Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it ...
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This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it discusses the centrality of PSBs for politics and points to the intellectual origins of the idea. The distinction between trustee- and agency-bargains is introduced.Less
This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it discusses the centrality of PSBs for politics and points to the intellectual origins of the idea. The distinction between trustee- and agency-bargains is introduced.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter discusses ‘trustee’ bargains, in particular, it explores the background to the notion of government as a ‘trust’ and considers the puzzle why ‘trustee’ type PSBs emerge and persist in ...
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This chapter discusses ‘trustee’ bargains, in particular, it explores the background to the notion of government as a ‘trust’ and considers the puzzle why ‘trustee’ type PSBs emerge and persist in the democratic age. It draws a distinction between representative and tutelary forms of trustee bargains, and discusses empirical examples of such variants.Less
This chapter discusses ‘trustee’ bargains, in particular, it explores the background to the notion of government as a ‘trust’ and considers the puzzle why ‘trustee’ type PSBs emerge and persist in the democratic age. It draws a distinction between representative and tutelary forms of trustee bargains, and discusses empirical examples of such variants.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic ...
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This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic behaviour. Varieties of cheating behaviour across different trustee and agency bargains are considered, while highlighting the various forces and strategies that can keep cheating in check. It is argued that making any PSB cheat-proof requires particular and demanding social conditions.Less
This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic behaviour. Varieties of cheating behaviour across different trustee and agency bargains are considered, while highlighting the various forces and strategies that can keep cheating in check. It is argued that making any PSB cheat-proof requires particular and demanding social conditions.
Lawrence Stone
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202547
- eISBN:
- 9780191675393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202547.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This story is unusual only in the degree of brutality used by Thomas Trust in his efforts to force his wife to surrender to him her property, which had been settled on trustees for her exclusive use. ...
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This story is unusual only in the degree of brutality used by Thomas Trust in his efforts to force his wife to surrender to him her property, which had been settled on trustees for her exclusive use. Fathers of daughters had first begun to make these trusts in the late 17th century, and almost at once Chancery began to protect them. But many husbands naturally resisted, and the struggle to obtain possession of the trust estates of wives was fought out in household after household from then until the late 19th century, when Parliament at last legislated to provide secure protection for married women's property.Less
This story is unusual only in the degree of brutality used by Thomas Trust in his efforts to force his wife to surrender to him her property, which had been settled on trustees for her exclusive use. Fathers of daughters had first begun to make these trusts in the late 17th century, and almost at once Chancery began to protect them. But many husbands naturally resisted, and the struggle to obtain possession of the trust estates of wives was fought out in household after household from then until the late 19th century, when Parliament at last legislated to provide secure protection for married women's property.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0041
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter forty-one deals with the years immediately following the death of so many of Hodge’s friends and family. He underwent intense bouts of grief and his physical health was not strong. He was ...
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Chapter forty-one deals with the years immediately following the death of so many of Hodge’s friends and family. He underwent intense bouts of grief and his physical health was not strong. He was also named to Princeton College’s Board of Trustees in 1850. He served on the Board until his death in 1878. While a Trustee, Hodge worked closely with Presidents Carnahan, Maclean and McCosh to keep religious instruction an important part of the school’s curriculum. He also stressed a broad-based liberal arts approach to the College’s curricular agenda.Less
Chapter forty-one deals with the years immediately following the death of so many of Hodge’s friends and family. He underwent intense bouts of grief and his physical health was not strong. He was also named to Princeton College’s Board of Trustees in 1850. He served on the Board until his death in 1878. While a Trustee, Hodge worked closely with Presidents Carnahan, Maclean and McCosh to keep religious instruction an important part of the school’s curriculum. He also stressed a broad-based liberal arts approach to the College’s curricular agenda.
Melanie M. Morey and John J. Piderit
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305517
- eISBN:
- 9780199784813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305515.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter discusses the role of leadership in cultural change and provides practical approaches to assessing and enhancing Catholic institutional culture. Two composite types of visionary leaders ...
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This chapter discusses the role of leadership in cultural change and provides practical approaches to assessing and enhancing Catholic institutional culture. Two composite types of visionary leaders (connective and directive), as well as two degrees of cultural change (adjustment and correction), are adopted to illuminate important strategic leadership choices and analyze their implications for religious cultural enhancement. The chapter explores the connection between leadership style and cultural context, clarifies the role of boards of trustees in choosing presidents and assessing their performance, and identifies the adoption of effective measurement tools for religious performance as a necessary policy change for Catholic colleges and universities.Less
This chapter discusses the role of leadership in cultural change and provides practical approaches to assessing and enhancing Catholic institutional culture. Two composite types of visionary leaders (connective and directive), as well as two degrees of cultural change (adjustment and correction), are adopted to illuminate important strategic leadership choices and analyze their implications for religious cultural enhancement. The chapter explores the connection between leadership style and cultural context, clarifies the role of boards of trustees in choosing presidents and assessing their performance, and identifies the adoption of effective measurement tools for religious performance as a necessary policy change for Catholic colleges and universities.
Robert E. Lane
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280354
- eISBN:
- 9780191599422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280351.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The delegate theory of representation emphasizes responsiveness to public demands, while the trustee theory stresses response to public needs. Delegate theory, based on evaluative individualism, ...
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The delegate theory of representation emphasizes responsiveness to public demands, while the trustee theory stresses response to public needs. Delegate theory, based on evaluative individualism, assumes that each person should decide in a market‐based context. In practice, such reliance is often more disruptive and less humane than reliance on needs. Compared to political elites, mass publics are less interested in politics, less tolerant of conflicting opinions and disliked groups, more nationalistic, less able to weigh policy costs, and more unstable and inconsistent.Less
The delegate theory of representation emphasizes responsiveness to public demands, while the trustee theory stresses response to public needs. Delegate theory, based on evaluative individualism, assumes that each person should decide in a market‐based context. In practice, such reliance is often more disruptive and less humane than reliance on needs. Compared to political elites, mass publics are less interested in politics, less tolerant of conflicting opinions and disliked groups, more nationalistic, less able to weigh policy costs, and more unstable and inconsistent.
M. W. Lau
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199602407
- eISBN:
- 9780191725203
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602407.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Trusts
This book provides an economic account of why trusts exist and how trust law should be shaped. The trust is a key legal institution in the common law world but it has been neglected by the law and ...
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This book provides an economic account of why trusts exist and how trust law should be shaped. The trust is a key legal institution in the common law world but it has been neglected by the law and economics community until recently. Borrowing theories and doctrines from corporate law and economics, scholars have variously analysed and described the trust as a tripartite contract, a nexus of contracts, and even a legal entity. These obligational approaches overlook the unique features of trusts for which corporate legal theories have no explanation. Most importantly, they fail to account for the nature of the beneficiary's interest in the trust property. This book presents an original analysis of the common law of trusts, arguing that trust law is about the trust property and the principal parties' relationships with it. At the same time it questions recent trends in trust law, especially those in offshore jurisdictions. Exotic developments such as non-charitable purpose trusts, settlor-retention of wide powers, and generous trustee exemption clauses have become the new normal and, coincidentally, draw analytical support from obligational accounts. This book explains that once trusts are properly understood as property, it becomes obvious why these novel developments can only be for the worse, and should be reversed. It then goes on to develop an analysis of trusts from a proprietary perspective, and applies the property — based approach to the economic analysis of trusts — explaining the economic benefits of trusts as an extension of the law of property.Less
This book provides an economic account of why trusts exist and how trust law should be shaped. The trust is a key legal institution in the common law world but it has been neglected by the law and economics community until recently. Borrowing theories and doctrines from corporate law and economics, scholars have variously analysed and described the trust as a tripartite contract, a nexus of contracts, and even a legal entity. These obligational approaches overlook the unique features of trusts for which corporate legal theories have no explanation. Most importantly, they fail to account for the nature of the beneficiary's interest in the trust property. This book presents an original analysis of the common law of trusts, arguing that trust law is about the trust property and the principal parties' relationships with it. At the same time it questions recent trends in trust law, especially those in offshore jurisdictions. Exotic developments such as non-charitable purpose trusts, settlor-retention of wide powers, and generous trustee exemption clauses have become the new normal and, coincidentally, draw analytical support from obligational accounts. This book explains that once trusts are properly understood as property, it becomes obvious why these novel developments can only be for the worse, and should be reversed. It then goes on to develop an analysis of trusts from a proprietary perspective, and applies the property — based approach to the economic analysis of trusts — explaining the economic benefits of trusts as an extension of the law of property.
Holden Thorp and Buck Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469646862
- eISBN:
- 9781469646886
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646862.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
American higher education is strong because of a special relationship with the American public and the federal government. Misunderstandings about how higher education works have strained the ...
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American higher education is strong because of a special relationship with the American public and the federal government. Misunderstandings about how higher education works have strained the partnership, which has animated and driven American higher education. Carefully describing the roles of faculty, students, trustees, and administration can clear up some of these misunderstandings and position universities to deal with the pressures caused by changing demographics of incoming students, financial challenges associated with these changes, and differences in learning brought on by technological advances. Greater clarity sets the stage for an important conversation about the future of higher education and the United States.Less
American higher education is strong because of a special relationship with the American public and the federal government. Misunderstandings about how higher education works have strained the partnership, which has animated and driven American higher education. Carefully describing the roles of faculty, students, trustees, and administration can clear up some of these misunderstandings and position universities to deal with the pressures caused by changing demographics of incoming students, financial challenges associated with these changes, and differences in learning brought on by technological advances. Greater clarity sets the stage for an important conversation about the future of higher education and the United States.
Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The ...
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This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The contributors to the book have substantial hands-on experience in the reorganization and liquidation of businesses, the sale of business assets, and management of commercial litigation. They share their approach to maximizing and creating value in the deteriorating and chaotic business environment that so often leads to a company going out of business. The legal forums for liquidation — bankruptcy, state receivership, federal receivership, and assignment for the benefit of creditors — are explained. The liquidator's role, powers, duties, oversight, and compensation are outlined and the special rules for bankruptcy trustees are set forth. The chapters also cover the major tasks of liquidation including investigation of the company, termination of employees, disposition of assets, evaluation of litigation, resolution of claim, distributions and ultimately, and the dissolution or “winding down” of the company.Less
This book examines the business liquidation process — the winding up of the affairs of a company that has either decided voluntarily to liquidate or been forced to liquidate by its creditors. The contributors to the book have substantial hands-on experience in the reorganization and liquidation of businesses, the sale of business assets, and management of commercial litigation. They share their approach to maximizing and creating value in the deteriorating and chaotic business environment that so often leads to a company going out of business. The legal forums for liquidation — bankruptcy, state receivership, federal receivership, and assignment for the benefit of creditors — are explained. The liquidator's role, powers, duties, oversight, and compensation are outlined and the special rules for bankruptcy trustees are set forth. The chapters also cover the major tasks of liquidation including investigation of the company, termination of employees, disposition of assets, evaluation of litigation, resolution of claim, distributions and ultimately, and the dissolution or “winding down” of the company.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses general liquidation principles and strategies to provide the reader with an overview of the procedure for liquidation under Chapters 7 and 11 of the United States Bankruptcy ...
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This chapter discusses general liquidation principles and strategies to provide the reader with an overview of the procedure for liquidation under Chapters 7 and 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. The central focus is on the roles of the players in the liquidation process including the bankruptcy judge, the debtor in possession, the United States Trustee, the secured creditors, and the Creditors' Committee, which represents unsecured creditors such as indenture trustees, bondholders, landlords, trade vendors, and employees.Less
This chapter discusses general liquidation principles and strategies to provide the reader with an overview of the procedure for liquidation under Chapters 7 and 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. The central focus is on the roles of the players in the liquidation process including the bankruptcy judge, the debtor in possession, the United States Trustee, the secured creditors, and the Creditors' Committee, which represents unsecured creditors such as indenture trustees, bondholders, landlords, trade vendors, and employees.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 ...
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This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 Trustee serves as the liquidator, and has primary responsibility for the investigation of the debtor. Information on the process for the selection, qualification, and compensation of the Chapter 7 Trustee is also presented.Less
This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 Trustee serves as the liquidator, and has primary responsibility for the investigation of the debtor. Information on the process for the selection, qualification, and compensation of the Chapter 7 Trustee is also presented.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter explains the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code using a liquidating plan of reorganization. The negotiation, confirmation, ...
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This chapter explains the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code using a liquidating plan of reorganization. The negotiation, confirmation, and implementation of a liquidating plan — sometimes referred to as a “pot plan” — together with the substantial advantages of liquidating under such a plan are discussed. Vehicles for managing the liquidation, such as liquidating trusts and limited liability companies, are outlined. The central focus is on the duties, powers, oversight, and compensation of the liquidator under the plan. This person is often referred to as the liquidating trustee.Less
This chapter explains the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code using a liquidating plan of reorganization. The negotiation, confirmation, and implementation of a liquidating plan — sometimes referred to as a “pot plan” — together with the substantial advantages of liquidating under such a plan are discussed. Vehicles for managing the liquidation, such as liquidating trusts and limited liability companies, are outlined. The central focus is on the duties, powers, oversight, and compensation of the liquidator under the plan. This person is often referred to as the liquidating trustee.
Stuart Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258826
- eISBN:
- 9780191705168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258826.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter on trusts and trustees in the 19th century begins with a discussion of the usefulness of private trusts. It then looks at the law of private trusts and trusteeship.
This chapter on trusts and trustees in the 19th century begins with a discussion of the usefulness of private trusts. It then looks at the law of private trusts and trusteeship.
Noeleen McIlvenna
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624037
- eISBN:
- 9781469624051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624037.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the ...
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This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the philanthropist Trustees banned slavery for the first twenty years of settlement, so the political perspective of the poor settlers reflected the rigid hierarchy of social class as English people of the time understood it. The worthy poor were supposed to know their place and be grateful for the opportunity to work hard and fight for Britain, but they had ideas of their own. And, unfortunately for those who planned to occupy the role of the colonial Georgia gentry, such as the expansionist-minded South Carolina planters and some immigrants with planter aspirations, church services on Savannah Sundays were led in turn by two of the most dangerous men in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic Empire, John Wesley and George Whitefield. These pastors told their congregations that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. But in an unanticipated twist, poor whites' resistance to exploitation combined with the War of Jenkins’ Ear to help pave the way for slavery.Less
This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the philanthropist Trustees banned slavery for the first twenty years of settlement, so the political perspective of the poor settlers reflected the rigid hierarchy of social class as English people of the time understood it. The worthy poor were supposed to know their place and be grateful for the opportunity to work hard and fight for Britain, but they had ideas of their own. And, unfortunately for those who planned to occupy the role of the colonial Georgia gentry, such as the expansionist-minded South Carolina planters and some immigrants with planter aspirations, church services on Savannah Sundays were led in turn by two of the most dangerous men in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic Empire, John Wesley and George Whitefield. These pastors told their congregations that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. But in an unanticipated twist, poor whites' resistance to exploitation combined with the War of Jenkins’ Ear to help pave the way for slavery.
Tanis C. Thorne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182989
- eISBN:
- 9780199789030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182989.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a ...
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This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a fickle trustee. At times, the Indian bureau has valiantly and heroically championed Indian interests and defended Indian property rights in the face of monumental forces waged against it. On the darker side, Congress and the Department of the Interior have been complicit agents in the transfer of Indian resources to the non-Indian majority. Untangling the twisted strands of benevolent and malevolent paternalism is a seemingly insuperable task, but what is abundantly clear is that power over Indian lands and resources has been a corrupting force, and greater accountability to native people is urgently needed.Less
This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a fickle trustee. At times, the Indian bureau has valiantly and heroically championed Indian interests and defended Indian property rights in the face of monumental forces waged against it. On the darker side, Congress and the Department of the Interior have been complicit agents in the transfer of Indian resources to the non-Indian majority. Untangling the twisted strands of benevolent and malevolent paternalism is a seemingly insuperable task, but what is abundantly clear is that power over Indian lands and resources has been a corrupting force, and greater accountability to native people is urgently needed.
Carl Cranor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
As a result of governmental actions consumers are prevented from knowing about genetically modified (GM) foods—there is no mandatory labeling, and it is practically impossible to provide voluntary ...
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As a result of governmental actions consumers are prevented from knowing about genetically modified (GM) foods—there is no mandatory labeling, and it is practically impossible to provide voluntary labeling. However, there is an easy case for the voluntary labeling of GM-created foods based on several different institutional considerations. This conclusion is supported by a) different functions provided by labeling—some inform us of risks, others disclose information pertinent to decisions—b) the nature of the scientific studies that inform risk assessment, c) notions of acceptable risks from the risk perception literature supplemented by philosophic analysis, and d) some analysis of the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a trustee for protecting the public's interests.Less
As a result of governmental actions consumers are prevented from knowing about genetically modified (GM) foods—there is no mandatory labeling, and it is practically impossible to provide voluntary labeling. However, there is an easy case for the voluntary labeling of GM-created foods based on several different institutional considerations. This conclusion is supported by a) different functions provided by labeling—some inform us of risks, others disclose information pertinent to decisions—b) the nature of the scientific studies that inform risk assessment, c) notions of acceptable risks from the risk perception literature supplemented by philosophic analysis, and d) some analysis of the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a trustee for protecting the public's interests.
David C. Barker and Christopher Jan Carman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796564
- eISBN:
- 9780199979714
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796564.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This book argues that to understand how representation works in the United States, we need understand the demand side of the representational relationship. Citizens, the book proposes, have a sense ...
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This book argues that to understand how representation works in the United States, we need understand the demand side of the representational relationship. Citizens, the book proposes, have a sense for the degree to which they instinctively like “leaders who lead” (trustees), on the one hand, or “public servants who listen” (delegates), on the other. Picking up cues about a potential representative's representation style during election campaigns, citizens “reward” politicians with electoral support when they recognize a similar representational perspective. This pattern continues after the election: job approval may be shaped, in part, by whether the representative's governing style is consistent with the one constituents prefer. The central claim is that cultural traditionalists-especially, but not exclusively, evangelical Christians-tend to embrace trustee-style representation more readily than do seculars, religious progressives, or civil libertarians. By extension, the book contends that as long as religious and other cultural differences continue to color ideological identification, partisanship, and vote choices in the United States-with cultural traditionalists trending Republican, and seculars, religious progressives, and civil libertarians migrating Democratic-then preferences regarding styles of representation may also come in distinct partisan shades of “Red” and “Blue”. This book presents an in-depth analysis of several years (conducted between 2004 and 2009) of national surveys designed specifically to assess public preferences for, and evaluations of, political representation. In addition, unique aggregate data are used to examine how public preferences for representation influence how elected officials represent their constituents.Less
This book argues that to understand how representation works in the United States, we need understand the demand side of the representational relationship. Citizens, the book proposes, have a sense for the degree to which they instinctively like “leaders who lead” (trustees), on the one hand, or “public servants who listen” (delegates), on the other. Picking up cues about a potential representative's representation style during election campaigns, citizens “reward” politicians with electoral support when they recognize a similar representational perspective. This pattern continues after the election: job approval may be shaped, in part, by whether the representative's governing style is consistent with the one constituents prefer. The central claim is that cultural traditionalists-especially, but not exclusively, evangelical Christians-tend to embrace trustee-style representation more readily than do seculars, religious progressives, or civil libertarians. By extension, the book contends that as long as religious and other cultural differences continue to color ideological identification, partisanship, and vote choices in the United States-with cultural traditionalists trending Republican, and seculars, religious progressives, and civil libertarians migrating Democratic-then preferences regarding styles of representation may also come in distinct partisan shades of “Red” and “Blue”. This book presents an in-depth analysis of several years (conducted between 2004 and 2009) of national surveys designed specifically to assess public preferences for, and evaluations of, political representation. In addition, unique aggregate data are used to examine how public preferences for representation influence how elected officials represent their constituents.
David C. Barker and Christopher Jan Carman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796564
- eISBN:
- 9780199979714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796564.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Should the leaders you elect simply do what you tell them, even if it means compromising some of their deeply held beliefs? Or should they doggedly stand on principle, even if it means neglecting ...
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Should the leaders you elect simply do what you tell them, even if it means compromising some of their deeply held beliefs? Or should they doggedly stand on principle, even if it means neglecting some of your demands for change? This chapter introduces our argument, namely that individuals have (latent) preferences for how they think political representation should work and that these preferences have very real consequences for the way representation does, in fact, work. After defining the basic concept of representation, and specifically the classic trustee/delegate model, this chapter specifies the hypotheses that will be addressed in subsequent chapters.Less
Should the leaders you elect simply do what you tell them, even if it means compromising some of their deeply held beliefs? Or should they doggedly stand on principle, even if it means neglecting some of your demands for change? This chapter introduces our argument, namely that individuals have (latent) preferences for how they think political representation should work and that these preferences have very real consequences for the way representation does, in fact, work. After defining the basic concept of representation, and specifically the classic trustee/delegate model, this chapter specifies the hypotheses that will be addressed in subsequent chapters.
David C. Barker and Christopher Jan Carman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796564
- eISBN:
- 9780199979714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796564.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the existing literature as it pertains to the instructed delegate versus trustee question. Then this chapter introduces our survey data and consider how, ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the existing literature as it pertains to the instructed delegate versus trustee question. Then this chapter introduces our survey data and consider how, generally speaking, citizens tend to think about this question. The chapter shows that citizens tend to prefer instructed delegates, but not overwhelmingly so. The chapter then examines how the distribution of opinion changes according to (a) the types of issues being considered (e.g., foreign vs. domestic, and “hard” vs. “easy”) and (b) the institution doing the representing (the president vs. Congress). The chapter observes that citizens expect more trustee-style representation out of the president than they do of Congress, and slightly more trustee-style representation when the issues in question are cultural rather than economic.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the existing literature as it pertains to the instructed delegate versus trustee question. Then this chapter introduces our survey data and consider how, generally speaking, citizens tend to think about this question. The chapter shows that citizens tend to prefer instructed delegates, but not overwhelmingly so. The chapter then examines how the distribution of opinion changes according to (a) the types of issues being considered (e.g., foreign vs. domestic, and “hard” vs. “easy”) and (b) the institution doing the representing (the president vs. Congress). The chapter observes that citizens expect more trustee-style representation out of the president than they do of Congress, and slightly more trustee-style representation when the issues in question are cultural rather than economic.
