist response to these cases, deploying a certain sort of rigidification of description clusters. It isolates the three central intuitive difficulties of such a view: the belief-ascription objection, the multiple-contents objection, and the subject-matter objection.Less
The dominant roots of externalism are the Twin Earth and Elm-Beech cases of Hilary Putnam, the Arthritis case of Tyler Burge, and the Feynman-Gell-Mann, Gödel-Schmidt, and Aristotle cases of Saul Kripke. This chapter sketches a general internalist response to these cases, deploying a certain sort of rigidification of description clusters. It isolates the three central intuitive difficulties of such a view: the belief-ascription objection, the multiple-contents objection, and the subject-matter objection.
