Alexandra Barahona de Brito
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280385
- eISBN:
- 9780191598852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280386.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Introduction is given to the subject (and structure) of the book: the analysis of Uruguayan and Chilean attempts to resolve the human rights’ violation conflicts inherited from military-state ...
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Introduction is given to the subject (and structure) of the book: the analysis of Uruguayan and Chilean attempts to resolve the human rights’ violation conflicts inherited from military-state repression, focusing on how the post-transitional democratic governments handled social demands for an official recognition of the truth about human rights’ violations committed by the outgoing military regimes, and for the punishment of those guilty of committing and ordering those violations. The aim of the book is to shed light on the political conditions that permitted, or inhibited, the realization of policies of truth-telling and justice under these successor regimes. The objective is not to moralize politics or to politicize ethics, but rather to examine how far truth and justice can be realized in restricted political conditions. Four arguments are put forward: the first is that a policy that provides for ‘total truth’ and justice is impossible; the second is that the nature of success or failure of truth and justice policies is determined by the particular national political conditions and the institutional, constitutional and political limitations operating during the transitional period and under the successor democratic regimes; the third is that accountability for past abuses or backward-looking policies that deal with the legacy of a previous regime is not, of itself, necessary or able to consolidate democracy, although it may go a long way towards initiating that process; and the fourth is that reliance on a purely instrumental logic would be insufficient justification for policies of accountability. The book is organized chronologically, and is arranged in four parts: Problems of Transitional Truth and Justice in Comparative Perspective, and Human Rights’ Violations under Military Rule in Uruguay and Chile; Truth and Justice in Transition; Truth and Justice under Successor Democratic Regimes; and Assessing Truth and Justice in Uruguay and Chile: The Road to Democratic Consolidation. The bulk of the research is based on numerous interviews carried out in Uruguay and Chile between April and September 1991. In addition, the major newspapers in each country were systematically surveyed (for Uruguay 1983-87, plus selected press articles for 1980-83 and 1987-89; for Chile 1988-96), relevant debates in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in both countries were reviewed, and major political and legal periodicals from both countries and from the USA were surveyed on relevant issues.Less
Introduction is given to the subject (and structure) of the book: the analysis of Uruguayan and Chilean attempts to resolve the human rights’ violation conflicts inherited from military-state repression, focusing on how the post-transitional democratic governments handled social demands for an official recognition of the truth about human rights’ violations committed by the outgoing military regimes, and for the punishment of those guilty of committing and ordering those violations. The aim of the book is to shed light on the political conditions that permitted, or inhibited, the realization of policies of truth-telling and justice under these successor regimes. The objective is not to moralize politics or to politicize ethics, but rather to examine how far truth and justice can be realized in restricted political conditions. Four arguments are put forward: the first is that a policy that provides for ‘total truth’ and justice is impossible; the second is that the nature of success or failure of truth and justice policies is determined by the particular national political conditions and the institutional, constitutional and political limitations operating during the transitional period and under the successor democratic regimes; the third is that accountability for past abuses or backward-looking policies that deal with the legacy of a previous regime is not, of itself, necessary or able to consolidate democracy, although it may go a long way towards initiating that process; and the fourth is that reliance on a purely instrumental logic would be insufficient justification for policies of accountability. The book is organized chronologically, and is arranged in four parts: Problems of Transitional Truth and Justice in Comparative Perspective, and Human Rights’ Violations under Military Rule in Uruguay and Chile; Truth and Justice in Transition; Truth and Justice under Successor Democratic Regimes; and Assessing Truth and Justice in Uruguay and Chile: The Road to Democratic Consolidation. The bulk of the research is based on numerous interviews carried out in Uruguay and Chile between April and September 1991. In addition, the major newspapers in each country were systematically surveyed (for Uruguay 1983-87, plus selected press articles for 1980-83 and 1987-89; for Chile 1988-96), relevant debates in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in both countries were reviewed, and major political and legal periodicals from both countries and from the USA were surveyed on relevant issues.
Alexandra Barahona de Brito
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280385
- eISBN:
- 9780191598852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280386.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In this second chapter of Part III of the book (Truth and Justice under Successor Democratic Regimes), an examination is made of how the issues of truth and justice were dealt with under democratic ...
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In this second chapter of Part III of the book (Truth and Justice under Successor Democratic Regimes), an examination is made of how the issues of truth and justice were dealt with under democratic rule from 1990 to 1996 in Chile (the governments of Aylwin 1990–93 and of Frei 1993–96). The different sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Truth Telling in Chile: The Jewel in the Concertaciin’s Human Rights Crown; Releasing the Political Prisoners: Hostages to the Conflict over Justice; Reparations and Symbolic Justice by Individual Prosecution; The Frei Administration and the Continuing Struggle for Justice, 1993–96; and Conclusion.Less
In this second chapter of Part III of the book (Truth and Justice under Successor Democratic Regimes), an examination is made of how the issues of truth and justice were dealt with under democratic rule from 1990 to 1996 in Chile (the governments of Aylwin 1990–93 and of Frei 1993–96). The different sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Truth Telling in Chile: The Jewel in the Concertaciin’s Human Rights Crown; Releasing the Political Prisoners: Hostages to the Conflict over Justice; Reparations and Symbolic Justice by Individual Prosecution; The Frei Administration and the Continuing Struggle for Justice, 1993–96; and Conclusion.
Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen ...
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The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen countries in Central and South America, Central, Eastern and South Europe and South Africa are analysed in detail. The main variables affecting the implementation of truth and justice policies (purges, truth commissions and trials, among other policies) are: the balance between old and new regime forces; the availability of institutional, human and financial resources, the nature of the ideological preferences and commitments of the elites in question; the mobilization of social groups pressing in favour of these policies; and the importance of human rights in the international arena. The duration and degree of institutionalization of dictatorship is also important. A prolonged dictatorship makes it harder for a new democracy to implement truth and justice policies, particularly when repression occurred in the distant past and if repression gained social complicity. The magnitude and methods of repression used against opposition forces in the dictatorship also shape transitional truth and justice: torture, assassination, and disappearances and clandestine repression in general (as in Central and South America, South Africa) require a different response to official institutionalized ‘softer’ repression (as in Portugal, Spain and Eastern Europe). The findings indicate that, with hindsight, there appears to be no direct relation between the implementation of policies of backward-looking truth and justice and the quality of new democracies. Democracy is just as strong and deep in Spain, Hungary and Uruguay, where there was no punishment or truth telling, as it is in Portugal, the Czech Republic or Argentina, which experienced purges and trials. However, such policies are justified not merely on instrumental grounds, but also for ethical reasons, and they symbolize a break with a violent, undemocratic past.Less
The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen countries in Central and South America, Central, Eastern and South Europe and South Africa are analysed in detail. The main variables affecting the implementation of truth and justice policies (purges, truth commissions and trials, among other policies) are: the balance between old and new regime forces; the availability of institutional, human and financial resources, the nature of the ideological preferences and commitments of the elites in question; the mobilization of social groups pressing in favour of these policies; and the importance of human rights in the international arena. The duration and degree of institutionalization of dictatorship is also important. A prolonged dictatorship makes it harder for a new democracy to implement truth and justice policies, particularly when repression occurred in the distant past and if repression gained social complicity. The magnitude and methods of repression used against opposition forces in the dictatorship also shape transitional truth and justice: torture, assassination, and disappearances and clandestine repression in general (as in Central and South America, South Africa) require a different response to official institutionalized ‘softer’ repression (as in Portugal, Spain and Eastern Europe). The findings indicate that, with hindsight, there appears to be no direct relation between the implementation of policies of backward-looking truth and justice and the quality of new democracies. Democracy is just as strong and deep in Spain, Hungary and Uruguay, where there was no punishment or truth telling, as it is in Portugal, the Czech Republic or Argentina, which experienced purges and trials. However, such policies are justified not merely on instrumental grounds, but also for ethical reasons, and they symbolize a break with a violent, undemocratic past.
Nanci Adler
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist ...
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This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia’s subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia’s experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.Less
This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia’s subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia’s experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.
R. S. Downie and K. C. Calman
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192624086
- eISBN:
- 9780191723728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624086.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The consultation is central to health care. There are various moral values built into the structure of the consultation such as truth-telling, confidentiality, and humane communication. The ...
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The consultation is central to health care. There are various moral values built into the structure of the consultation such as truth-telling, confidentiality, and humane communication. The professional must also learn to manage uncertainty and to decide how to reassure patients in the face of uncertainty. Examples are provided.Less
The consultation is central to health care. There are various moral values built into the structure of the consultation such as truth-telling, confidentiality, and humane communication. The professional must also learn to manage uncertainty and to decide how to reassure patients in the face of uncertainty. Examples are provided.
Samuel Fleischacker
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199217366
- eISBN:
- 9780191728495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217366.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The kind of truth that sacred texts can properly claim is introduced. One kind of plain truth in the cognitive state of nature will not be captured well in scientific theories: plain truths about how ...
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The kind of truth that sacred texts can properly claim is introduced. One kind of plain truth in the cognitive state of nature will not be captured well in scientific theories: plain truths about how to live our lives that are obscure to the listener until he or she starts to carry them out. Even in the state of nature, a wise person might guide someone less wise with a piece of advice that the listener will properly understand—and recognize as reasonable—only after she follows it. Such a person provides a model for a religious authority, who should be distinguished from a scientific expert. And the advice of such a person provides a model for the sort of truth-telling in which sacred texts engage: and suggests that the proper meaning of such texts is always somewhat obscure, and must be constantly re-interpreted as one attempts to live out their prescriptions. These points will be of importance to the account of revelation in Part IV.Less
The kind of truth that sacred texts can properly claim is introduced. One kind of plain truth in the cognitive state of nature will not be captured well in scientific theories: plain truths about how to live our lives that are obscure to the listener until he or she starts to carry them out. Even in the state of nature, a wise person might guide someone less wise with a piece of advice that the listener will properly understand—and recognize as reasonable—only after she follows it. Such a person provides a model for a religious authority, who should be distinguished from a scientific expert. And the advice of such a person provides a model for the sort of truth-telling in which sacred texts engage: and suggests that the proper meaning of such texts is always somewhat obscure, and must be constantly re-interpreted as one attempts to live out their prescriptions. These points will be of importance to the account of revelation in Part IV.
Martin Jay
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823229192
- eISBN:
- 9780823235063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823229192.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
How is it possible to conceive the future of the visual beyond the global “world picture” and its dominating gaze? This chapter answers this question by examining the genealogy of scopic that begins ...
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How is it possible to conceive the future of the visual beyond the global “world picture” and its dominating gaze? This chapter answers this question by examining the genealogy of scopic that begins with the shift from the premodern ascetic regimes of truth to the practices of modern science, based on visual evidence. It focuses on the relationship between truth and the visual in the work of Michel Foucault, who is usually taken to exemplify French criticisms of the “ocularcentric” bias of Western thought. Consequently, the chapter considers the possibility of alternative visual practices that would oppose the power of the eye to dominate what it viewed and thereby dislodge the notion of truth as evidence or representation, embodying instead the risk of “truth-telling”.Less
How is it possible to conceive the future of the visual beyond the global “world picture” and its dominating gaze? This chapter answers this question by examining the genealogy of scopic that begins with the shift from the premodern ascetic regimes of truth to the practices of modern science, based on visual evidence. It focuses on the relationship between truth and the visual in the work of Michel Foucault, who is usually taken to exemplify French criticisms of the “ocularcentric” bias of Western thought. Consequently, the chapter considers the possibility of alternative visual practices that would oppose the power of the eye to dominate what it viewed and thereby dislodge the notion of truth as evidence or representation, embodying instead the risk of “truth-telling”.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
Cicely Saunders is universally acclaimed as a pioneer of modern hospice care. Trained initially in nursing and social work, she qualified in medicine in 1958 and subsequently dedicated the whole of ...
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Cicely Saunders is universally acclaimed as a pioneer of modern hospice care. Trained initially in nursing and social work, she qualified in medicine in 1958 and subsequently dedicated the whole of her professional life to improving the care of the dying and bereaved people. Founding St Christopher's Hospice in London in 1967, she encouraged a radical new approach to end of life care combining attention to physical, social, emotional and spiritual problems, captured in her concept of ‘total pain’. Her ideas about clinical care, education and research have been hugely influential, leading to numerous prizes and awards in recognition of her humanitarian achievements. This book includes a selection of Cicely Saunders' most important writings throughout a period of over forty years. Full articles, chapters, editorials, reviews, and commentaries include important clinical themes relating to the care of dying people such as pain and symptom management, issues of communication and truth telling, and the needs of particular patient groups, such as those with cancer and other diseases. The book includes pieces that reflect on the wider development of the palliative care field and on policy and organisational issues. Some of the papers take up the theme of spiritual care at the end of life, as well as the question of euthanasia, raising in turn issues of a wider theological and philosophical nature. The book is a testimony to the personal contribution of Cicely Saunders and the influence she has had upon the modern field of palliative and end of life care.Less
Cicely Saunders is universally acclaimed as a pioneer of modern hospice care. Trained initially in nursing and social work, she qualified in medicine in 1958 and subsequently dedicated the whole of her professional life to improving the care of the dying and bereaved people. Founding St Christopher's Hospice in London in 1967, she encouraged a radical new approach to end of life care combining attention to physical, social, emotional and spiritual problems, captured in her concept of ‘total pain’. Her ideas about clinical care, education and research have been hugely influential, leading to numerous prizes and awards in recognition of her humanitarian achievements. This book includes a selection of Cicely Saunders' most important writings throughout a period of over forty years. Full articles, chapters, editorials, reviews, and commentaries include important clinical themes relating to the care of dying people such as pain and symptom management, issues of communication and truth telling, and the needs of particular patient groups, such as those with cancer and other diseases. The book includes pieces that reflect on the wider development of the palliative care field and on policy and organisational issues. Some of the papers take up the theme of spiritual care at the end of life, as well as the question of euthanasia, raising in turn issues of a wider theological and philosophical nature. The book is a testimony to the personal contribution of Cicely Saunders and the influence she has had upon the modern field of palliative and end of life care.
Judith Renner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719088025
- eISBN:
- 9781781705872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088025.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 4 sets out to demonstrate how the global proliferation of the reconciliation discourse not only manifests itself in the spread of the reconciliation language but also in the simultaneous ...
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Chapter 4 sets out to demonstrate how the global proliferation of the reconciliation discourse not only manifests itself in the spread of the reconciliation language but also in the simultaneous diffusion of a set of reconciliation practices and practitioners in global politics. The chapter argues that from the late 1990s onwards, the truth commission emerged as a standard and increasingly standardized technology of post-conflict peacebuilding and ‘reconciliation through truth-telling’ was increasingly brought to and adopted by countries transiting from war to peace. This development was co-constitutive with the appearance of new agents in global politics, as social actors could emerge as advocates and experts of reconciliation in global politics and carry out political activities in the name of reconciliation. Chapter 4 discusses some of the members of this ‘global reconciliation coalition’ as well as their activities, and shows how the practices and interventions of this expert force were crucial for the further articulation of the reconciliation discourse on the global level and for its proliferation to new local settings.Less
Chapter 4 sets out to demonstrate how the global proliferation of the reconciliation discourse not only manifests itself in the spread of the reconciliation language but also in the simultaneous diffusion of a set of reconciliation practices and practitioners in global politics. The chapter argues that from the late 1990s onwards, the truth commission emerged as a standard and increasingly standardized technology of post-conflict peacebuilding and ‘reconciliation through truth-telling’ was increasingly brought to and adopted by countries transiting from war to peace. This development was co-constitutive with the appearance of new agents in global politics, as social actors could emerge as advocates and experts of reconciliation in global politics and carry out political activities in the name of reconciliation. Chapter 4 discusses some of the members of this ‘global reconciliation coalition’ as well as their activities, and shows how the practices and interventions of this expert force were crucial for the further articulation of the reconciliation discourse on the global level and for its proliferation to new local settings.
karin lofthus carrington and susan griffin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520251021
- eISBN:
- 9780520949454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520251021.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Justice is often confused with revenge. But if these are linked, as when, for instance, the desire for revenge is satisfied by justice, there are also distinct differences between them, significant ...
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Justice is often confused with revenge. But if these are linked, as when, for instance, the desire for revenge is satisfied by justice, there are also distinct differences between them, significant to the healing of both victims and society as a whole. If the desire for revenge is an understandable response to abuse, revenge by itself cannot liberate consciousness from the weight of trauma. In attempting to render a just verdict, any judicial body must hear and weigh evidence, mitigating the possibility of injustice. Truth telling is also important in itself. To reveal the truth is the passionate desire of those who have been victimized and it is critical to the process of healing. Moreover, the rendering of justice preserves collective memory. This chapter includes essays on justice and truth telling, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed on December 10, 1948, by the General Assembly of the United Nations; a poem by Taha Muhammad Ali; transforming terror into tenderness; and rape as a war crime.Less
Justice is often confused with revenge. But if these are linked, as when, for instance, the desire for revenge is satisfied by justice, there are also distinct differences between them, significant to the healing of both victims and society as a whole. If the desire for revenge is an understandable response to abuse, revenge by itself cannot liberate consciousness from the weight of trauma. In attempting to render a just verdict, any judicial body must hear and weigh evidence, mitigating the possibility of injustice. Truth telling is also important in itself. To reveal the truth is the passionate desire of those who have been victimized and it is critical to the process of healing. Moreover, the rendering of justice preserves collective memory. This chapter includes essays on justice and truth telling, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed on December 10, 1948, by the General Assembly of the United Nations; a poem by Taha Muhammad Ali; transforming terror into tenderness; and rape as a war crime.
Gordon Anthony and Paul Mageean
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199204939
- eISBN:
- 9780191695599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204939.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter evaluates the impact that habits of mind in British constitutional law have had on processes of truth telling in Northern Ireland. It suggests that article 2 of the European Court of ...
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This chapter evaluates the impact that habits of mind in British constitutional law have had on processes of truth telling in Northern Ireland. It suggests that article 2 of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) illustrates how core precepts of the British constitution can be of questionable value in the Northern Ireland polity and that the process of truth telling remains ill-defined and incomplete. However, it is not clear whether the habits of mind in British constitutional law will continue to retard the process of transition in Northern Ireland.Less
This chapter evaluates the impact that habits of mind in British constitutional law have had on processes of truth telling in Northern Ireland. It suggests that article 2 of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) illustrates how core precepts of the British constitution can be of questionable value in the Northern Ireland polity and that the process of truth telling remains ill-defined and incomplete. However, it is not clear whether the habits of mind in British constitutional law will continue to retard the process of transition in Northern Ireland.
Fiona Randall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567363
- eISBN:
- 9780191730535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567363.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter aims to summarize the positive suggestions discussed in the previous chapters. It also aims to develop some suggestions, to illustrate how palliative care can enhance and improve other ...
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This chapter aims to summarize the positive suggestions discussed in the previous chapters. It also aims to develop some suggestions, to illustrate how palliative care can enhance and improve other specialties, and to suggest a short philosophy statement that can counter the weaknesses of the WHO statement. The chapter begins with a discussion on palliative care as a specialty. Other topics and issues discussed herein include: the Asklepian model of holistic care, Asklepian acceptance and spirituality, hope and truth-telling, patient–professional relationship, and professional development.Less
This chapter aims to summarize the positive suggestions discussed in the previous chapters. It also aims to develop some suggestions, to illustrate how palliative care can enhance and improve other specialties, and to suggest a short philosophy statement that can counter the weaknesses of the WHO statement. The chapter begins with a discussion on palliative care as a specialty. Other topics and issues discussed herein include: the Asklepian model of holistic care, Asklepian acceptance and spirituality, hope and truth-telling, patient–professional relationship, and professional development.
Eric J. Cassell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195369052
- eISBN:
- 9780199979103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369052.003.0012
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
The overriding ethical precepts of clinical medicine are benevolence and respect for persons. Benevolence—a disposition to do good and promote the well-being of the patient—goes back to Hippocratic ...
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The overriding ethical precepts of clinical medicine are benevolence and respect for persons. Benevolence—a disposition to do good and promote the well-being of the patient—goes back to Hippocratic times. Respect for persons elaborated in 1974 requires that individuals should be treated as autonomous and that those with diminished autonomy should be protected. Autonomy is defined through quotations and commentary essentially as self-legislated and not ruled by others or outside causes or forces. Sickness impinges on autonomy and may diminish it through effects on cognition or the ability to act directly, or through unwanted effects of relationships or context. This increases the responsibility of healers to meliorate the negative impact of sickness and actively support the intactness of the person. How this is accomplished is detailed.Less
The overriding ethical precepts of clinical medicine are benevolence and respect for persons. Benevolence—a disposition to do good and promote the well-being of the patient—goes back to Hippocratic times. Respect for persons elaborated in 1974 requires that individuals should be treated as autonomous and that those with diminished autonomy should be protected. Autonomy is defined through quotations and commentary essentially as self-legislated and not ruled by others or outside causes or forces. Sickness impinges on autonomy and may diminish it through effects on cognition or the ability to act directly, or through unwanted effects of relationships or context. This increases the responsibility of healers to meliorate the negative impact of sickness and actively support the intactness of the person. How this is accomplished is detailed.
Nicola Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199398195
- eISBN:
- 9780199398218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199398195.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Chapter 4 discusses the mandate of the gacaca courts and the current appraisals of their practice, arguing for the importance of taking specific account of the agency of the locally elected lay ...
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Chapter 4 discusses the mandate of the gacaca courts and the current appraisals of their practice, arguing for the importance of taking specific account of the agency of the locally elected lay judges, the inyangamugayo. Detailed qualitative research highlights how personnel inside gacaca view their central contribution as having been toward obtaining a local understanding of the conflict, while acknowledging the real constraints on this process of truth-telling. However, there are marked differences between what this objective means to personnel working in the central gacaca offices and to the inyangamugayo. The final section analyzes the implications of these understandings of gacaca’s work for the concurrent practice of criminal justice in Rwanda. The gacaca courts have prioritized their own local objectives, and specific gacaca courts have pursued trials that are in direct conflict with proceedings already initiated at the national and international level.Less
Chapter 4 discusses the mandate of the gacaca courts and the current appraisals of their practice, arguing for the importance of taking specific account of the agency of the locally elected lay judges, the inyangamugayo. Detailed qualitative research highlights how personnel inside gacaca view their central contribution as having been toward obtaining a local understanding of the conflict, while acknowledging the real constraints on this process of truth-telling. However, there are marked differences between what this objective means to personnel working in the central gacaca offices and to the inyangamugayo. The final section analyzes the implications of these understandings of gacaca’s work for the concurrent practice of criminal justice in Rwanda. The gacaca courts have prioritized their own local objectives, and specific gacaca courts have pursued trials that are in direct conflict with proceedings already initiated at the national and international level.
Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199603695
- eISBN:
- 9780191781834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603695.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Sidgwick distinguished three different stages of intuitionism: perceptional intuitionism, common sense morality, and philosophical intuitionism. His examination of the morality of common sense is ...
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Sidgwick distinguished three different stages of intuitionism: perceptional intuitionism, common sense morality, and philosophical intuitionism. His examination of the morality of common sense is especially noteworthy and is here discussed using the examples of benevolence and truth-telling. Sidgwick concluded that only philosophical intuitionism constitutes a sufficiently precise method of ethics. This chapter considers all three forms of intuitionism and their contemporary or recent exponents. Particularism, as espoused by Dancy, is today the leading form of perceptional intuitionism, while Ross, Gert, and Bok are taken as defenders of the morality of common sense. The chapter defends Sidgwick’s view that neither perceptional intuitionism nor the morality of common sense is philosophically adequate.Less
Sidgwick distinguished three different stages of intuitionism: perceptional intuitionism, common sense morality, and philosophical intuitionism. His examination of the morality of common sense is especially noteworthy and is here discussed using the examples of benevolence and truth-telling. Sidgwick concluded that only philosophical intuitionism constitutes a sufficiently precise method of ethics. This chapter considers all three forms of intuitionism and their contemporary or recent exponents. Particularism, as espoused by Dancy, is today the leading form of perceptional intuitionism, while Ross, Gert, and Bok are taken as defenders of the morality of common sense. The chapter defends Sidgwick’s view that neither perceptional intuitionism nor the morality of common sense is philosophically adequate.
Ying Chan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091733
- eISBN:
- 9789882207066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091733.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
By highlighting eight investigative stories that are of modern-classic status in China, this book offers a tribute to the Chinese men and women who have kept their faith in the art of truth-telling ...
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By highlighting eight investigative stories that are of modern-classic status in China, this book offers a tribute to the Chinese men and women who have kept their faith in the art of truth-telling and investigative reporting intact in spite of great personal sacrifices and hardships. They have pushed their luck, on paths fraught with setbacks and disappointments. This book is about them, their hopes and desires in the ever-evolving, brave new world of Chinese journalism. In telling their stories, this book also explores the limitations and fragile state of Chinese journalism today.Less
By highlighting eight investigative stories that are of modern-classic status in China, this book offers a tribute to the Chinese men and women who have kept their faith in the art of truth-telling and investigative reporting intact in spite of great personal sacrifices and hardships. They have pushed their luck, on paths fraught with setbacks and disappointments. This book is about them, their hopes and desires in the ever-evolving, brave new world of Chinese journalism. In telling their stories, this book also explores the limitations and fragile state of Chinese journalism today.
Daniel W. Van Ness
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199364862
- eISBN:
- 9780199364893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199364862.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter will first review the development of the domestic and international criminal justice mechanism and the challenges brought to it by the victim movement and restorative justice. It will ...
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This chapter will first review the development of the domestic and international criminal justice mechanism and the challenges brought to it by the victim movement and restorative justice. It will then consider two potential justifications for State and international community claims of jurisdiction in determining accountability, victimhood, and responsibility and will explain why responsibility is the preferable justification. Finally, it will propose three critical elements of accountability in a restorative framework: reparation, truth-telling, and taking responsibility.Less
This chapter will first review the development of the domestic and international criminal justice mechanism and the challenges brought to it by the victim movement and restorative justice. It will then consider two potential justifications for State and international community claims of jurisdiction in determining accountability, victimhood, and responsibility and will explain why responsibility is the preferable justification. Finally, it will propose three critical elements of accountability in a restorative framework: reparation, truth-telling, and taking responsibility.
Fred Powell and Margaret Scanlon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447317845
- eISBN:
- 9781447317869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447317845.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter provides an analysis of the Ryan Report, which became and international story. The publication of the Ryan Report during 2009 was a seminal event in the process of disclosure and ...
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This chapter provides an analysis of the Ryan Report, which became and international story. The publication of the Ryan Report during 2009 was a seminal event in the process of disclosure and truth-telling. Its revelations are thorough and deeply shocking, identifying over 200 institutions. Most of the alleged abusers were members of the clergy. These are stark facts that underpin the powerful testimony of the survivors of these abuse regimes that went on during most of the 20th century. The Ryan Report reveals that over a 35-year period child abuse was endemic in the industrial and reformatory school system in Ireland. Its revelations have been reported around the world, exposing the failure of Ireland’s human rights record in relation to children to critical international scrutiny.Less
This chapter provides an analysis of the Ryan Report, which became and international story. The publication of the Ryan Report during 2009 was a seminal event in the process of disclosure and truth-telling. Its revelations are thorough and deeply shocking, identifying over 200 institutions. Most of the alleged abusers were members of the clergy. These are stark facts that underpin the powerful testimony of the survivors of these abuse regimes that went on during most of the 20th century. The Ryan Report reveals that over a 35-year period child abuse was endemic in the industrial and reformatory school system in Ireland. Its revelations have been reported around the world, exposing the failure of Ireland’s human rights record in relation to children to critical international scrutiny.
Moshe Sluhovsky
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226472850
- eISBN:
- 9780226473048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226473048.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Examination of conscience was one of the oldest religious practices, and was developed already in the deserts of the Western Mediterranean. As a monastic practice, it was a foundation of the ...
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Examination of conscience was one of the oldest religious practices, and was developed already in the deserts of the Western Mediterranean. As a monastic practice, it was a foundation of the relations between abbots and monks. In late medieval Western Europe, examination of conscience became popular in devout lay circles, and it was practiced often on a mutual reciprocal setting. In early modern Catholicism, the examination of conscience increased its popularity. It was recommended to laity and clerics, to men and women, and was now a prerequisite for a confession. Ideally, one was to practice it often, and religious people were encouraged to schedule it up to 7 times a day. One can compare the practice to an incessant interiorized mechanism of self criticism and self control, a wonderful example of subjectiviziation in both its meanings.Less
Examination of conscience was one of the oldest religious practices, and was developed already in the deserts of the Western Mediterranean. As a monastic practice, it was a foundation of the relations between abbots and monks. In late medieval Western Europe, examination of conscience became popular in devout lay circles, and it was practiced often on a mutual reciprocal setting. In early modern Catholicism, the examination of conscience increased its popularity. It was recommended to laity and clerics, to men and women, and was now a prerequisite for a confession. Ideally, one was to practice it often, and religious people were encouraged to schedule it up to 7 times a day. One can compare the practice to an incessant interiorized mechanism of self criticism and self control, a wonderful example of subjectiviziation in both its meanings.
Peter J. Graham
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199642632
- eISBN:
- 9780191807145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642632.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
What kind of norms are epistemic norms? Constitutive, prudential, functional, moral? Is epistemic normativity normativity sui generis or does epistemic normativity reduce to some other kind of ...
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What kind of norms are epistemic norms? Constitutive, prudential, functional, moral? Is epistemic normativity normativity sui generis or does epistemic normativity reduce to some other kind of normativity? This chapter argues that some epistemic norms—norms with epistemic content—are social norms—norms in the sense of prescribed regularities in behavior. This is not to reduce epistemic normativity to social normativity, but to understand how some epistemic norms might also be social norms. Social norms are ubiquitous in human life. Many social norms are pro-social, prescribing socially helpful cooperative behavior. The epistemic norms isolated are norms associated with truth-telling. These epistemic norms are then prescriptions for socially helpful behavior, for we benefit by learning from others. There should be such pro-social norms for humans who have undergone group selection for helpful pro-social social norms. We should expect such norms to emerge and to persist.Less
What kind of norms are epistemic norms? Constitutive, prudential, functional, moral? Is epistemic normativity normativity sui generis or does epistemic normativity reduce to some other kind of normativity? This chapter argues that some epistemic norms—norms with epistemic content—are social norms—norms in the sense of prescribed regularities in behavior. This is not to reduce epistemic normativity to social normativity, but to understand how some epistemic norms might also be social norms. Social norms are ubiquitous in human life. Many social norms are pro-social, prescribing socially helpful cooperative behavior. The epistemic norms isolated are norms associated with truth-telling. These epistemic norms are then prescriptions for socially helpful behavior, for we benefit by learning from others. There should be such pro-social norms for humans who have undergone group selection for helpful pro-social social norms. We should expect such norms to emerge and to persist.
