Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in ...
More
Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.Less
Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the ...
More
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the market, the privatization of protection, and pervasive corruption. The ability of the Russian State to define property rights and protect contracts is compared with the services offered by fragments of the state apparatus, private security firms, ethnic crime groups, the Cossacks and the Russian Mafia. Past criminal traditions, rituals, and norms have been resuscitated by the modern Russian Mafia to forge a powerful new identity and compete in a crowded market for protection. The book draws on and reports from undercover police operations, in-depth interviews conducted over several years with the victims of the Mafia, criminals, and officials, and documents from the Gulag archives. It also provides a comparative study, making references to other mafia in other countries (the Japanese Yakuza, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, American–Italian Mafia and the Hong Kong Triads). The book has an introduction and conclusion and between these is arranged in three parts: I. The Transition to the Market and Protection in Russia (three chapters); II. Private protection in Perm (two chapters investigating the emergence and operation of the mafia in the city of Perm); and III. The Russian Mafia (three chapters).Less
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the market, the privatization of protection, and pervasive corruption. The ability of the Russian State to define property rights and protect contracts is compared with the services offered by fragments of the state apparatus, private security firms, ethnic crime groups, the Cossacks and the Russian Mafia. Past criminal traditions, rituals, and norms have been resuscitated by the modern Russian Mafia to forge a powerful new identity and compete in a crowded market for protection. The book draws on and reports from undercover police operations, in-depth interviews conducted over several years with the victims of the Mafia, criminals, and officials, and documents from the Gulag archives. It also provides a comparative study, making references to other mafia in other countries (the Japanese Yakuza, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, American–Italian Mafia and the Hong Kong Triads). The book has an introduction and conclusion and between these is arranged in three parts: I. The Transition to the Market and Protection in Russia (three chapters); II. Private protection in Perm (two chapters investigating the emergence and operation of the mafia in the city of Perm); and III. The Russian Mafia (three chapters).
Melchisedec TÖrÖnen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296118
- eISBN:
- 9780191712258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296118.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
An exposition of Maximus' understanding of the Trinity. The Trinity is a Triad in Monad and a Monad in Triad. The Triad-in-Monad is at once both united and distinguished and there is no confusion or ...
More
An exposition of Maximus' understanding of the Trinity. The Trinity is a Triad in Monad and a Monad in Triad. The Triad-in-Monad is at once both united and distinguished and there is no confusion or separation in it. A balance between essence and hypostasis is at the heart of this doctrine.Less
An exposition of Maximus' understanding of the Trinity. The Trinity is a Triad in Monad and a Monad in Triad. The Triad-in-Monad is at once both united and distinguished and there is no confusion or separation in it. A balance between essence and hypostasis is at the heart of this doctrine.
Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which ...
More
This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which emphasizes the underlying social logics not just of law and courts but also of politics and government. The triad – two contracting parties and a dispute resolver – constitutes a primal social institution, a microcosm of governance, so in uncovering the institutional dynamics of the triad an essential logic of government itself is also uncovered; the objectives of this paper are to defend the validity of these contentions and to demonstrate their centrality to the discipline. After introducing the key concepts of dyad, triad, and normative structure, a model is presented of a particular mode of governance, i.e. the social mechanism by which the rules in place in any given community are adapted to the experiences and exigencies of those who live under them. The theory integrates, as interdependent factors, the evolution of strategic (utility-maximizing) behaviour and normative (cultural or rule-based) structure, and captures dynamics of change observable at both the micro level (the behaviour of individual actors), and the macro level (the institutional environment, or social structure, in which this behaviour takes place); the mechanisms of change that are endogenous to the model are specified, and the conditions under which these mechanisms would be expected to operate, and fail to operate, are identified. The model is then used to explain two hard cases of systemic change: the international trade regime, established by the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958; the conclusion draws out some of the implications of the analysis for understanding of the complex relationship between strategic behaviour and social structure.Less
This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which emphasizes the underlying social logics not just of law and courts but also of politics and government. The triad – two contracting parties and a dispute resolver – constitutes a primal social institution, a microcosm of governance, so in uncovering the institutional dynamics of the triad an essential logic of government itself is also uncovered; the objectives of this paper are to defend the validity of these contentions and to demonstrate their centrality to the discipline. After introducing the key concepts of dyad, triad, and normative structure, a model is presented of a particular mode of governance, i.e. the social mechanism by which the rules in place in any given community are adapted to the experiences and exigencies of those who live under them. The theory integrates, as interdependent factors, the evolution of strategic (utility-maximizing) behaviour and normative (cultural or rule-based) structure, and captures dynamics of change observable at both the micro level (the behaviour of individual actors), and the macro level (the institutional environment, or social structure, in which this behaviour takes place); the mechanisms of change that are endogenous to the model are specified, and the conditions under which these mechanisms would be expected to operate, and fail to operate, are identified. The model is then used to explain two hard cases of systemic change: the international trade regime, established by the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958; the conclusion draws out some of the implications of the analysis for understanding of the complex relationship between strategic behaviour and social structure.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter explores the movement of Hong Kong and Taiwanese triads to mainland China. It argues that the members and bosses of foreign triads are present on the mainland, but have not yet emerged ...
More
This chapter explores the movement of Hong Kong and Taiwanese triads to mainland China. It argues that the members and bosses of foreign triads are present on the mainland, but have not yet emerged as a viable mafia supplying private protection. As in the case of Bardonecchia and Rome, mafiosi did not decide to migrate out of their own free will. Their presence in the new territory is the unintended consequence of police action in their country of origin. Once they found themselves on the mainland, they quickly realized that the new China offered many opportunities to invest some of their gangs' funds, but they have so far failed to establish themselves as viable protectors for legal entrepreneurs.Less
This chapter explores the movement of Hong Kong and Taiwanese triads to mainland China. It argues that the members and bosses of foreign triads are present on the mainland, but have not yet emerged as a viable mafia supplying private protection. As in the case of Bardonecchia and Rome, mafiosi did not decide to migrate out of their own free will. Their presence in the new territory is the unintended consequence of police action in their country of origin. Once they found themselves on the mainland, they quickly realized that the new China offered many opportunities to invest some of their gangs' funds, but they have so far failed to establish themselves as viable protectors for legal entrepreneurs.
Peter van der Merwe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198166474
- eISBN:
- 9780191713880
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198166474.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The foundation of melody — psychologically, historically, and theoretically — is the children's chant, a little tune confined to three pitches (together making a minor third with a superimposed major ...
More
The foundation of melody — psychologically, historically, and theoretically — is the children's chant, a little tune confined to three pitches (together making a minor third with a superimposed major second) that children in all cultures begin to sing at the age of about three. It is not confined to children, or to musically primitive cultures, but underlies all melody. This chapter looks at its relation to the major triad and its development into more complex patterns, and introduces three fundamental properties of music, all present in this chant: (1) chordality, or the bonding together of the intervals within the major triad; (2) melodic consonance, or the relative lack of tension between the same notes (the only entirely consonant interval is the octave); and (3) ambiguity, or multiplicity of relationships between melodic notes or rhythmic values.Less
The foundation of melody — psychologically, historically, and theoretically — is the children's chant, a little tune confined to three pitches (together making a minor third with a superimposed major second) that children in all cultures begin to sing at the age of about three. It is not confined to children, or to musically primitive cultures, but underlies all melody. This chapter looks at its relation to the major triad and its development into more complex patterns, and introduces three fundamental properties of music, all present in this chant: (1) chordality, or the bonding together of the intervals within the major triad; (2) melodic consonance, or the relative lack of tension between the same notes (the only entirely consonant interval is the octave); and (3) ambiguity, or multiplicity of relationships between melodic notes or rhythmic values.
Michael Decker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565283
- eISBN:
- 9780191721724
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565283.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the ...
More
This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the eastern Mediterranean. This book examines the production of crops vital to subsistence, and also argues that the late antique Levant witnessed a period of demographic growth, a rising market in the demand for commodities, and competitive elite that invested heavily in agriculture. One of the results of the concatenation of these phenomena was increasing specialization and the development of a large-scale export of wine and oil on a scale hitherto unrealized by eastern products. One of the points that emerges from the analysis of wider historical significance is that overland trade of heavy bulk goods, till now considered irrelevant or scarce, seems to have been a regular feature of the late antique Levant. In addition, the eastern provinces were deeply developed and dependent on interlocking trade interests which, although somewhat reduced in the early 7th century, were apparently robust into the period of the early Islamic conquests. This development and interdependence ultimately made agrarian conditions difficult to sustain.Less
This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the eastern Mediterranean. This book examines the production of crops vital to subsistence, and also argues that the late antique Levant witnessed a period of demographic growth, a rising market in the demand for commodities, and competitive elite that invested heavily in agriculture. One of the results of the concatenation of these phenomena was increasing specialization and the development of a large-scale export of wine and oil on a scale hitherto unrealized by eastern products. One of the points that emerges from the analysis of wider historical significance is that overland trade of heavy bulk goods, till now considered irrelevant or scarce, seems to have been a regular feature of the late antique Levant. In addition, the eastern provinces were deeply developed and dependent on interlocking trade interests which, although somewhat reduced in the early 7th century, were apparently robust into the period of the early Islamic conquests. This development and interdependence ultimately made agrarian conditions difficult to sustain.
W. S. Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199203574
- eISBN:
- 9780191708183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203574.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Short ancipitia in Pindar's dactyloepitrites are more common in the first triad of an ode than in later triads: in first triads about one anceps in nine is short, in later triads about one in ...
More
Short ancipitia in Pindar's dactyloepitrites are more common in the first triad of an ode than in later triads: in first triads about one anceps in nine is short, in later triads about one in forty-six is the norm. But this observation gives only part of the picture: there a further sharp distinction can be drawn between the ancipitia in later triads. The facts, for Pindar's dactylo-epitrite epinikia, are these: Short anceps are not uncommon (a) in the first triad of an ode, (b) in responsion in a later triad, with short anceps in the first triad; in other situations it is rare and perhaps always associated with a proper name. This chapter discusses these issues.Less
Short ancipitia in Pindar's dactyloepitrites are more common in the first triad of an ode than in later triads: in first triads about one anceps in nine is short, in later triads about one in forty-six is the norm. But this observation gives only part of the picture: there a further sharp distinction can be drawn between the ancipitia in later triads. The facts, for Pindar's dactylo-epitrite epinikia, are these: Short anceps are not uncommon (a) in the first triad of an ode, (b) in responsion in a later triad, with short anceps in the first triad; in other situations it is rare and perhaps always associated with a proper name. This chapter discusses these issues.
Martha H. Verbrugge
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168792
- eISBN:
- 9780199949649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168792.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, American History: 19th Century
Chapter 9 (the counterpart to Chapter 3) examines major shifts in the debate over female exercise and reproductive health during the second half of the twentieth century. Following a period of ...
More
Chapter 9 (the counterpart to Chapter 3) examines major shifts in the debate over female exercise and reproductive health during the second half of the twentieth century. Following a period of relative calm, biomedical experts became alarmed in the 1970s and 1980s about various clinical and asymptomatic reproductive disorders and other problems among active girls and women. During the 1990s and early 2000s, this concern coalesced around the newly-named “Female Athlete Triad”—a “collective syndrome” of amenorrhea, disordered eating, and premature osteroporosis. Chapter 9 summarizes key changes in the science of exercise and reproductive health as well as the efforts of diverse professions to control if, when, how much, and in what way girls and women would exercise. Biomedical researchers and specialists gradually dominated the interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment of female reproductive “dysfunction.” As the clinic and laboratory gained authority over active female bodies, physical educators and coaches had to redefine their roles.Less
Chapter 9 (the counterpart to Chapter 3) examines major shifts in the debate over female exercise and reproductive health during the second half of the twentieth century. Following a period of relative calm, biomedical experts became alarmed in the 1970s and 1980s about various clinical and asymptomatic reproductive disorders and other problems among active girls and women. During the 1990s and early 2000s, this concern coalesced around the newly-named “Female Athlete Triad”—a “collective syndrome” of amenorrhea, disordered eating, and premature osteroporosis. Chapter 9 summarizes key changes in the science of exercise and reproductive health as well as the efforts of diverse professions to control if, when, how much, and in what way girls and women would exercise. Biomedical researchers and specialists gradually dominated the interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment of female reproductive “dysfunction.” As the clinic and laboratory gained authority over active female bodies, physical educators and coaches had to redefine their roles.
Chenyang Li
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154602
- eISBN:
- 9781400844845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154602.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter defends another interpretation of heaven that is neither transcendent nor anthropocentric: it argues that heaven is necessarily interrelated in a “heaven–earth–humanity” triad. It calls ...
More
This chapter defends another interpretation of heaven that is neither transcendent nor anthropocentric: it argues that heaven is necessarily interrelated in a “heaven–earth–humanity” triad. It calls into question Jiang's view that there is one transcendent heaven occupying a higher position that generates a differentiated heaven. The notion of a transcendent heaven is redundant and illogical. It makes no sense to say that heaven can be both one thing that generates something else and one part of something else that is generated by it. The chapter speculates that the real reason for Jiang's metaphysical position is the need to justify an Academy that represents heaven and stands above the tricameral parliament.Less
This chapter defends another interpretation of heaven that is neither transcendent nor anthropocentric: it argues that heaven is necessarily interrelated in a “heaven–earth–humanity” triad. It calls into question Jiang's view that there is one transcendent heaven occupying a higher position that generates a differentiated heaven. The notion of a transcendent heaven is redundant and illogical. It makes no sense to say that heaven can be both one thing that generates something else and one part of something else that is generated by it. The chapter speculates that the real reason for Jiang's metaphysical position is the need to justify an Academy that represents heaven and stands above the tricameral parliament.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.29
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on genetic association studies. The goal of genetic association studies is to investigate the effects of genotypic variation on disease risk. These designs are built on a concept ...
More
This chapter focuses on genetic association studies. The goal of genetic association studies is to investigate the effects of genotypic variation on disease risk. These designs are built on a concept of a genetic cause that closely resembles the concept of a risk factor in epidemiology. Moreover, they correspond well to designs previously articulated by risk factor epidemiologists. Thus, the concepts and methods of risk factor epidemiology are particularly useful in this context.Less
This chapter focuses on genetic association studies. The goal of genetic association studies is to investigate the effects of genotypic variation on disease risk. These designs are built on a concept of a genetic cause that closely resembles the concept of a risk factor in epidemiology. Moreover, they correspond well to designs previously articulated by risk factor epidemiologists. Thus, the concepts and methods of risk factor epidemiology are particularly useful in this context.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206026
- eISBN:
- 9780191676925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206026.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish ...
More
This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish their overseas branch networks. They went later on to Asia and East India when they saw profitable opportunities in these regions. Australia and New Zealand had the highest numbers of branches of British banks during the 19th century. Moreover, British overseas banks focused their attention on a ‘Triad’ consisting of Australasia, Latin America, and New Zealand. There are two factors that deserve emphasis in the origins of British multinational banking. The first was the importance of entrepreneurial decisions which initiated multinational banking. The second factor was the influence of the institutional and regulatory environment in shaping corporate forms.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish their overseas branch networks. They went later on to Asia and East India when they saw profitable opportunities in these regions. Australia and New Zealand had the highest numbers of branches of British banks during the 19th century. Moreover, British overseas banks focused their attention on a ‘Triad’ consisting of Australasia, Latin America, and New Zealand. There are two factors that deserve emphasis in the origins of British multinational banking. The first was the importance of entrepreneurial decisions which initiated multinational banking. The second factor was the influence of the institutional and regulatory environment in shaping corporate forms.
Stephen Snelders
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781526151391
- eISBN:
- 9781526161093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526151407
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Why did the international drug regulatory regime of the twentieth century fail to stop an explosive increase in trade and consumption of illegal drugs? This study investigates the histories of ...
More
Why did the international drug regulatory regime of the twentieth century fail to stop an explosive increase in trade and consumption of illegal drugs? This study investigates the histories of smugglers and criminal entrepreneurs in the Netherlands who succeeded in turning the country into the so-called ‘Colombia of Europe’ or the ‘international drug supermarket’. Increasing state regulations and intervention led to the proliferation of ‘criminal anarchy’, a ‘hydra’ of small, anarchic groups and networks ideally suited to circumvent the enforcement of regulation. Networks of smugglers and suppliers of heroin, cocaine, cannabis, XTC, and other drugs were organized without a strict formal hierarchy and based on personal relations and cultural affinities rather than on institutional arrangements. These networks used the excellent logistics and infrastructure of the country and stimulated the development of illegal drug production from Afghanistan to Morocco. They transformed the Netherlands into a transit hub for the international drug trade, supplying other European countries and the UK. They developed direct and indirect connections between supply countries and demand in the Americas. They also created a thriving underground industry of illegal synthetic drug laboratories and indoor cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands itself. Their operations were made possible and developed because of the deep historical social and cultural ‘embeddedness’ of criminal anarchy in Dutch society. Using examples from the rich history of drug smuggling, this book investigates the deeper and hidden foundation of the illegal drug trade, and its effects on our drug policies.Less
Why did the international drug regulatory regime of the twentieth century fail to stop an explosive increase in trade and consumption of illegal drugs? This study investigates the histories of smugglers and criminal entrepreneurs in the Netherlands who succeeded in turning the country into the so-called ‘Colombia of Europe’ or the ‘international drug supermarket’. Increasing state regulations and intervention led to the proliferation of ‘criminal anarchy’, a ‘hydra’ of small, anarchic groups and networks ideally suited to circumvent the enforcement of regulation. Networks of smugglers and suppliers of heroin, cocaine, cannabis, XTC, and other drugs were organized without a strict formal hierarchy and based on personal relations and cultural affinities rather than on institutional arrangements. These networks used the excellent logistics and infrastructure of the country and stimulated the development of illegal drug production from Afghanistan to Morocco. They transformed the Netherlands into a transit hub for the international drug trade, supplying other European countries and the UK. They developed direct and indirect connections between supply countries and demand in the Americas. They also created a thriving underground industry of illegal synthetic drug laboratories and indoor cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands itself. Their operations were made possible and developed because of the deep historical social and cultural ‘embeddedness’ of criminal anarchy in Dutch society. Using examples from the rich history of drug smuggling, this book investigates the deeper and hidden foundation of the illegal drug trade, and its effects on our drug policies.
Richard Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199772698
- eISBN:
- 9780199932238
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772698.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Many nineteenth-century theorists viewed triadic distance in terms of common tones and voice-leading proximity, rather than root consonance and mutual diatonic constituency. Audacious Euphony ...
More
Many nineteenth-century theorists viewed triadic distance in terms of common tones and voice-leading proximity, rather than root consonance and mutual diatonic constituency. Audacious Euphony reconstructs this view and uses it as the basis for a chromatic model of triadic space, developing geometric representations from blueprints of Euler (1739) and Weitzmann (1853). The model renders coherent many passages of romantic music (e.g. of Schubert, Liszt, Brahms, Chopin, Wagner) that are disjunct from the standpoint of classical tonality. Semantic attributes commonly ascribed to romantic music are theorized as the result of incompatibilities between classical and romantic conceptions of triadic distance. The model generalizes to apply to relations among Tristan-genus seventh chords, due to their structural homologies with triads. At the heart of the approach is the observation that major and minor triads are minimal perturbations of perfectly even augmented triads, and that this property underlies their status as voice-leading optimizers. Consonant triads are thus overdetermined, as they are also independently the acoustic optimizers of classical theory. Both consonant triads and Tristan-genus seventh chords are homophonous diamorphs, whose syntactic behaviors and semantic qualities require two distinct theories, as well as a third one that reconciles them in a cognitively plausible way. Among the compositions treated analytically in Audacious Euphony are Schubert “Der Doppelgänger” and “Auf dem Fluße”, his sonatas D. 959 and 960, Chopin’s e-minor prelude, fantasy, and g-minor ballade, Schumann’s Dichterliebe, Liszt’s Consolation #3 and organ Kyrie, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Antar, Fauré’s Requiem, Brahms’s 1st and 2nd Symphonies, Wagner’s Parsifal, Bruckner’s 3rd Symphony, Dvorak’s New World Symphony, and Strauss’s “Frühling.”Less
Many nineteenth-century theorists viewed triadic distance in terms of common tones and voice-leading proximity, rather than root consonance and mutual diatonic constituency. Audacious Euphony reconstructs this view and uses it as the basis for a chromatic model of triadic space, developing geometric representations from blueprints of Euler (1739) and Weitzmann (1853). The model renders coherent many passages of romantic music (e.g. of Schubert, Liszt, Brahms, Chopin, Wagner) that are disjunct from the standpoint of classical tonality. Semantic attributes commonly ascribed to romantic music are theorized as the result of incompatibilities between classical and romantic conceptions of triadic distance. The model generalizes to apply to relations among Tristan-genus seventh chords, due to their structural homologies with triads. At the heart of the approach is the observation that major and minor triads are minimal perturbations of perfectly even augmented triads, and that this property underlies their status as voice-leading optimizers. Consonant triads are thus overdetermined, as they are also independently the acoustic optimizers of classical theory. Both consonant triads and Tristan-genus seventh chords are homophonous diamorphs, whose syntactic behaviors and semantic qualities require two distinct theories, as well as a third one that reconciles them in a cognitively plausible way. Among the compositions treated analytically in Audacious Euphony are Schubert “Der Doppelgänger” and “Auf dem Fluße”, his sonatas D. 959 and 960, Chopin’s e-minor prelude, fantasy, and g-minor ballade, Schumann’s Dichterliebe, Liszt’s Consolation #3 and organ Kyrie, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Antar, Fauré’s Requiem, Brahms’s 1st and 2nd Symphonies, Wagner’s Parsifal, Bruckner’s 3rd Symphony, Dvorak’s New World Symphony, and Strauss’s “Frühling.”
David Duff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572748
- eISBN:
- 9780191721960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572748.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter investigates genre theory of the ‘high’ Romantic period, taking Friedrich Schlegel's Dialogue on Poetry and Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads as paradigms of the wide-ranging ...
More
This chapter investigates genre theory of the ‘high’ Romantic period, taking Friedrich Schlegel's Dialogue on Poetry and Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads as paradigms of the wide-ranging debate on genre that took place in both Germany and Britain. German influence is particularly evident in theories of organic form and philosophical approaches to genre, but these in turn draw on earlier British aesthetics, notably Shaftesbury's ‘language of forms’, and undergo further elaboration by Coleridge in his ‘genial criticism’ essays and elsewhere. Goethe's concept of morphology is another important development of the organicist model, and philosophical interest in genre-systems is reflected too in German speculation on the modal triad, lyric-epic-dramatic. The chapter also highlights the sociological emphasis of British genre theory, examining the influence of the French Revolution controversy, which led to the wholesale politicization of genre evident in many 1790s genre-reform programmes. The chapter concludes with Wordsworth's Preface to Poems (1815), a text which forcibly demonstrates the opposing currents in Romantic genre theory.Less
This chapter investigates genre theory of the ‘high’ Romantic period, taking Friedrich Schlegel's Dialogue on Poetry and Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads as paradigms of the wide-ranging debate on genre that took place in both Germany and Britain. German influence is particularly evident in theories of organic form and philosophical approaches to genre, but these in turn draw on earlier British aesthetics, notably Shaftesbury's ‘language of forms’, and undergo further elaboration by Coleridge in his ‘genial criticism’ essays and elsewhere. Goethe's concept of morphology is another important development of the organicist model, and philosophical interest in genre-systems is reflected too in German speculation on the modal triad, lyric-epic-dramatic. The chapter also highlights the sociological emphasis of British genre theory, examining the influence of the French Revolution controversy, which led to the wholesale politicization of genre evident in many 1790s genre-reform programmes. The chapter concludes with Wordsworth's Preface to Poems (1815), a text which forcibly demonstrates the opposing currents in Romantic genre theory.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208785
- eISBN:
- 9780191678141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
‘There are three grades of men: king, noble and villein’. So declared the lawbooks in Wales with brisk confidence. The categorization is, of course, grossly over-simplified. It is but one example ...
More
‘There are three grades of men: king, noble and villein’. So declared the lawbooks in Wales with brisk confidence. The categorization is, of course, grossly over-simplified. It is but one example of the passion of Welsh literary tradition for encapsulating all life and learning in snappy, mnemonic triads. However, the triad does at least have the virtue of directing attention to the centrality of status in medieval Welsh society. Every man had his status or privilege; so also did land, office, communities, vills, and churches. Even the value of a dog, according to the jurists, was determined by the status of its owner. There is no need, of course, to believe that the detailed provisions and tariffs of the law-texts on status were rigidly or consistently enforced; equally, there is no doubt that a strong sense of the distinctions, privileges, and obligations of status left a deep imprint on early Welsh society and gave it a markedly hierarchical character.Less
‘There are three grades of men: king, noble and villein’. So declared the lawbooks in Wales with brisk confidence. The categorization is, of course, grossly over-simplified. It is but one example of the passion of Welsh literary tradition for encapsulating all life and learning in snappy, mnemonic triads. However, the triad does at least have the virtue of directing attention to the centrality of status in medieval Welsh society. Every man had his status or privilege; so also did land, office, communities, vills, and churches. Even the value of a dog, according to the jurists, was determined by the status of its owner. There is no need, of course, to believe that the detailed provisions and tariffs of the law-texts on status were rigidly or consistently enforced; equally, there is no doubt that a strong sense of the distinctions, privileges, and obligations of status left a deep imprint on early Welsh society and gave it a markedly hierarchical character.
Fergus Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263242
- eISBN:
- 9780191734014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263242.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses the most extensive collection found in Irish language. It consists of 214 triads and several nonads, tetrads, duads, and single items. An anonymous author composed this ...
More
This lecture discusses the most extensive collection found in Irish language. It consists of 214 triads and several nonads, tetrads, duads, and single items. An anonymous author composed this collection sometime during the ninth century AD, and included general observations on law, nature, geography, human behaviour, and the Church. Some of the triads in this collection were adapted from earlier sources, but most of them display the vivid style of the author.Less
This lecture discusses the most extensive collection found in Irish language. It consists of 214 triads and several nonads, tetrads, duads, and single items. An anonymous author composed this collection sometime during the ninth century AD, and included general observations on law, nature, geography, human behaviour, and the Church. Some of the triads in this collection were adapted from earlier sources, but most of them display the vivid style of the author.
Sarah J. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199232048
- eISBN:
- 9780191730337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232048.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter examines the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. It explains that patients with cancer are more likely to develop VTE than those without. This is ...
More
This chapter examines the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. It explains that patients with cancer are more likely to develop VTE than those without. This is because the coagulation cascade is activated by factors related both directly and indirectly to the tumour, and all parts of Virchow's triad may be involved with the development of thrombosis. Despite the progress in thrombosis research, many questions remain unanswered including the role of primary thromboprophylaxis and the possibility of adjuvant anticoagulation as an anticancer therapy.Less
This chapter examines the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. It explains that patients with cancer are more likely to develop VTE than those without. This is because the coagulation cascade is activated by factors related both directly and indirectly to the tumour, and all parts of Virchow's triad may be involved with the development of thrombosis. Despite the progress in thrombosis research, many questions remain unanswered including the role of primary thromboprophylaxis and the possibility of adjuvant anticoagulation as an anticancer therapy.
Elaine Adler Goodfriend
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479899333
- eISBN:
- 9781479893133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479899333.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The principal foods of the ancient Israelites during the thousand years from 1200 BCE to the second century BCE were like those of other Mediterranean peoples. Grains, wine, and olive oil were the ...
More
The principal foods of the ancient Israelites during the thousand years from 1200 BCE to the second century BCE were like those of other Mediterranean peoples. Grains, wine, and olive oil were the three primary staples (the Mediterranean triad), and these were augmented by dairy products, fruits and nuts, and meat. It was difficult to produce food in the rocky soil and dry climate of ancient Israel, and a central belief in the Hebrew Bible is that the supply of food is contingent upon Israel’s obedience to God’s laws. In the Hebrew Bible, food is a subject of divine law. Religious and cultural factors marked some foods and food mixtures as taboo and inappropriate for a “holy nation.” Specific permitted foods were imbued with symbolic importance. These symbolic foods and ancient practices provide the template for later Jewish ways of consuming food, using food in worship, and addressing ethical ideals.Less
The principal foods of the ancient Israelites during the thousand years from 1200 BCE to the second century BCE were like those of other Mediterranean peoples. Grains, wine, and olive oil were the three primary staples (the Mediterranean triad), and these were augmented by dairy products, fruits and nuts, and meat. It was difficult to produce food in the rocky soil and dry climate of ancient Israel, and a central belief in the Hebrew Bible is that the supply of food is contingent upon Israel’s obedience to God’s laws. In the Hebrew Bible, food is a subject of divine law. Religious and cultural factors marked some foods and food mixtures as taboo and inappropriate for a “holy nation.” Specific permitted foods were imbued with symbolic importance. These symbolic foods and ancient practices provide the template for later Jewish ways of consuming food, using food in worship, and addressing ethical ideals.
Richard Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199772698
- eISBN:
- 9780199932238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772698.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Chapter 3 provides support for a chapter 2 premise that inverts a cardinal tenet of classical theory: that consonant triads are generated from (dissonant) augmented ones. It develops Fétis’s view ...
More
Chapter 3 provides support for a chapter 2 premise that inverts a cardinal tenet of classical theory: that consonant triads are generated from (dissonant) augmented ones. It develops Fétis’s view that tonality and repetition (“uniformity”) stand in reciprocal relation. When repetition takes precedence over tonality, equal divisions of the octave, of which augmented triads are a species, come to the fore. The point is illustrated through passages from piano sonatas of Beethoven (Appassionata) and Schubert’s (D. 959 in A major), where consecutive transposition by major third causes an evident large-scale arpeggiation of the augmented triad rather than the consonant arpeggiation identified by Schenker as fundamental to diatonic tonality. After 1850, augmented triads sound more frequently as surface harmonies, where they can be made to sound more stable than the consonant triads with which they come into contact; examples from Liszt’s Faust Symphony, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Antar Symphony, and Fauré’s Requiem illustrate. The chapter closes with a consideration of an 1853 treatise of Weitzmann which implies that the twenty-four consonant triads are organized by their voice-leading proximity to the four augmented triads.Less
Chapter 3 provides support for a chapter 2 premise that inverts a cardinal tenet of classical theory: that consonant triads are generated from (dissonant) augmented ones. It develops Fétis’s view that tonality and repetition (“uniformity”) stand in reciprocal relation. When repetition takes precedence over tonality, equal divisions of the octave, of which augmented triads are a species, come to the fore. The point is illustrated through passages from piano sonatas of Beethoven (Appassionata) and Schubert’s (D. 959 in A major), where consecutive transposition by major third causes an evident large-scale arpeggiation of the augmented triad rather than the consonant arpeggiation identified by Schenker as fundamental to diatonic tonality. After 1850, augmented triads sound more frequently as surface harmonies, where they can be made to sound more stable than the consonant triads with which they come into contact; examples from Liszt’s Faust Symphony, Rimsky-Korsakov’s Antar Symphony, and Fauré’s Requiem illustrate. The chapter closes with a consideration of an 1853 treatise of Weitzmann which implies that the twenty-four consonant triads are organized by their voice-leading proximity to the four augmented triads.
