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John and Ann Rogers Clark, along with their youngest children, joined their second son, George Rogers, in Louisville early in 1785. The Clark’s eldest son and daughter remained in Virginia with their spouses, and two sons had not survived the Revolution.Settled in a massive log house, the Clarks soon hosted the marriages of two daughters: Elizabeth, to Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, and Lucy, to Major William Croghan. Youngest daughter, Fannie, followed with the first of her three weddings, but youngest son, William, would postpone marriage until his return from Mr. Jefferson’s expedition. George Rogersnever married. William spent much of his young manhood mediating his brother’s financial and legal entanglements, often spending his own income to resolve the differences. As a consequence, he sold the home he had inherited from his parents and moved with George Rogers across the Ohio, to the Indiana Territory land Virginia had provided its general as payment for the American Revolution.

The Salton Sink lies between the southern Coachella Valley and the northern Mexicali Valley. The long history of the Salton Trough ranges from its connection with the Gulf of California during the Tertiary Period to the maximum spread of Lake Cahuilla beginning some 40,000 years ago. Heavy deposits of silt from the Colorado River eventually accumulated along the southern edge of Gravel Mesa to form a barrier between the former head of the gulf and the current one. The enclosed sea subsequently dried up, but reminders of the saline environment in the form of “oyster-shells and other forms of marine life” are strewn across the base of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains at an elevation of about 100m. The depression resulting from the desiccation of this “trapped” sea was further honed by the uplifting of the surrounding mountains and became a deep basin generally called the Salton Trough.

This chapter begins with a discussion of why we would expect to find that the time spent in expansions (bull markets, etc.) would be much greater than the time spent in contractions (bear markets, etc.). By focusing on the probabilities of getting particular outcomes for the binary variables summarizing the recurrent events, we can provide an explanation of this long-observed feature. The remainder of the chapter looks at many proposals for summarizing other features of the recurrent events. These involve well-known quantities such as durations and amplitudes, as well as lesser known ones, such as the sharpness of peaks and troughs.

Small particles can adsorb strongly at fluid interfaces and form monolayers which can be studied using a Langmuir trough. For sufficiently large particles the monolayers can be viewed microscopically. The driving force for particle adsorption is the concomitant removal of fluid/fluid interface. For very small adsorbed particles, the free energy of forming the three-phase contact line around particles (hence the line tension) may also contribute significantly to the free energy of adsorption. Adsorption can be enhanced by having areas of particle surface with different wettability (Janus particles). Monolayers have structures dependent on lateral interactions between particles; for particles at the oil/water interface, electrical repulsion through oil is often the dominant interaction, which can give rise to highly ordered monolayers. Adsorbed particles can either inhibit or facilitate the formation of stable thin liquid films, depending on particle wettability.

At a time when women were beginning to find opportunities for voluntary public work under the aegis of philanthropic bodies, it became possible for them to take on leading roles in the new field of animal welfare. As well as being the foremost sponsors of charities like the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, women themselves founded the majority of animal refuges. They included the Battersea Dogs’ Home initiated by Mary Tealby, which overcame misogynistic prejudice to become a prominent state-subsidised institution – arguably by compromising its original home-making ideals. Sir Arthur Helps in Some Talk about Animals (1873) discerned the differences between male and female attitudes to animal suffering – women being much more impulsively compassionate. The book’s dedicatee, Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts, was the most influential of all female animal advocates in the Victorian era, as leader of the newly-created RSPCA ladies’ committee, as a very generous donor to animal causes, and as a frequent letter-writer to the press. The statue of a dog, ‘Greyfriars Bobby’ which she commissioned, was a celebration of canine fidelity; it invested animals with the moral faculties that justified human solicitude for them.

This chapter provides the geographical description of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands form a chain, 1,100 km long, which are composed of the Ryukyu Trench, the main island arc of sea mounts, an inner line of volcanoes, the Okinawa Trough, and the continental shelf. The line of volcanoes extends between the western side of the Ryukyu Islands and the Okinawa Trough, and can be seen in the Tokara Islands and Iō Torishima. Some special features of the islands have played important roles in the development of living patterns in the region. These features are the unique combination of inland broadleaf evergreen forest with Indo-Pacific strand flora and coral reefs, the East Asian monsoon, the Kuroshio (Black Current), and seasonal typhoons.

The French Alps are the western part of the 1,200-km-long Alpine range extending eastward to the Vienna basin. They have the highest summits of the range, in the Mont-Blanc massif (4,807 m a.s.l.). In France, the chain has an arcuate form, convex to the north and west. It lies between Lake Geneva (46° 25′ N) and the Mediterranean coast (approximately 43° 35′ N). The Rhône valley forms a clear geological and morphological western limit. To the north (towards the Jura range) and the south-west (towards the ridges of Provence) the boundary is not so well defined. The French Alps and Alpine forelands have been thoroughly studied for over a century by many researchers from the Universities of Grenoble, Lyons, Aix-en-Provence, Nice, and Chambéry. First, it is necessary to outline the great diversity of landforms in relationship to the complex geological history, tectonics, and lithology. The importance of the Alpine karst landforms and caves must be emphasized; studies of these forms have been extended substantially in the last twenty years and they give many new insights into the Plio-Pleistocene tectonics and climates of this region. The past and present role of glaciers is another important topic in this chapter. From recent studies, we now have a much better knowledge of the transition from the last glacial period to the Holocene. It was impossible to write a chapter on the Alps and ignore the fact that the inhabitants of the Alps have to cope with many permanent natural hazards. The chapter ends with a short synthesis of the main morphogenic systems, which characterize the French Alps and forelands. In the north, the climate is oceanic and precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. A high relief, with landforms oriented transverse to the general western atmospheric circulation, results in a great variety of regional climates: from west to east, the continental effect is marked by a decreasing precipitation at the same altitude. Exposure and altitude combine to create contrasting local climates. Temperature inversion is frequent, especially when cold air is trapped in deep valleys.

There are two basic approaches for using solar energy to generate electricity. The first type, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, uses semiconductors to convert sunlight into electricity. Crystalline silicon semiconductors are the most common type in use. The second approach is called concentrating solar power (CSP), also referred to as solar thermal. Basically, CSP uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate steam, which is used to power a turbine. The most common method employed commercially is the parabolic trough, where the mirrors are horizontally disposed in a parabolic shape. Solar PV is more commonly used commercially because of high capital costs for building a CSP power plant. Solar PV has experienced rapid growth over the last ten years, increasing by more than twentyfold in the United States. Growth for CSP has increased threefold over the same ten years, but no growth over the last four years. Spain and the United States lead the world in commercial CSP plants.

Ørsted's lectures on physics and agricultural chemistry for fees. In 1815 he begins his monthly lectures on scientific discoveries and technical inventions. Up till 1848 he delivered altogether 237 monthly lectures. His lecturing style is explained. He receives a royal grant to write a textbook on chemistry which is never accomplished. His investigations of Coulomb's experiments are analyzed and he questions the inverse-square law. He hypothesizes a new law of the propagation of electrical forces. He acquires a new trough apparatus, improves it, and makes experiments with Esmarch. He starts his experiments on the compressibility of liquids with his own piezometer, the purpose of which is to ascertain his dynamical theory of matter. Another revolt by prisoners of the rasp-house takes place. Once again Anders chooses insubordination by opposing the legal procedure adopted by the King.

Measurements of trace metals in rivers are of substantial interest for researchers examining basic scientific questions related to geochemical weathering and transport and to scientists involved in pollution control evaluation. Trace metals in natural waters include essential elements such as cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum, nickel, which may also be toxic at higher concentrations, and nonessential elements, which are toxic, such as cadmium, mercury and lead. Recent findings indicate that iron and, to a lesser extent, zinc and manganese play an important role in regulating the growth and ecology of phytoplankton (Martin et al. 1991), while in contrast, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury have long been recognized as poisonous to living organisms (see Pfeiffer et al. 1993, for a description of mercury problem in the Amazon basin). The release of potentially large quantities of these toxic metals, particularly in the river systems of industrialized countries, but also in tropical rivers, is an acute problem of great environmental concern. An understanding of the weathering and transport processes controlling the fate and flux of trace metals in pristine environments is important in evaluating the capacity of receiving waters to accommodate wastes without detrimental effects. The Amazon River system, which is relatively free of industrial and agricultural interference, represents an ideal case for the investigation of the origin and transport of trace metals. This understanding may also provide a scientific basis for the anticipated development of the Amazon basin. With regard to trace metals, Amazon River is still poorly documented. Martin and Meybeck (1979) and Martin and Gordeev (1986) presented a global tabulation of trace metal concentrations in particulate matter of major rivers including the Amazon, and Palmer and Edmond (1992) measured dissolved Fe, Al, and Sr concentrations in the Amazon mainstream and a number of its tributaries. Boyle et al. (1982) and Gordeev et al. (1990) published some data on Cu, Ni, Cd, and Ag dissolved concentrations at the mouth of the Amazon River and in its oceanic plume. Konhauser et al. (1994) reported the trace and rare earth elemental composition of sediments, soils and waters, mainly in the region of Manaus.