J. G. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201786
- eISBN:
- 9780191675010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201786.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, ...
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The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, played the crucial part in determining the outcome of ‘the war to end all wars’. This book examines the experience of the soldiers of the British and Dominion armies. How did the troops regard their plight? What did they think they were fighting for? The book draws on a variety of contemporary sources, including over a hundred magazines produced by the soldiers themselves. It looks at the trench journalism which played an important role in the lives of the ordinary soldiers. Other themes explored include the nature of patriotism, discipline, living conditions, and leisure activities such as sport, concert parties, and the music hall. The book's vivid study throws new light on the question of warfare, and in particular on how the British and Dominion armies differed from those of their allies and opponents, which were wracked by mutiny or defeat as the war went on.Less
The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, played the crucial part in determining the outcome of ‘the war to end all wars’. This book examines the experience of the soldiers of the British and Dominion armies. How did the troops regard their plight? What did they think they were fighting for? The book draws on a variety of contemporary sources, including over a hundred magazines produced by the soldiers themselves. It looks at the trench journalism which played an important role in the lives of the ordinary soldiers. Other themes explored include the nature of patriotism, discipline, living conditions, and leisure activities such as sport, concert parties, and the music hall. The book's vivid study throws new light on the question of warfare, and in particular on how the British and Dominion armies differed from those of their allies and opponents, which were wracked by mutiny or defeat as the war went on.
MARK CONNELLY
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278602
- eISBN:
- 9780191707056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278602.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The value of trench raids has been much debated by military historians. Fuelled by the often contradictory and strident memories of veterans, the controversy over raiding has not yet reached a ...
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The value of trench raids has been much debated by military historians. Fuelled by the often contradictory and strident memories of veterans, the controversy over raiding has not yet reached a consensus. Arguments in favour of raiding suggest that it honed skills and fostered an aggressive spirit in men who might otherwise have atrophied into the apathetic routines of trench warfare; while those against the policy have contended that raiding merely drained battalions of their most intrepid and resourceful officers and men for little overall gain. This chapter argues that the experiences of the Buffs reveals that the issue of raiding and its value is an extremely complex one that makes it difficult to sustain a simple and clear conclusion as to its value and impact.Less
The value of trench raids has been much debated by military historians. Fuelled by the often contradictory and strident memories of veterans, the controversy over raiding has not yet reached a consensus. Arguments in favour of raiding suggest that it honed skills and fostered an aggressive spirit in men who might otherwise have atrophied into the apathetic routines of trench warfare; while those against the policy have contended that raiding merely drained battalions of their most intrepid and resourceful officers and men for little overall gain. This chapter argues that the experiences of the Buffs reveals that the issue of raiding and its value is an extremely complex one that makes it difficult to sustain a simple and clear conclusion as to its value and impact.
John T. Greenwood (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780813181332
- eISBN:
- 9780813181349
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813181332.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
General of the Armies John J. Pershing (1860–1948) had a long and distinguished military career, but he is most famous for leading the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. He published a ...
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General of the Armies John J. Pershing (1860–1948) had a long and distinguished military career, but he is most famous for leading the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. He published a memoir, <I>My Experiences in the World War</I>, and has been the subject of numerous biographies, but the literature regarding this towering figure and his enormous role in the First World War deserves to be expanded to include a collection of his wartime correspondence. Meticulously edited by John T. Greenwood, volume 1 of <I>John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, 1917–1919</I> covers the period of April 7 through September 30, 1917. The letters speak to such topics as Pershing's appointment to command the US expeditionary force, his initial preparations, and early meetings with Allied civilian and military leaders, including Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and General Henri Philippe Pétain. Drawing heavily on Pershing's extensive personal papers, this collection includes his letters and cablegrams exchanged with Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and Chiefs of Staff Hugh L. Scott and Tasker H. Bliss. Extracts from the large volume of rarely referenced cablegrams represent an important contribution to Pershing's wartime story. Two appendices provide the reader with details of Pershing's relations with the Allied governments and armies (as he reported them in an unpublished part of his <I>Final Report of Gen. John J. Pershing</I> in 1920) and his personal appraisal of Marshal Ferdinand Foch as he knew him during the war. These volumes of wartime correspondence provide new insight into the work of a legendary soldier and the historic events in which he participated, and offer a valuable resource for any serious Pershing or World War I scholar.Less
General of the Armies John J. Pershing (1860–1948) had a long and distinguished military career, but he is most famous for leading the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. He published a memoir, <I>My Experiences in the World War</I>, and has been the subject of numerous biographies, but the literature regarding this towering figure and his enormous role in the First World War deserves to be expanded to include a collection of his wartime correspondence. Meticulously edited by John T. Greenwood, volume 1 of <I>John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, 1917–1919</I> covers the period of April 7 through September 30, 1917. The letters speak to such topics as Pershing's appointment to command the US expeditionary force, his initial preparations, and early meetings with Allied civilian and military leaders, including Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and General Henri Philippe Pétain. Drawing heavily on Pershing's extensive personal papers, this collection includes his letters and cablegrams exchanged with Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and Chiefs of Staff Hugh L. Scott and Tasker H. Bliss. Extracts from the large volume of rarely referenced cablegrams represent an important contribution to Pershing's wartime story. Two appendices provide the reader with details of Pershing's relations with the Allied governments and armies (as he reported them in an unpublished part of his <I>Final Report of Gen. John J. Pershing</I> in 1920) and his personal appraisal of Marshal Ferdinand Foch as he knew him during the war. These volumes of wartime correspondence provide new insight into the work of a legendary soldier and the historic events in which he participated, and offer a valuable resource for any serious Pershing or World War I scholar.
J. G. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201786
- eISBN:
- 9780191675010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201786.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the trench journalism of the British and Dominion armies who were deployed overseas during World War I. During this war, both armies were swept by a remarkable ‘trench newspaper ...
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This chapter examines the trench journalism of the British and Dominion armies who were deployed overseas during World War I. During this war, both armies were swept by a remarkable ‘trench newspaper fever’ which saw all types of units on all fronts producing their own magazines in a way not paralleled in previous wars. It analyses the contents and readership of 107 trench magazines produced by British and Dominion armies during this war.Less
This chapter examines the trench journalism of the British and Dominion armies who were deployed overseas during World War I. During this war, both armies were swept by a remarkable ‘trench newspaper fever’ which saw all types of units on all fronts producing their own magazines in a way not paralleled in previous wars. It analyses the contents and readership of 107 trench magazines produced by British and Dominion armies during this war.
Cornelia Pearsall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195150544
- eISBN:
- 9780199871124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150544.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Chapter Two examines Tennyson’s dramatic monologue “St. Simeon Stylites” from several angles. The first section, “Victorian End Times,” places St. Simeon’s desire for rapture in the context of ...
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Chapter Two examines Tennyson’s dramatic monologue “St. Simeon Stylites” from several angles. The first section, “Victorian End Times,” places St. Simeon’s desire for rapture in the context of Victorian evangelicalism and millenarianism. Pearsall demonstrates the ways in which the theological arguments concerning rapture propounded by the evangelist Edward Irving (a controversial figure who deeply interested Tennyson’s fellow Cambridge Apostles, including Arthur Henry Hallam and Richard Chenevix Trench) influenced Tennyson’s portrayal of St. Simeon. The second section, “The Rapture of St. Simeon’s Stylites,” engages in a detailed reading of Tennyson’s monologue, examining the ingenious discursive strategies employed by St. Simeon as he labors to perform his own rapture. The chapter’s final section, “Simeon’s Afterlife: The Message of the Butterfly,” parallels Tennyson’s St. Simeon with contemporary environmental activist Julia Butterfly Hill, probing the similarities in their strategies for attaining communal as well as personal transformation.Less
Chapter Two examines Tennyson’s dramatic monologue “St. Simeon Stylites” from several angles. The first section, “Victorian End Times,” places St. Simeon’s desire for rapture in the context of Victorian evangelicalism and millenarianism. Pearsall demonstrates the ways in which the theological arguments concerning rapture propounded by the evangelist Edward Irving (a controversial figure who deeply interested Tennyson’s fellow Cambridge Apostles, including Arthur Henry Hallam and Richard Chenevix Trench) influenced Tennyson’s portrayal of St. Simeon. The second section, “The Rapture of St. Simeon’s Stylites,” engages in a detailed reading of Tennyson’s monologue, examining the ingenious discursive strategies employed by St. Simeon as he labors to perform his own rapture. The chapter’s final section, “Simeon’s Afterlife: The Message of the Butterfly,” parallels Tennyson’s St. Simeon with contemporary environmental activist Julia Butterfly Hill, probing the similarities in their strategies for attaining communal as well as personal transformation.
Nicolas Beaupré
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780197266977
- eISBN:
- 9780191955488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266977.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter digs into the variety of temporal challenges posed by the war, and uncovers the practice of writing as a way of locating one’s self in time. Soldiers living at the front experienced a ...
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This chapter digs into the variety of temporal challenges posed by the war, and uncovers the practice of writing as a way of locating one’s self in time. Soldiers living at the front experienced a sense of dislocation as they tried to reconstruct a sense of the flow of time through days and nights and weeks whose meaning had been shattered. The cycle of time from day to day was distorted. But for soldiers there was also an intense alternative experience of time: the catastrophic or paroxysmal moment of battle. The intensity of the battle created a cæsura in time, an insurmountable barrier between the past and the present. This extended the psychological trauma of soldiers, but they tried to rebuild time through correspondence, through planning for leave, and through countless little rites that allowed them to reconstruct their mastery of time. The challenges to human temporal rhythms posed by modern technological change were thus distilled intensely and poignantly by the war. The generations that followed lived with that changed temporality, unable easily to find a way of counter-balancing the destruction of human time it had brought about.Less
This chapter digs into the variety of temporal challenges posed by the war, and uncovers the practice of writing as a way of locating one’s self in time. Soldiers living at the front experienced a sense of dislocation as they tried to reconstruct a sense of the flow of time through days and nights and weeks whose meaning had been shattered. The cycle of time from day to day was distorted. But for soldiers there was also an intense alternative experience of time: the catastrophic or paroxysmal moment of battle. The intensity of the battle created a cæsura in time, an insurmountable barrier between the past and the present. This extended the psychological trauma of soldiers, but they tried to rebuild time through correspondence, through planning for leave, and through countless little rites that allowed them to reconstruct their mastery of time. The challenges to human temporal rhythms posed by modern technological change were thus distilled intensely and poignantly by the war. The generations that followed lived with that changed temporality, unable easily to find a way of counter-balancing the destruction of human time it had brought about.
DAVID R. WOODWARD
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813123837
- eISBN:
- 9780813134963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813123837.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the experiences of British soldiers during World War 1. The results indicate the each soldier reacted in his own and different way to ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the experiences of British soldiers during World War 1. The results indicate the each soldier reacted in his own and different way to the routine of army life, his theater of operations, and combat. It also suggests that those who served in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) were more likely to survive the war than those who served in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). This is because the western front was associated with huge casualties and stalemated trench warfare.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the experiences of British soldiers during World War 1. The results indicate the each soldier reacted in his own and different way to the routine of army life, his theater of operations, and combat. It also suggests that those who served in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) were more likely to survive the war than those who served in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). This is because the western front was associated with huge casualties and stalemated trench warfare.
Matthews James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines daily life in the army for conscripted soldiers and the effects of different mundane factors on their morale. It looks at conscripts’ day-to-day experience in the trenches. ...
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This chapter examines daily life in the army for conscripted soldiers and the effects of different mundane factors on their morale. It looks at conscripts’ day-to-day experience in the trenches. Despite the complex mobilizing constructs discussed in the previous chapter, combatants’ morale was often more dependent on daily needs and comforts than on an ideological understanding of the conflict, even if this was painstakingly highlighted by both sides’ propaganda campaigns. Mundane needs such as food, shelter, pay and leave therefore played a more immediate role in capturing and maintaining the troops’ loyalty than the ultimate consequences of the war.Less
This chapter examines daily life in the army for conscripted soldiers and the effects of different mundane factors on their morale. It looks at conscripts’ day-to-day experience in the trenches. Despite the complex mobilizing constructs discussed in the previous chapter, combatants’ morale was often more dependent on daily needs and comforts than on an ideological understanding of the conflict, even if this was painstakingly highlighted by both sides’ propaganda campaigns. Mundane needs such as food, shelter, pay and leave therefore played a more immediate role in capturing and maintaining the troops’ loyalty than the ultimate consequences of the war.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were ...
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This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.Less
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.
J. G. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201786
- eISBN:
- 9780191675010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201786.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the popular culture and troop morale of the frontline soldiers of the British and Dominion armies during the period from ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the popular culture and troop morale of the frontline soldiers of the British and Dominion armies during the period from 1914 to 1918. This book examines what moved the frontliners to devote so much effort to produce trench writings and evaluates their value as evidence sources. Using trench magazines, it explores the experience of troops who participated in World War I.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the popular culture and troop morale of the frontline soldiers of the British and Dominion armies during the period from 1914 to 1918. This book examines what moved the frontliners to devote so much effort to produce trench writings and evaluates their value as evidence sources. Using trench magazines, it explores the experience of troops who participated in World War I.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807832820
- eISBN:
- 9781469603261
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807882351_hess
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This book recounts the strategic and tactical operations around Petersburg during the last ten months of the Civil War. It covers all aspects of the Petersburg campaign, from important engagements ...
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This book recounts the strategic and tactical operations around Petersburg during the last ten months of the Civil War. It covers all aspects of the Petersburg campaign, from important engagements that punctuated the long months of siege to mining and countermining operations, the fashioning of wire entanglements and the laying of torpedo fields to impede attacks, and the construction of underground shelters to protect the men manning the works. The book humanizes the experience of the soldiers working in the fortifications and reveals the human cost of trench warfare in the waning days of the struggle.Less
This book recounts the strategic and tactical operations around Petersburg during the last ten months of the Civil War. It covers all aspects of the Petersburg campaign, from important engagements that punctuated the long months of siege to mining and countermining operations, the fashioning of wire entanglements and the laying of torpedo fields to impede attacks, and the construction of underground shelters to protect the men manning the works. The book humanizes the experience of the soldiers working in the fortifications and reveals the human cost of trench warfare in the waning days of the struggle.
Leslie Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199295845
- eISBN:
- 9780191700729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295845.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
To Cecil Maurice Bowra classical studies were potent because they were linked to another preoccupation, namely the proposition that poetry and the poet were of supreme importance. Maurice had ...
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To Cecil Maurice Bowra classical studies were potent because they were linked to another preoccupation, namely the proposition that poetry and the poet were of supreme importance. Maurice had discovered in the trenches of the Great War that poetry could literally save a personality from disintegration. It gave clues to a beauty of living, a spirituality, that dignified everyday events. It suggested that life might have a purpose after all. The Greeks of course had known this, but the task now was to re-establish this truth in the England of his own generation. To embark on such an enterprise would involve struggle. English ears, particularly public school ears, were not easily attuned to the demands of poets. However, for Bowra, there was no choice. As Cyril Connolly remembered, Bowra ‘saw human life as a tragedy in which great poets were the heroes who fought back and tried to give life a meaning’.Less
To Cecil Maurice Bowra classical studies were potent because they were linked to another preoccupation, namely the proposition that poetry and the poet were of supreme importance. Maurice had discovered in the trenches of the Great War that poetry could literally save a personality from disintegration. It gave clues to a beauty of living, a spirituality, that dignified everyday events. It suggested that life might have a purpose after all. The Greeks of course had known this, but the task now was to re-establish this truth in the England of his own generation. To embark on such an enterprise would involve struggle. English ears, particularly public school ears, were not easily attuned to the demands of poets. However, for Bowra, there was no choice. As Cyril Connolly remembered, Bowra ‘saw human life as a tragedy in which great poets were the heroes who fought back and tried to give life a meaning’.
Terri Blom Crocker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166155
- eISBN:
- 9780813166650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166155.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the conventional narrative of the Christmas truce and then introduces the popular narrative of the First World War, demonstrates how the standard view of the Christmas truce ...
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This chapter discusses the conventional narrative of the Christmas truce and then introduces the popular narrative of the First World War, demonstrates how the standard view of the Christmas truce supports that narrative, and reviews recent historiography that challenges the conventional war narrative. The truce is then reexamined to illustrate how it can contribute to a more complete understanding of the First World War.Less
This chapter discusses the conventional narrative of the Christmas truce and then introduces the popular narrative of the First World War, demonstrates how the standard view of the Christmas truce supports that narrative, and reviews recent historiography that challenges the conventional war narrative. The truce is then reexamined to illustrate how it can contribute to a more complete understanding of the First World War.
Terri Blom Crocker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166155
- eISBN:
- 9780813166650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166155.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter sets the scene for the Christmas truce by examining the letters British soldiers wrote home during the first winter of the war, which included forthright descriptions of the horrors of ...
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This chapter sets the scene for the Christmas truce by examining the letters British soldiers wrote home during the first winter of the war, which included forthright descriptions of the horrors of the trenches, the respect they had for the German soldiers, and occasional friendly relations with their enemies. Letters that were printed in the British newspapers containing this information conditioned the public to accept a reality about the front lines that deviated from the official reports. The frankness with which the British soldiers wrote home during this time anticipates how they would report the truce, and the way it would be received by the home front.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the Christmas truce by examining the letters British soldiers wrote home during the first winter of the war, which included forthright descriptions of the horrors of the trenches, the respect they had for the German soldiers, and occasional friendly relations with their enemies. Letters that were printed in the British newspapers containing this information conditioned the public to accept a reality about the front lines that deviated from the official reports. The frankness with which the British soldiers wrote home during this time anticipates how they would report the truce, and the way it would be received by the home front.
Terri Blom Crocker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166155
- eISBN:
- 9780813166650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166155.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The popular narrative of the truce further maintains that the event was “hushed up” by the military leadership and the government, and that the British public would have been horrified to learn that ...
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The popular narrative of the truce further maintains that the event was “hushed up” by the military leadership and the government, and that the British public would have been horrified to learn that their soldiers had fraternized with the enemy. An examination of six nationally available newspapers from the end of 1914 through the beginning of 1915, however, shows that many letters from soldiers freely discussing the truce were published during that time. As a result, the British public was fully aware of the event; additionally, no letters or editorials critical of the soldiers who participated or of the truce itself appeared in those papers.Less
The popular narrative of the truce further maintains that the event was “hushed up” by the military leadership and the government, and that the British public would have been horrified to learn that their soldiers had fraternized with the enemy. An examination of six nationally available newspapers from the end of 1914 through the beginning of 1915, however, shows that many letters from soldiers freely discussing the truce were published during that time. As a result, the British public was fully aware of the event; additionally, no letters or editorials critical of the soldiers who participated or of the truce itself appeared in those papers.
Terri Blom Crocker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166155
- eISBN:
- 9780813166650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166155.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Contrary to the belief that the truce was known only to the soldiers involved, works published during the remainder of the war, including memoirs, collections of soldiers’ letters, contemporary ...
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Contrary to the belief that the truce was known only to the soldiers involved, works published during the remainder of the war, including memoirs, collections of soldiers’ letters, contemporary histories, and treatises on the war, featured the Christmas truce as part of the conflict’s narrative. These works make it clear that the story of the truce was familiar to the British public, and that writers, including those who subscribed to the government line on the war, saw no reason to disparage the event or criticize the soldiers involved. In fact, many works used it to illustrate the lack of personal rancor of the British soldier, who they maintained fought for the justice of the cause rather than out of personal antagonism toward the enemy.Less
Contrary to the belief that the truce was known only to the soldiers involved, works published during the remainder of the war, including memoirs, collections of soldiers’ letters, contemporary histories, and treatises on the war, featured the Christmas truce as part of the conflict’s narrative. These works make it clear that the story of the truce was familiar to the British public, and that writers, including those who subscribed to the government line on the war, saw no reason to disparage the event or criticize the soldiers involved. In fact, many works used it to illustrate the lack of personal rancor of the British soldier, who they maintained fought for the justice of the cause rather than out of personal antagonism toward the enemy.
Terri Blom Crocker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166155
- eISBN:
- 9780813166650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166155.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Works from the interwar and immediate post–World War II period, when everyone in Britain was supposed to be thoroughly disillusioned with the conflict, demonstrate that in fact the narrative of the ...
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Works from the interwar and immediate post–World War II period, when everyone in Britain was supposed to be thoroughly disillusioned with the conflict, demonstrate that in fact the narrative of the war was still at this point hotly disputed, and remained so through the late 1950s. Memoirs, treatises, novels, general histories, and polemics all took different attitudes toward the war, and the truce was an important part of this contested narrative: some dismissed it as a mere curiosity, while others contended that the cease-fire signified an important moral about the conflict.Less
Works from the interwar and immediate post–World War II period, when everyone in Britain was supposed to be thoroughly disillusioned with the conflict, demonstrate that in fact the narrative of the war was still at this point hotly disputed, and remained so through the late 1950s. Memoirs, treatises, novels, general histories, and polemics all took different attitudes toward the war, and the truce was an important part of this contested narrative: some dismissed it as a mere curiosity, while others contended that the cease-fire signified an important moral about the conflict.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643427
- eISBN:
- 9781469643441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643427.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged ...
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As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.Less
As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.
Tee L. Guidotti
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380002
- eISBN:
- 9780199893881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380002.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or ...
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Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or deafness. 2) Vibration, either whole-body vibration or segmental vibration, which occurs when a particular body part is affected by vibrations from tools. 3) Pressure above or below atmospheric pressure in the workers' surroundings is associated with health risks in certain occupations, such as undersea diving and aviation. Conditions in the workplace may expose the worker to unusually high or low pressures. Examples are decompression sickness and high altitude sickness. 4) Temperature extremes are found in many occupations. The human body regulates its own internal level of heat, or core temperature, within a broad range through a variety of mechanisms (including sweating) but cannot adjust to extreme variations outside that range or when the mechanisms of adaptation are not working. 5) Ionizing radiation, either electromagnetic ionizing radiation (gamma radiation), or particle radiation. The major concern with exposure to ionizing radiation is severe tissue damage at very high levels and a risk of cancer in the future at lesser levels. 6) Nonionizing radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths when the energy level is too low to ionize atoms but sufficient to cause physical changes in cells. Ultraviolet radiation is the most common form and causes sunburn and prolonged exposure over time causes cataracts and skin cancer. Keywords: physical hazards, noise, vibration, pressure, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, tissue damage, cancerLess
Physical hazards involve the release of energy in various forms: 1) noise, the most common and widespread physical hazard, can be continuous noise or impulse that can cause damage to the ear or deafness. 2) Vibration, either whole-body vibration or segmental vibration, which occurs when a particular body part is affected by vibrations from tools. 3) Pressure above or below atmospheric pressure in the workers' surroundings is associated with health risks in certain occupations, such as undersea diving and aviation. Conditions in the workplace may expose the worker to unusually high or low pressures. Examples are decompression sickness and high altitude sickness. 4) Temperature extremes are found in many occupations. The human body regulates its own internal level of heat, or core temperature, within a broad range through a variety of mechanisms (including sweating) but cannot adjust to extreme variations outside that range or when the mechanisms of adaptation are not working. 5) Ionizing radiation, either electromagnetic ionizing radiation (gamma radiation), or particle radiation. The major concern with exposure to ionizing radiation is severe tissue damage at very high levels and a risk of cancer in the future at lesser levels. 6) Nonionizing radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths when the energy level is too low to ionize atoms but sufficient to cause physical changes in cells. Ultraviolet radiation is the most common form and causes sunburn and prolonged exposure over time causes cataracts and skin cancer. Keywords: physical hazards, noise, vibration, pressure, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, tissue damage, cancer
Gary Ka-wai Cheung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090897
- eISBN:
- 9789882207011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090897.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter discusses the subtle differences in the approach implemented by the Hong Kong government and that implemented by London and British diplomats in Beijing. While an aggressive and ...
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This chapter discusses the subtle differences in the approach implemented by the Hong Kong government and that implemented by London and British diplomats in Beijing. While an aggressive and provocative stance towards leftists was adopted by Governor David Trench, a more cautious assessment of the situation in the colony and handling of the disturbances was executed by London and British diplomats in Beijing. Trench believed that a prolonged crisis would be the “worst of all possible situations for Hong Kong”. He believed that there was a chance that by taking a very firm line, there might be some prospect of inducing a change of the mainland authorities' attitude which would enable both sides to disengage confrontation. This chapter also discusses the acute disagreement between Trench and Hopson on the deregistration of Chung Hwa Middle School and the US naval visit to Hong Kong.Less
This chapter discusses the subtle differences in the approach implemented by the Hong Kong government and that implemented by London and British diplomats in Beijing. While an aggressive and provocative stance towards leftists was adopted by Governor David Trench, a more cautious assessment of the situation in the colony and handling of the disturbances was executed by London and British diplomats in Beijing. Trench believed that a prolonged crisis would be the “worst of all possible situations for Hong Kong”. He believed that there was a chance that by taking a very firm line, there might be some prospect of inducing a change of the mainland authorities' attitude which would enable both sides to disengage confrontation. This chapter also discusses the acute disagreement between Trench and Hopson on the deregistration of Chung Hwa Middle School and the US naval visit to Hong Kong.
