Maurice Wilkes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0019
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter begins with a description of the birth of electronics. It then discusses the three main approaches to the design of trees and gating circuits, and the great designer Alan Blumlein, who ...
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This chapter begins with a description of the birth of electronics. It then discusses the three main approaches to the design of trees and gating circuits, and the great designer Alan Blumlein, who insisted that a circuit should first be designed on paper.Less
This chapter begins with a description of the birth of electronics. It then discusses the three main approaches to the design of trees and gating circuits, and the great designer Alan Blumlein, who insisted that a circuit should first be designed on paper.
Thomas Koshy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195334548
- eISBN:
- 9780199868766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334548.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter presents delightful occurrences of Catalan numbers in the theory of trees. They include binary trees, full binary trees, planted trivalent binary trees, triangulations and prefix ...
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This chapter presents delightful occurrences of Catalan numbers in the theory of trees. They include binary trees, full binary trees, planted trivalent binary trees, triangulations and prefix expressions, chessboard, ordered rooted trees, forest, and ordered forests.Less
This chapter presents delightful occurrences of Catalan numbers in the theory of trees. They include binary trees, full binary trees, planted trivalent binary trees, triangulations and prefix expressions, chessboard, ordered rooted trees, forest, and ordered forests.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199732562
- eISBN:
- 9780199918515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732562.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Mushrooms are the most wondrous inventions of the last billion years of evolutionary history on earth. Their overnight appearance is a pneumatic process, with the inflation of millions of preformed ...
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Mushrooms are the most wondrous inventions of the last billion years of evolutionary history on earth. Their overnight appearance is a pneumatic process, with the inflation of millions of preformed cells extending the stem, pushing earth aside, and unfolding a cap above the dewy grass. Once exposed, a mushroom's gills shed an astonishing 30,000 spores per second, delivering billions of microscopic particles into the air in a single day, cells that may be capable of spawning the largest organisms on the planet. Mushroom colonies burrow through soil and rotting wood. Some hook into the roots of forest trees and engage in mutually supportive symbioses; others are pathogens that decorate their food sources with hardened hooves and fleshy shelves. Among the staggering diversity of mushroom-forming fungi we find stranger apparitions including gigantic puffballs, phallic eruptions with revolting aromas, and tiny “bird's nests” whose spore-filled eggs are splashed out by raindrops. But it is the poisonous effects of a handful of fungal metabolites, and the powerful hallucinogenic qualities of others, which account for the central place of mushrooms in mythology and their commonest associations in Western culture. This book explains what mushrooms are (Chapter 1), how they work (Chapter 2), and what their underlying colonies do (Chapter 3); the harvesting and conservation of wild mushrooms and the cultivation of domesticated species are addressed in Chapters 4 and 5, the science of poisonous and hallucinatory fungi in Chapters 6 and 7, and deceptive claims about medicinal mushrooms in Chapter 8.Less
Mushrooms are the most wondrous inventions of the last billion years of evolutionary history on earth. Their overnight appearance is a pneumatic process, with the inflation of millions of preformed cells extending the stem, pushing earth aside, and unfolding a cap above the dewy grass. Once exposed, a mushroom's gills shed an astonishing 30,000 spores per second, delivering billions of microscopic particles into the air in a single day, cells that may be capable of spawning the largest organisms on the planet. Mushroom colonies burrow through soil and rotting wood. Some hook into the roots of forest trees and engage in mutually supportive symbioses; others are pathogens that decorate their food sources with hardened hooves and fleshy shelves. Among the staggering diversity of mushroom-forming fungi we find stranger apparitions including gigantic puffballs, phallic eruptions with revolting aromas, and tiny “bird's nests” whose spore-filled eggs are splashed out by raindrops. But it is the poisonous effects of a handful of fungal metabolites, and the powerful hallucinogenic qualities of others, which account for the central place of mushrooms in mythology and their commonest associations in Western culture. This book explains what mushrooms are (Chapter 1), how they work (Chapter 2), and what their underlying colonies do (Chapter 3); the harvesting and conservation of wild mushrooms and the cultivation of domesticated species are addressed in Chapters 4 and 5, the science of poisonous and hallucinatory fungi in Chapters 6 and 7, and deceptive claims about medicinal mushrooms in Chapter 8.
Emily Greenwood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199575244
- eISBN:
- 9780191722189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575244.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The starting point for this chapter is Antonio Benítez‐Rojo's concept of the ‘path of words’ to explain the repetition of motifs in travel writers who undertake the same journeys. This repetitive ...
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The starting point for this chapter is Antonio Benítez‐Rojo's concept of the ‘path of words’ to explain the repetition of motifs in travel writers who undertake the same journeys. This repetitive path of words is an important route for the introduction of classical motifs into modern Caribbean literature. The chapter studies the constant return to Greece in Patrick Leigh Fermor's The Traveller's Tree: A Journey through the Caribbean Islands (1950), and contrasts Fermor's neo‐Hellenic analogies with J. A. Froude's notorious Homeric analogy in The English in the West Indies, or The Bow of Ulysses (1887). One of the legacies of these travel accounts is that the Caribbean is represented as an accident of Greece, a curious ‘other’ Mediterranean. Since both Froude and Fermor's accounts appeal to Homer's Odyssey as a legitimizing text for their travel accounts, the second section explores Derek Walcott's fashioning of a New World Odyssey that writes back to Froude and Fermor, and shares tropes with other responses to The Odyssey in the Caribbean.Less
The starting point for this chapter is Antonio Benítez‐Rojo's concept of the ‘path of words’ to explain the repetition of motifs in travel writers who undertake the same journeys. This repetitive path of words is an important route for the introduction of classical motifs into modern Caribbean literature. The chapter studies the constant return to Greece in Patrick Leigh Fermor's The Traveller's Tree: A Journey through the Caribbean Islands (1950), and contrasts Fermor's neo‐Hellenic analogies with J. A. Froude's notorious Homeric analogy in The English in the West Indies, or The Bow of Ulysses (1887). One of the legacies of these travel accounts is that the Caribbean is represented as an accident of Greece, a curious ‘other’ Mediterranean. Since both Froude and Fermor's accounts appeal to Homer's Odyssey as a legitimizing text for their travel accounts, the second section explores Derek Walcott's fashioning of a New World Odyssey that writes back to Froude and Fermor, and shares tropes with other responses to The Odyssey in the Caribbean.
Caroline Johnson Hodge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182163
- eISBN:
- 9780199785612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182163.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter examines several passages in which Paul links Jews and gentiles (or Greeks) together, establishing a common ground but also maintaining a separation between them. Their connection is ...
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This chapter examines several passages in which Paul links Jews and gentiles (or Greeks) together, establishing a common ground but also maintaining a separation between them. Their connection is made possible by common ancestry and a shared God: gentiles-in-Christ and Jews are all descendants of Abraham, peoples of the God of Israel. But Paul does not join the two groups into one, nor are the two groups equal. Indeed, Paul maintains a hierarchy between the two, placing Jews at the top (first the Jew and then the Greek). The tension created by this arrangement is crucial to Paul's argument in Romans 9-11, where he outlines his understanding of God's larger plan for salvation of both peoples. The impartiality of God and the olive tree metaphor are critical themes in communicating this plan. Aggregative arguments allow Paul to simultaneously unify and distinguish gentiles and Jews, to rank the latter over the former, and to cultivate a tension between them which propels his version of salvation history, ultimately bringing about the salvation of both peoples.Less
This chapter examines several passages in which Paul links Jews and gentiles (or Greeks) together, establishing a common ground but also maintaining a separation between them. Their connection is made possible by common ancestry and a shared God: gentiles-in-Christ and Jews are all descendants of Abraham, peoples of the God of Israel. But Paul does not join the two groups into one, nor are the two groups equal. Indeed, Paul maintains a hierarchy between the two, placing Jews at the top (first the Jew and then the Greek). The tension created by this arrangement is crucial to Paul's argument in Romans 9-11, where he outlines his understanding of God's larger plan for salvation of both peoples. The impartiality of God and the olive tree metaphor are critical themes in communicating this plan. Aggregative arguments allow Paul to simultaneously unify and distinguish gentiles and Jews, to rank the latter over the former, and to cultivate a tension between them which propels his version of salvation history, ultimately bringing about the salvation of both peoples.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, ...
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This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.Less
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.
Paul F. Lurquin and Linda Stone
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315387
- eISBN:
- 9780199785674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315387.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter rebuts irreducible complexity and creationism by explaining the reliability of dating techniques as well as sophisticated laboratory techniques that allow researchers to synthesize ...
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This chapter rebuts irreducible complexity and creationism by explaining the reliability of dating techniques as well as sophisticated laboratory techniques that allow researchers to synthesize extinct genes (genetic archaeology, gene resurrection) and study their homology to other genes. These techniques clearly demonstrate that the irreducible complexity of the eye, the immune system, and the bacterial flagellum are subjective impressions. On the contrary, phylogenetic trees based on gene homology show a deep evolutionary link between simple life-forms and complex ones. Finally, the chapter gives several examples of “poor design” that cast doubt on the principle of Intelligent Design.Less
This chapter rebuts irreducible complexity and creationism by explaining the reliability of dating techniques as well as sophisticated laboratory techniques that allow researchers to synthesize extinct genes (genetic archaeology, gene resurrection) and study their homology to other genes. These techniques clearly demonstrate that the irreducible complexity of the eye, the immune system, and the bacterial flagellum are subjective impressions. On the contrary, phylogenetic trees based on gene homology show a deep evolutionary link between simple life-forms and complex ones. Finally, the chapter gives several examples of “poor design” that cast doubt on the principle of Intelligent Design.
Oliver L. Phillips, Timothy R. Baker, Luzmila Arroyo, Niro Higuchi, Timothy Killeen, William F. Laurance, Simon L. Lewis, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Abel Monteagudo, David A. Neill, Percy Nuñez Vargas, J. Natalino N. Silva, Rodolfo Vásquez Martinez, Miguel Alexiades, Samuel Almeida, Sandra Brown, Jerome Chave, James A. Comiskey, Claudia I. Czimczik, Anthony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, Caroline Kuebler, Susan G. Laurance, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Jean Olivier, Walter Palacios, Sandra Patiño, Nigel Pitman, Carlos A. Quesada, Mario Saldias, Armando Torres Lezama, and Barbara Vinceti
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. ...
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Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. However, the findings have proved controversial. Here, regional-scale patterns of tree turnover are characterized, using improved datasets available for Amazonia that span the last twenty-five years. The main findings include: trees at least 10 cm in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of western Amazonia compared to trees on the poorer soils of eastern Amazonia; turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the last two decades; mortality and recruitment rates have tended to increase in every region and environmental zone; recruitment rates consistently exceed mortality rates; and increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonia. These patterns and trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses, and cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver such as increased drought because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Apparently, therefore, widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.Less
Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. However, the findings have proved controversial. Here, regional-scale patterns of tree turnover are characterized, using improved datasets available for Amazonia that span the last twenty-five years. The main findings include: trees at least 10 cm in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of western Amazonia compared to trees on the poorer soils of eastern Amazonia; turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the last two decades; mortality and recruitment rates have tended to increase in every region and environmental zone; recruitment rates consistently exceed mortality rates; and increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonia. These patterns and trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses, and cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver such as increased drought because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Apparently, therefore, widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.
Norman A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306750
- eISBN:
- 9780199790203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306750.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Our closest living relatives are the great apes, but which of the many types of apes are we closest to? The evidence from most genes supports humans being the closest relatives to the two chimpanzee ...
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Our closest living relatives are the great apes, but which of the many types of apes are we closest to? The evidence from most genes supports humans being the closest relatives to the two chimpanzee species (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo), with gorillas more distant to either the human or chimp lineages. There are, however, genes that seem to support different relationships. These differences in the evolutionary relationships from different genes may be real and not just artifacts of methodology or inadequate sampling. “Gene trees” may not reflect “species trees” because of population genetic processes. This chapter also includes results from recent studies of the chimpanzee genome, and explores what it means to share 98% of our DNA with chimps.Less
Our closest living relatives are the great apes, but which of the many types of apes are we closest to? The evidence from most genes supports humans being the closest relatives to the two chimpanzee species (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo), with gorillas more distant to either the human or chimp lineages. There are, however, genes that seem to support different relationships. These differences in the evolutionary relationships from different genes may be real and not just artifacts of methodology or inadequate sampling. “Gene trees” may not reflect “species trees” because of population genetic processes. This chapter also includes results from recent studies of the chimpanzee genome, and explores what it means to share 98% of our DNA with chimps.
Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151687
- eISBN:
- 9781400848911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Chapter 6 described techniques for estimating joint probability distributions from multivariate data sets and for identifying the inherent clustering within the properties of sources. This approach ...
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Chapter 6 described techniques for estimating joint probability distributions from multivariate data sets and for identifying the inherent clustering within the properties of sources. This approach can be viewed as the unsupervised classification of data. If, however, we have labels for some of these data points (e.g., an object is tall, short, red, or blue) we can utilize this information to develop a relationship between the label and the properties of a source. We refer to this as supervised classification, which is the focus of this chapter. The motivation for supervised classification comes from the long history of classification in astronomy. Possibly the most well known of these classification schemes is that defined by Edwin Hubble for the morphological classification of galaxies based on their visual appearance. This chapter discusses generative classification, k-nearest-neighbor classifier, discriminative classification, support vector machines, decision trees, and evaluating classifiers.Less
Chapter 6 described techniques for estimating joint probability distributions from multivariate data sets and for identifying the inherent clustering within the properties of sources. This approach can be viewed as the unsupervised classification of data. If, however, we have labels for some of these data points (e.g., an object is tall, short, red, or blue) we can utilize this information to develop a relationship between the label and the properties of a source. We refer to this as supervised classification, which is the focus of this chapter. The motivation for supervised classification comes from the long history of classification in astronomy. Possibly the most well known of these classification schemes is that defined by Edwin Hubble for the morphological classification of galaxies based on their visual appearance. This chapter discusses generative classification, k-nearest-neighbor classifier, discriminative classification, support vector machines, decision trees, and evaluating classifiers.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter deals with one of the most long-debated question about how dogs became domesticated. Traditional understanding of this process was based on the finding of archaeologists that are, ...
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This chapter deals with one of the most long-debated question about how dogs became domesticated. Traditional understanding of this process was based on the finding of archaeologists that are, however, restricted to only a few geographic locations and time periods. The possibility of scientific inquiry about domestication has changed with the introduction of novel phylogenetic approaches based on molecular biological methods, which, however, are also not without problems. The chapter provides an introduction to constraints presented by both the archaeological and the phylogenetic investigations, and reviews the problems of tracing genetic evolution. Finally, a possible multi-step framework for dog domestication is presented.Less
This chapter deals with one of the most long-debated question about how dogs became domesticated. Traditional understanding of this process was based on the finding of archaeologists that are, however, restricted to only a few geographic locations and time periods. The possibility of scientific inquiry about domestication has changed with the introduction of novel phylogenetic approaches based on molecular biological methods, which, however, are also not without problems. The chapter provides an introduction to constraints presented by both the archaeological and the phylogenetic investigations, and reviews the problems of tracing genetic evolution. Finally, a possible multi-step framework for dog domestication is presented.
Arne Ø. Mooers, Simon J. Goring, Samuel T. Turvey, and Tyler S. Kuhn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Each species can be considered to possess a set of unique characters which comprise its feature diversity — the diversity that would be lost when that species goes extinct. Biodiversity is unevenly ...
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Each species can be considered to possess a set of unique characters which comprise its feature diversity — the diversity that would be lost when that species goes extinct. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed across the tree of life; if distinctive species become extinct, more of the tree (more unique features) is lost than if we prune less distinctive species. Studying how feature diversity is distributed across biodiversity, using taxonomies and supertrees, allows us to assess the impacts of historically and prehistorically recent extinctions on this distribution. Roughly twice as many higher mammal and bird taxa than expected under a random extinction scenario have been lost throughout the Holocene. Smaller taxa were more likely to lose species to extinction, but there has also been ‘selectivity by taxon’ not predicted by taxon size. The Holocene mammalian phylogeny appears imbalanced, most likely due to non-random losses from species-poor clades over the course of the Holocene.Less
Each species can be considered to possess a set of unique characters which comprise its feature diversity — the diversity that would be lost when that species goes extinct. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed across the tree of life; if distinctive species become extinct, more of the tree (more unique features) is lost than if we prune less distinctive species. Studying how feature diversity is distributed across biodiversity, using taxonomies and supertrees, allows us to assess the impacts of historically and prehistorically recent extinctions on this distribution. Roughly twice as many higher mammal and bird taxa than expected under a random extinction scenario have been lost throughout the Holocene. Smaller taxa were more likely to lose species to extinction, but there has also been ‘selectivity by taxon’ not predicted by taxon size. The Holocene mammalian phylogeny appears imbalanced, most likely due to non-random losses from species-poor clades over the course of the Holocene.
William P. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730797
- eISBN:
- 9780199777075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730797.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Theology
The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes ...
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The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes fails in the act of creating. This “low” view of God is matched by humankind’s portrayal as a “groundling,” a product of God’s work with dirt, in contrast to the “image of God” portrayal in Genesis 1. Written in view of ancient Israel’s mixed experience with monarchy, the Garden narrative focuses on the human family and its rise to power. As such, it invites dialogue with the anthropological account of human evolution, the human tree of life. Both accounts affirm the common ground of biological life and the challenging transitions that have shaped humanity’s development and ascendancy in creation. Evolutionary science reinterprets the account of the “Fall” of humanity in powerfully ecological ways.Less
The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes fails in the act of creating. This “low” view of God is matched by humankind’s portrayal as a “groundling,” a product of God’s work with dirt, in contrast to the “image of God” portrayal in Genesis 1. Written in view of ancient Israel’s mixed experience with monarchy, the Garden narrative focuses on the human family and its rise to power. As such, it invites dialogue with the anthropological account of human evolution, the human tree of life. Both accounts affirm the common ground of biological life and the challenging transitions that have shaped humanity’s development and ascendancy in creation. Evolutionary science reinterprets the account of the “Fall” of humanity in powerfully ecological ways.
Tony K. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392722
- eISBN:
- 9780199777327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392722.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
The Caitanya caritāmṛta opened with the doctrine of the pañca tattva, the theological basis for Caitanya’s descent with his retinue, dhāma, whose individuals were named by the hundreds. To articulate ...
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The Caitanya caritāmṛta opened with the doctrine of the pañca tattva, the theological basis for Caitanya’s descent with his retinue, dhāma, whose individuals were named by the hundreds. To articulate a unified Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava community, Kṛṣṇadāsa adopted the metaphor of the tree of bhakti: Caitanya’s gurus the roots, Caitanya the trunk, and four key branches, locating every devotee in Bengal, Orissa, and Vraja. By highlighting prior works, the Caitanya caritāmṛta functioned as commentary on tradition. Kṛṣṇadāsa’s pervasive rhetoric of humility leaves the impression of reportage; yet he proffered privileged readings, inserted theological arguments in Caitanya’s mouth, and expanded stories with previously unknown information. His seemingly passing praise of select devotees and texts impels the reader to never-explicitly-stated conclusions, a technique of indirect assertion by analogy. The resulting acts of inclusion and exclusion gently guide the reader to sanctioned readings, the founding canon. These strategies together constituted a grammar of tradition.Less
The Caitanya caritāmṛta opened with the doctrine of the pañca tattva, the theological basis for Caitanya’s descent with his retinue, dhāma, whose individuals were named by the hundreds. To articulate a unified Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava community, Kṛṣṇadāsa adopted the metaphor of the tree of bhakti: Caitanya’s gurus the roots, Caitanya the trunk, and four key branches, locating every devotee in Bengal, Orissa, and Vraja. By highlighting prior works, the Caitanya caritāmṛta functioned as commentary on tradition. Kṛṣṇadāsa’s pervasive rhetoric of humility leaves the impression of reportage; yet he proffered privileged readings, inserted theological arguments in Caitanya’s mouth, and expanded stories with previously unknown information. His seemingly passing praise of select devotees and texts impels the reader to never-explicitly-stated conclusions, a technique of indirect assertion by analogy. The resulting acts of inclusion and exclusion gently guide the reader to sanctioned readings, the founding canon. These strategies together constituted a grammar of tradition.
Jordi Bosch, Fabio Sgolastra, and William P. Kemp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195316957
- eISBN:
- 9780199871575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have ...
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Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.Less
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.
Brian D. Ripley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566540
- eISBN:
- 9780191718038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566540.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of ...
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This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of this power to work with larger datasets; to use more realistic models and better ways to fit them; to explore much larger classes of models; to attempt a more realistic analysis of existing simple models; and to better visualize data, or fitted models, or their combination. Related issues are discussed using a variety of examples. It is argued that statistical practice is affected most by the type of available statistical software. Open-source software, software quality, and graphical software are evaluated and illustrated using classification trees and serial brain scans.Less
This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of this power to work with larger datasets; to use more realistic models and better ways to fit them; to explore much larger classes of models; to attempt a more realistic analysis of existing simple models; and to better visualize data, or fitted models, or their combination. Related issues are discussed using a variety of examples. It is argued that statistical practice is affected most by the type of available statistical software. Open-source software, software quality, and graphical software are evaluated and illustrated using classification trees and serial brain scans.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter discusses three introductory examples for studying exact and fixed-parameter algorithms. It starts with the boolean Satisfiability problem and its numerous parameters, then discusses an ...
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This chapter discusses three introductory examples for studying exact and fixed-parameter algorithms. It starts with the boolean Satisfiability problem and its numerous parameters, then discusses an application problem from railway optimization, and concludes with a communication problem in tree networks (Multicut in Trees). It briefly summarizes the leitmotif of parameterized algorithm design and analysis.Less
This chapter discusses three introductory examples for studying exact and fixed-parameter algorithms. It starts with the boolean Satisfiability problem and its numerous parameters, then discusses an application problem from railway optimization, and concludes with a communication problem in tree networks (Multicut in Trees). It briefly summarizes the leitmotif of parameterized algorithm design and analysis.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
In this chapter a series of processes with a variety of transition structures are considered and their analysis is presented in a unifying manner. These processes are grouped under the generic name ...
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In this chapter a series of processes with a variety of transition structures are considered and their analysis is presented in a unifying manner. These processes are grouped under the generic name of Phase-type queues, they include G/M/1-type Markov chains, QBD processes, Markov chains with Toeplitz-like transitions and limited displacements (non-skip-free), and tree-like processes. A duality property between M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains is described and a reduction of M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains to QBD is analysed.Less
In this chapter a series of processes with a variety of transition structures are considered and their analysis is presented in a unifying manner. These processes are grouped under the generic name of Phase-type queues, they include G/M/1-type Markov chains, QBD processes, Markov chains with Toeplitz-like transitions and limited displacements (non-skip-free), and tree-like processes. A duality property between M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains is described and a reduction of M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains to QBD is analysed.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
Some specialized structures are investigated in this chapter and some of the algorithms in previous chapters are adapted to the specific cases. Markov chains with limited displacement (non-skip-free ...
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Some specialized structures are investigated in this chapter and some of the algorithms in previous chapters are adapted to the specific cases. Markov chains with limited displacement (non-skip-free processes) are solved by means of functional iterations and cyclic reduction. Markov chains of M/G/1-type are reduced to a special QBD process with infinite blocks and treated with cyclic reduction. Finally, three different algorithms for tree-like stochastic processes, relying on fixed point iterations, Newton’s iteration, and cyclic reduction, are introduced and analysed.Less
Some specialized structures are investigated in this chapter and some of the algorithms in previous chapters are adapted to the specific cases. Markov chains with limited displacement (non-skip-free processes) are solved by means of functional iterations and cyclic reduction. Markov chains of M/G/1-type are reduced to a special QBD process with infinite blocks and treated with cyclic reduction. Finally, three different algorithms for tree-like stochastic processes, relying on fixed point iterations, Newton’s iteration, and cyclic reduction, are introduced and analysed.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter's title signifies not only that backward induction is introduced, but that some backing up is necessary to put the material of the previous chapter on a more solid foundation. The game ...
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This chapter's title signifies not only that backward induction is introduced, but that some backing up is necessary to put the material of the previous chapter on a more solid foundation. The game of Matching Pennies, with and without peeking, is used to illustrate the difference between games of perfect and imperfect competition. The rules of a game of a general game of perfect information are then described using the idea of a game tree. The principle of backward induction is introduced for the case of win-or-lose games, where its application is entirely uncontroversial. This leads to the notion of the value of a win-or-lose game. As examples, the values of the games of Nim and Hex are found. Chess is then introduced as an example of a strictly competitive game with more than two outcomes. It is shown that finite strictly competitive games always have a value. The connexion between Nash equilibria and saddle points is explained. Subgame-perfect equilibria are introduced as the end-product of backward induction. It is explained why some Nash equilibria are not subgame-perfect. The chapter ends with a discussion of the rationality assumption, and why subgame-perfect play may not always be a good idea when an opponent fails to behave rationally.Less
This chapter's title signifies not only that backward induction is introduced, but that some backing up is necessary to put the material of the previous chapter on a more solid foundation. The game of Matching Pennies, with and without peeking, is used to illustrate the difference between games of perfect and imperfect competition. The rules of a game of a general game of perfect information are then described using the idea of a game tree. The principle of backward induction is introduced for the case of win-or-lose games, where its application is entirely uncontroversial. This leads to the notion of the value of a win-or-lose game. As examples, the values of the games of Nim and Hex are found. Chess is then introduced as an example of a strictly competitive game with more than two outcomes. It is shown that finite strictly competitive games always have a value. The connexion between Nash equilibria and saddle points is explained. Subgame-perfect equilibria are introduced as the end-product of backward induction. It is explained why some Nash equilibria are not subgame-perfect. The chapter ends with a discussion of the rationality assumption, and why subgame-perfect play may not always be a good idea when an opponent fails to behave rationally.
