Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the evolution of unionism in Northern Ireland since it unexpectedly and paradoxically found itself under Home Rule, which its leading politicians had raised a private army to ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of unionism in Northern Ireland since it unexpectedly and paradoxically found itself under Home Rule, which its leading politicians had raised a private army to prevent. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK in which primordial Unionism, that is, the belief that the Union is good in and for itself, survives. But even so, primordialism runs in different streams — military, religious, intellectual — whose waters scarcely mix.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of unionism in Northern Ireland since it unexpectedly and paradoxically found itself under Home Rule, which its leading politicians had raised a private army to prevent. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK in which primordial Unionism, that is, the belief that the Union is good in and for itself, survives. But even so, primordialism runs in different streams — military, religious, intellectual — whose waters scarcely mix.
Par Kristoffer Cassel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199792054
- eISBN:
- 9780199932573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199792054.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, World Modern History
This book reopens the question of consular jurisdiction and extraterritoriality in China and Japan. The book combines recent findings in Qing history on the nature of ethnicity and law with the ...
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This book reopens the question of consular jurisdiction and extraterritoriality in China and Japan. The book combines recent findings in Qing history on the nature of ethnicity and law with the history of the treaty ports in both China and Japan, especially Shanghai, Yokohama, and Nagasaki. Extraterritoriality was not implanted into East Asia as a ready-made product but developed in a dialogue with local precedents, local understandings of power, and local institutions, which are best understood within the complex triangular relationship between China, Japan and the West. A close reading of treaty texts and other relevant documents suggests that a Qing institution for the adjudication for Manchu-Chinese disputes served as the model for both the International Mixed Court in Shanghai and the extraterritorial arrangements in Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin in 1871. The adaptability of Qing legal procedure provided for a relatively seamless transition into the treaty port era, which would have momentous consequences for China’s national sovereignty in the twentieth century. There was no parallel to this development in the Japanese case. Instead, Japanese authorities chose not to integrate consular courts and mixed courts into the indigenous legal order, and as a consequence, consular jurisdiction remained an alien body in the Japanese state, and Japanese policymakers were determined to keep it that way.Less
This book reopens the question of consular jurisdiction and extraterritoriality in China and Japan. The book combines recent findings in Qing history on the nature of ethnicity and law with the history of the treaty ports in both China and Japan, especially Shanghai, Yokohama, and Nagasaki. Extraterritoriality was not implanted into East Asia as a ready-made product but developed in a dialogue with local precedents, local understandings of power, and local institutions, which are best understood within the complex triangular relationship between China, Japan and the West. A close reading of treaty texts and other relevant documents suggests that a Qing institution for the adjudication for Manchu-Chinese disputes served as the model for both the International Mixed Court in Shanghai and the extraterritorial arrangements in Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin in 1871. The adaptability of Qing legal procedure provided for a relatively seamless transition into the treaty port era, which would have momentous consequences for China’s national sovereignty in the twentieth century. There was no parallel to this development in the Japanese case. Instead, Japanese authorities chose not to integrate consular courts and mixed courts into the indigenous legal order, and as a consequence, consular jurisdiction remained an alien body in the Japanese state, and Japanese policymakers were determined to keep it that way.
W. G. Beasley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221685
- eISBN:
- 9780191678479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221685.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Japan's victory over China in 1894–5 at once undermined the stability of the treaty port system. The outcome in the years 1895–1900 was a compromise. One ingredient in it was the creation of spheres ...
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Japan's victory over China in 1894–5 at once undermined the stability of the treaty port system. The outcome in the years 1895–1900 was a compromise. One ingredient in it was the creation of spheres of influence. It was into this environment that Japan was thrust by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The situation was significantly different from the ‘co-operative imperialism’ the Japanese thought that they were joining, within which treaty signatories shared their privileges through the most-favoured-nation clause. Instead, there were fierce imperialist rivalries, as much about territory as about trade, One of the most powerful predators, Russia, was established at Japan's doorstep, and this posed a crucial dilemma. Challenging Russia, as the Triple Intervention had made plain, could only be attempted with some indication of support from Britain and America. The price of this was accepting the Open Door.Less
Japan's victory over China in 1894–5 at once undermined the stability of the treaty port system. The outcome in the years 1895–1900 was a compromise. One ingredient in it was the creation of spheres of influence. It was into this environment that Japan was thrust by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The situation was significantly different from the ‘co-operative imperialism’ the Japanese thought that they were joining, within which treaty signatories shared their privileges through the most-favoured-nation clause. Instead, there were fierce imperialist rivalries, as much about territory as about trade, One of the most powerful predators, Russia, was established at Japan's doorstep, and this posed a crucial dilemma. Challenging Russia, as the Triple Intervention had made plain, could only be attempted with some indication of support from Britain and America. The price of this was accepting the Open Door.
Trais Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501740152
- eISBN:
- 9781501740176
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501740152.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
By the 1890s, Siam (Thailand) was the last holdout against European imperialism in Southeast Asia. But the kingdom's exceptional status came with a substantial caveat: Bangkok, its bustling capital, ...
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By the 1890s, Siam (Thailand) was the last holdout against European imperialism in Southeast Asia. But the kingdom's exceptional status came with a substantial caveat: Bangkok, its bustling capital, was a port city that was subject to many of the same legal and fiscal constraints as other colonial treaty ports. This book offers new insight into turn-of-the-century Thai history by disinterring the forgotten stories of those who died “unnatural deaths” during this period and the work of the Siamese state to assert their rights in a pluralistic legal arena. The book documents the piecemeal introduction of new forms of legal and medical concern for the dead. It reveals that the investigation of unnatural death demanded testimony from diverse strata of society: from the unlettered masses to the king himself. These cases raised questions about how to handle the dead—were they spirits to be placated or legal subjects whose deaths demanded compensation?—as well as questions about jurisdiction, rights, and liability. Exhuming the history of imperial politics, transnational commerce, technology, and expertise, the book demonstrates how the state's response to global flows transformed the nature of legal subjectivity and politics in lasting ways. A compelling exploration of the troubling lives of the dead in a cosmopolitan treaty port, the book is a notable contribution to the growing corpus of studies in science, law, and society in the non-Western world.Less
By the 1890s, Siam (Thailand) was the last holdout against European imperialism in Southeast Asia. But the kingdom's exceptional status came with a substantial caveat: Bangkok, its bustling capital, was a port city that was subject to many of the same legal and fiscal constraints as other colonial treaty ports. This book offers new insight into turn-of-the-century Thai history by disinterring the forgotten stories of those who died “unnatural deaths” during this period and the work of the Siamese state to assert their rights in a pluralistic legal arena. The book documents the piecemeal introduction of new forms of legal and medical concern for the dead. It reveals that the investigation of unnatural death demanded testimony from diverse strata of society: from the unlettered masses to the king himself. These cases raised questions about how to handle the dead—were they spirits to be placated or legal subjects whose deaths demanded compensation?—as well as questions about jurisdiction, rights, and liability. Exhuming the history of imperial politics, transnational commerce, technology, and expertise, the book demonstrates how the state's response to global flows transformed the nature of legal subjectivity and politics in lasting ways. A compelling exploration of the troubling lives of the dead in a cosmopolitan treaty port, the book is a notable contribution to the growing corpus of studies in science, law, and society in the non-Western world.
Erik Esselstrom
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832315
- eISBN:
- 9780824868932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832315.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the dispute between China and Japan over the propriety and fundamental legal legitimacy of the consular police established by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in ...
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This chapter examines the dispute between China and Japan over the propriety and fundamental legal legitimacy of the consular police established by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in mainland Chinese treaty ports and the Manchurian frontier. It first considers the presence of the Gaimushō police in the treaty ports of Shanghai, Tianjin, and Xiamen before exploring how the legality of the consular police's existence in the Chinese treaty port environment and in Manchuria came under fire from local Chinese officials, other foreign colonial powers, and even rival institutions of their own imperial government. It also looks at the Zhengjiatun incident of 1916 in Manchuria to highlight the wider Sino-Japanese conflict over the legitimacy of the Japanese consular police. Finally, it analyzes the reasons why the Gaimushō insisted on its claim for legitimate police power despite strong opposition from the Chinese side.Less
This chapter examines the dispute between China and Japan over the propriety and fundamental legal legitimacy of the consular police established by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in mainland Chinese treaty ports and the Manchurian frontier. It first considers the presence of the Gaimushō police in the treaty ports of Shanghai, Tianjin, and Xiamen before exploring how the legality of the consular police's existence in the Chinese treaty port environment and in Manchuria came under fire from local Chinese officials, other foreign colonial powers, and even rival institutions of their own imperial government. It also looks at the Zhengjiatun incident of 1916 in Manchuria to highlight the wider Sino-Japanese conflict over the legitimacy of the Japanese consular police. Finally, it analyzes the reasons why the Gaimushō insisted on its claim for legitimate police power despite strong opposition from the Chinese side.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the treaty-port media environment in China. It sketches the background of the key British and American-owned English-language papers in China’s treaty ports, ...
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Chapter 1 provides an overview of the treaty-port media environment in China. It sketches the background of the key British and American-owned English-language papers in China’s treaty ports, particularly the North China Daily News, the China Press, and the China Weekly Review, and reveals the transnational feature of the treaty-port newspapers. By exploring China’s efforts to complete with Japan in establishing international news networks during the 1910s and the 1920s, it explores the intricate rivalries among various interest groups in the English-language press, and tensions between the treaty-port press and metropolitan papers.Less
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the treaty-port media environment in China. It sketches the background of the key British and American-owned English-language papers in China’s treaty ports, particularly the North China Daily News, the China Press, and the China Weekly Review, and reveals the transnational feature of the treaty-port newspapers. By exploring China’s efforts to complete with Japan in establishing international news networks during the 1910s and the 1920s, it explores the intricate rivalries among various interest groups in the English-language press, and tensions between the treaty-port press and metropolitan papers.
RUTH ROGASKI
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240018
- eISBN:
- 9780520930605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240018.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter provides a close reading of China's first translations that presented Western ways of hygiene under the rubric weisheng. “Fu Lanya” (John Fryer's Chinese moniker) had become almost ...
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This chapter provides a close reading of China's first translations that presented Western ways of hygiene under the rubric weisheng. “Fu Lanya” (John Fryer's Chinese moniker) had become almost synonymous with translations of “Western knowledge” in China. The books through which Fryer presented Western techniques of weisheng were fundamentally chemistry texts. Huaxue weisheng lun celebrates chemistry's ability to improve China's health by recategorizing the building blocks of nature, defining the health-giving properties of food, and eliminating the poisons of the atmosphere. The Weisheng bian series begins with advice on healthful nutrition. Juzhai weisheng lun places the ultimate responsibility for human health squarely on the shoulders of government. Zheng Guanying concludes that Western approaches to guarding life are occasionally helpful, but in no way superior to Chinese technology and knowledge.Less
This chapter provides a close reading of China's first translations that presented Western ways of hygiene under the rubric weisheng. “Fu Lanya” (John Fryer's Chinese moniker) had become almost synonymous with translations of “Western knowledge” in China. The books through which Fryer presented Western techniques of weisheng were fundamentally chemistry texts. Huaxue weisheng lun celebrates chemistry's ability to improve China's health by recategorizing the building blocks of nature, defining the health-giving properties of food, and eliminating the poisons of the atmosphere. The Weisheng bian series begins with advice on healthful nutrition. Juzhai weisheng lun places the ultimate responsibility for human health squarely on the shoulders of government. Zheng Guanying concludes that Western approaches to guarding life are occasionally helpful, but in no way superior to Chinese technology and knowledge.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 3 highlights the Nationalist government’s attempts to build an international propaganda system and to control the extraterritoriality-protected treaty-port papers from 1928 to 1932.The ...
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Chapter 3 highlights the Nationalist government’s attempts to build an international propaganda system and to control the extraterritoriality-protected treaty-port papers from 1928 to 1932.The top-down information control exercised by the party-led propaganda system conflicted with the liberal journalism practiced in the treaty ports. Unable to achieve diplomatic progress in abolishing extraterritoriality, the Nanjing government made inroads into the extraterritorial system in specific fronts. Press control was one of them. By issuing postal bans, deporting journalists, and reviewing treaties with foreign cable companies, the government sought to strengthen its censorship power. It also adapted to the treaty-port press environment by camouflaging the party’s involvement through transnational covers.Less
Chapter 3 highlights the Nationalist government’s attempts to build an international propaganda system and to control the extraterritoriality-protected treaty-port papers from 1928 to 1932.The top-down information control exercised by the party-led propaganda system conflicted with the liberal journalism practiced in the treaty ports. Unable to achieve diplomatic progress in abolishing extraterritoriality, the Nanjing government made inroads into the extraterritorial system in specific fronts. Press control was one of them. By issuing postal bans, deporting journalists, and reviewing treaties with foreign cable companies, the government sought to strengthen its censorship power. It also adapted to the treaty-port press environment by camouflaging the party’s involvement through transnational covers.
Trais Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501740152
- eISBN:
- 9781501740176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501740152.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter considers the kinds of legal and medicolegal disputes that arose when foreign residents sustained injuries on the tracks of the Bangkok Tramway Company. It looks at the kinds of ...
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This chapter considers the kinds of legal and medicolegal disputes that arose when foreign residents sustained injuries on the tracks of the Bangkok Tramway Company. It looks at the kinds of expertise and institutions responsible for adjudicating claims for compensation and considers the rights of the Bangkok Tramway Company, its employees, managers, and shareholders. In answering these questions, the chapter analyzes “jurisdictional politics,” “conflicts over the preservation, creation, nature, and extent of different legal forums and authorities,” in the plural legal arena of treaty port Bangkok. It deconstructs historical metanarratives about the “Westernization” or “modernization” of Thai law by revealing the fractious nature of Western law, including evidence of internecine squabbles between the representatives of legal and medical expertise—barristers and physicians—but also among the laypeople who advocated for particular brands of European legal tradition. It therefore complicates celebratory narratives of legal liberalism by demonstrating how nationalist sentiments and professional self-interest were the true impetus for legal change, not any grand imperial ambitions for bestowing law as a civilizing force.Less
This chapter considers the kinds of legal and medicolegal disputes that arose when foreign residents sustained injuries on the tracks of the Bangkok Tramway Company. It looks at the kinds of expertise and institutions responsible for adjudicating claims for compensation and considers the rights of the Bangkok Tramway Company, its employees, managers, and shareholders. In answering these questions, the chapter analyzes “jurisdictional politics,” “conflicts over the preservation, creation, nature, and extent of different legal forums and authorities,” in the plural legal arena of treaty port Bangkok. It deconstructs historical metanarratives about the “Westernization” or “modernization” of Thai law by revealing the fractious nature of Western law, including evidence of internecine squabbles between the representatives of legal and medical expertise—barristers and physicians—but also among the laypeople who advocated for particular brands of European legal tradition. It therefore complicates celebratory narratives of legal liberalism by demonstrating how nationalist sentiments and professional self-interest were the true impetus for legal change, not any grand imperial ambitions for bestowing law as a civilizing force.
Soon Keong Ong
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501756184
- eISBN:
- 9781501756207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501756184.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter analyses the multifaceted identities of returned emigrants in Xiamen during its treaty port era through the lens of different power regimes — the Qing, Great Britain, Japan, and the ...
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This chapter analyses the multifaceted identities of returned emigrants in Xiamen during its treaty port era through the lens of different power regimes — the Qing, Great Britain, Japan, and the Republic of China. It examines how they manipulated their identities for their own benefits. For those emigrants who had acquired foreign nationality, they had literally returned home to China as a “foreign” country. But for returned overseas Chinese in general, Xiamen was “foreign” also, because it was not entirely Chinese. In a sense, the chapter explains how Xiamen was situated “in-between” China and the world beyond after various contending political powers created a fluid environment in Xiamen. While the various states tried to identify, win over, and discipline the emigrants, the chapter reveals the chameleonic nature of the overseas Chinese and their conspicuous lack of deep ideological commitment to any one particular state.Less
This chapter analyses the multifaceted identities of returned emigrants in Xiamen during its treaty port era through the lens of different power regimes — the Qing, Great Britain, Japan, and the Republic of China. It examines how they manipulated their identities for their own benefits. For those emigrants who had acquired foreign nationality, they had literally returned home to China as a “foreign” country. But for returned overseas Chinese in general, Xiamen was “foreign” also, because it was not entirely Chinese. In a sense, the chapter explains how Xiamen was situated “in-between” China and the world beyond after various contending political powers created a fluid environment in Xiamen. While the various states tried to identify, win over, and discipline the emigrants, the chapter reveals the chameleonic nature of the overseas Chinese and their conspicuous lack of deep ideological commitment to any one particular state.
James Carter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195398854
- eISBN:
- 9780199894413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398854.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
In Yingkou, the city where Tanxu began his serious study of Buddhism and decided to become a monk, Tanxu was persuaded to found a temple, eventually becoming the Surangama Temple. The project ...
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In Yingkou, the city where Tanxu began his serious study of Buddhism and decided to become a monk, Tanxu was persuaded to found a temple, eventually becoming the Surangama Temple. The project illustrates many of the themes present throughout Tanxu’s career: he enlists local government, military, and private sources to support the temple. The temple also plays an important symbolic, political role: in a city dominated by European-style colonial architecture, the temple is the first significant building with traditional Chinese architectural features, and is used to promote a Chinese national identity in the treaty port.Less
In Yingkou, the city where Tanxu began his serious study of Buddhism and decided to become a monk, Tanxu was persuaded to found a temple, eventually becoming the Surangama Temple. The project illustrates many of the themes present throughout Tanxu’s career: he enlists local government, military, and private sources to support the temple. The temple also plays an important symbolic, political role: in a city dominated by European-style colonial architecture, the temple is the first significant building with traditional Chinese architectural features, and is used to promote a Chinese national identity in the treaty port.
Soon Keong Ong
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501756184
- eISBN:
- 9781501756207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501756184.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter addresses the history and development of Xiamen. It presents a general overview of trade and migration through the port of Xiamen from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, ...
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This chapter addresses the history and development of Xiamen. It presents a general overview of trade and migration through the port of Xiamen from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, culminating with its opening as a treaty port after the Opium War. The chapter then shifts to examine the interplay between trade and migration in South Fujian and the migration routes of the Fujianese before the mid-1800s. As the chapter shows, Xiamen and the Fujianese were well positioned to take advantage of the conditions and mechanisms that the treaty port era offered. The chapter then unveils how the continuation and expansion of migration through Xiamen deeply affected the port city's commercial activities and determined its development in ways that were unforeseen by the British.Less
This chapter addresses the history and development of Xiamen. It presents a general overview of trade and migration through the port of Xiamen from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, culminating with its opening as a treaty port after the Opium War. The chapter then shifts to examine the interplay between trade and migration in South Fujian and the migration routes of the Fujianese before the mid-1800s. As the chapter shows, Xiamen and the Fujianese were well positioned to take advantage of the conditions and mechanisms that the treaty port era offered. The chapter then unveils how the continuation and expansion of migration through Xiamen deeply affected the port city's commercial activities and determined its development in ways that were unforeseen by the British.
Patricia Lim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099906
- eISBN:
- 9789882207714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099906.003.0018
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter discusses how Hong Kong became cosmopolitan. It can be noted that by 1865 the country no longer occupied the premier position on the China Coast, because there were other treaty ports ...
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This chapter discusses how Hong Kong became cosmopolitan. It can be noted that by 1865 the country no longer occupied the premier position on the China Coast, because there were other treaty ports that were growing in importance. It discusses the variety of nationalities that lived in Hong Kong, such as Germans, Jews, and Armenians, who slowly took some of the economic power long held by the British.Less
This chapter discusses how Hong Kong became cosmopolitan. It can be noted that by 1865 the country no longer occupied the premier position on the China Coast, because there were other treaty ports that were growing in importance. It discusses the variety of nationalities that lived in Hong Kong, such as Germans, Jews, and Armenians, who slowly took some of the economic power long held by the British.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
News under Fire: China’s Propaganda against Japan in the English-Language Press, 1928–1941 is the first comprehensive study of China’s efforts to establish an effective international propaganda ...
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News under Fire: China’s Propaganda against Japan in the English-Language Press, 1928–1941 is the first comprehensive study of China’s efforts to establish an effective international propaganda system during the Sino-Japanese crisis. It challenges the notion of Chinese passivity in international propaganda and demonstrates how the fractured government was able to carry out an effective propaganda scheme in spite of Japan’s advanced international news network and the general Western bias against China’s nationalist foundations. By retrieving the long neglected history of English-language papers published in the treaty ports, Shuge Wei reviews a multilayered and often chaotic English-language media environment in China, and demonstrates its vital importance in defending China’s sovereignty.
Chinese bilingual elites played an important role in linking the party-led propaganda system with the treaty-port press. Yet the development of propaganda institution did not foster the realization of individual ideals. As the Sino-Japanese crisis deepened, the war machine absorbed their hopes of maintaining a liberal information order.Less
News under Fire: China’s Propaganda against Japan in the English-Language Press, 1928–1941 is the first comprehensive study of China’s efforts to establish an effective international propaganda system during the Sino-Japanese crisis. It challenges the notion of Chinese passivity in international propaganda and demonstrates how the fractured government was able to carry out an effective propaganda scheme in spite of Japan’s advanced international news network and the general Western bias against China’s nationalist foundations. By retrieving the long neglected history of English-language papers published in the treaty ports, Shuge Wei reviews a multilayered and often chaotic English-language media environment in China, and demonstrates its vital importance in defending China’s sovereignty.
Chinese bilingual elites played an important role in linking the party-led propaganda system with the treaty-port press. Yet the development of propaganda institution did not foster the realization of individual ideals. As the Sino-Japanese crisis deepened, the war machine absorbed their hopes of maintaining a liberal information order.
Soon Keong Ong
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501756184
- eISBN:
- 9781501756207
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501756184.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book explores the unique position of the treaty port Xiamen (Amoy) within the China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit and examines its role in the creation of Chinese diasporas. The book addresses ...
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This book explores the unique position of the treaty port Xiamen (Amoy) within the China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit and examines its role in the creation of Chinese diasporas. The book addresses how migration affected those who moved out of China and later returned to participate in the city's economic revitalization, educational advancement, and urban reconstruction. It shows how the mobility of overseas Chinese allowed them to shape their personal and community identities for pragmatic and political gains. This resulted in migrants who returned with new money, knowledge, and visions acquired abroad, which changed the landscape of their homeland and the lives of those who stayed. Placing late Qing and Republican China in a transnational context, the book explores the multilayered social and cultural interactions between China and Southeast Asia. It investigates the role of Xiamen in the creation of a China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit; the activities of aspiring and returned migrants in Xiamen; the accumulation and manipulation of multiple identities by Southeast Asian Chinese as political conditions changed; and the motivations behind the return of Southeast Asian Chinese and their continual involvement in mainland Chinese affairs. For Chinese migrants, the book argues, the idea of “home” was something consciously constructed. The book complicates familiar narratives of Chinese history to show how the emigration and return of overseas Chinese helped transform Xiamen from a marginal trading outpost at the edge of the Chinese empire to a modern, prosperous city and one of the most important migration hubs by the 1930s.Less
This book explores the unique position of the treaty port Xiamen (Amoy) within the China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit and examines its role in the creation of Chinese diasporas. The book addresses how migration affected those who moved out of China and later returned to participate in the city's economic revitalization, educational advancement, and urban reconstruction. It shows how the mobility of overseas Chinese allowed them to shape their personal and community identities for pragmatic and political gains. This resulted in migrants who returned with new money, knowledge, and visions acquired abroad, which changed the landscape of their homeland and the lives of those who stayed. Placing late Qing and Republican China in a transnational context, the book explores the multilayered social and cultural interactions between China and Southeast Asia. It investigates the role of Xiamen in the creation of a China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit; the activities of aspiring and returned migrants in Xiamen; the accumulation and manipulation of multiple identities by Southeast Asian Chinese as political conditions changed; and the motivations behind the return of Southeast Asian Chinese and their continual involvement in mainland Chinese affairs. For Chinese migrants, the book argues, the idea of “home” was something consciously constructed. The book complicates familiar narratives of Chinese history to show how the emigration and return of overseas Chinese helped transform Xiamen from a marginal trading outpost at the edge of the Chinese empire to a modern, prosperous city and one of the most important migration hubs by the 1930s.
Andrew Cobbing
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- June 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198863830
- eISBN:
- 9780191896170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198863830.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Not until the nineteenth century were the Japanese forced to confront and engage with the European conception of international law. In East Asia a Sinocentric regional order had governed their ...
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Not until the nineteenth century were the Japanese forced to confront and engage with the European conception of international law. In East Asia a Sinocentric regional order had governed their worldview for over a thousand years, and during the early modern period the Tokugawa dynasty then modified this outlook to place Japan in the centre of its own framework of international relations. Under the Tokugawa judicial system, moreover, the concept of a lawyer, international or otherwise, was practically unknown. It was the reluctant opening of treaty ports in 1859 that paved the way for Japan’s reception of international law. This chapter charts the shift from the early Japanese exploration of the outside world after centuries of self-imposed isolation, to the training of Japan’s first generation of international lawyers as the Meiji state embarked on reclaiming sovereign rights lost through the imposition of the treaty port regime.Less
Not until the nineteenth century were the Japanese forced to confront and engage with the European conception of international law. In East Asia a Sinocentric regional order had governed their worldview for over a thousand years, and during the early modern period the Tokugawa dynasty then modified this outlook to place Japan in the centre of its own framework of international relations. Under the Tokugawa judicial system, moreover, the concept of a lawyer, international or otherwise, was practically unknown. It was the reluctant opening of treaty ports in 1859 that paved the way for Japan’s reception of international law. This chapter charts the shift from the early Japanese exploration of the outside world after centuries of self-imposed isolation, to the training of Japan’s first generation of international lawyers as the Meiji state embarked on reclaiming sovereign rights lost through the imposition of the treaty port regime.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 4 analyses how English-language newspapers controlled by China and Japan defended their cases during the Mukden and Shanghai incidents. Drawing on the experiences of the Jinan Incident, ...
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Chapter 4 analyses how English-language newspapers controlled by China and Japan defended their cases during the Mukden and Shanghai incidents. Drawing on the experiences of the Jinan Incident, Chinese-operated papers formed a united anti-Japanese line during the two incidents and endeavored to convince the Western public that the two events were successive steps of Japan’s imperial expansion. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in Shanghai, Western journalists in the treaty ports gradually withdrew their support for Japan’s case, and warned the international public against Japan’s military expansion in China. Yet the concern was not entirely shared by metropolitan editors who were more eager to downplay the conflict.Less
Chapter 4 analyses how English-language newspapers controlled by China and Japan defended their cases during the Mukden and Shanghai incidents. Drawing on the experiences of the Jinan Incident, Chinese-operated papers formed a united anti-Japanese line during the two incidents and endeavored to convince the Western public that the two events were successive steps of Japan’s imperial expansion. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in Shanghai, Western journalists in the treaty ports gradually withdrew their support for Japan’s case, and warned the international public against Japan’s military expansion in China. Yet the concern was not entirely shared by metropolitan editors who were more eager to downplay the conflict.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 2 examines China and Japan’s confrontation in the English-language press during the Jinan Incident in May 1928. Japan’s swift, consistent and intensive reporting about the event drowned out ...
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Chapter 2 examines China and Japan’s confrontation in the English-language press during the Jinan Incident in May 1928. Japan’s swift, consistent and intensive reporting about the event drowned out China’s voice in both the treaty-port and metropolitan papers. But what contributed to Japan’s victory of the propaganda battle was not only its sophisticated news network, but also the favorable context of international public opinion. Japanese-controlled media portrayed Chinese troops as looters, and established Japan as a defender of imperial interests in China. The Nationalist government’s propaganda efforts, in contrast, were hindered by factional struggles among the top leaders, and the anti-foreign tradition of the Nationalist Party.Less
Chapter 2 examines China and Japan’s confrontation in the English-language press during the Jinan Incident in May 1928. Japan’s swift, consistent and intensive reporting about the event drowned out China’s voice in both the treaty-port and metropolitan papers. But what contributed to Japan’s victory of the propaganda battle was not only its sophisticated news network, but also the favorable context of international public opinion. Japanese-controlled media portrayed Chinese troops as looters, and established Japan as a defender of imperial interests in China. The Nationalist government’s propaganda efforts, in contrast, were hindered by factional struggles among the top leaders, and the anti-foreign tradition of the Nationalist Party.
Shuge Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390618
- eISBN:
- 9789888390359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390618.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 6 employs discourse analysis of the response to the statement of the Amō Doctrine (1934) in the English-language press as a case study to reflect a highly contentious and disunited media ...
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Chapter 6 employs discourse analysis of the response to the statement of the Amō Doctrine (1934) in the English-language press as a case study to reflect a highly contentious and disunited media environment during the appeasement period. Periodicals operated by different political groups in China expressed diverse views about Japan’s plan of domination in Asia. The multiple voices reflected the struggles among the Nationalist leaders in devising an effective policy to deal with Japan’s coercion. Equally disturbed by the rivalry between the state and the military, however, Japanese-controlled papers also failed to provide a definite interpretation of the statement. Japan’s ambiguous position further estranged the treaty-port audience whose suspicion of its imperial plan in China grew stronger. The metropolitan papers, again, reacted differently from the treaty-port press by evincing little interest in reading into the Doctrine.Less
Chapter 6 employs discourse analysis of the response to the statement of the Amō Doctrine (1934) in the English-language press as a case study to reflect a highly contentious and disunited media environment during the appeasement period. Periodicals operated by different political groups in China expressed diverse views about Japan’s plan of domination in Asia. The multiple voices reflected the struggles among the Nationalist leaders in devising an effective policy to deal with Japan’s coercion. Equally disturbed by the rivalry between the state and the military, however, Japanese-controlled papers also failed to provide a definite interpretation of the statement. Japan’s ambiguous position further estranged the treaty-port audience whose suspicion of its imperial plan in China grew stronger. The metropolitan papers, again, reacted differently from the treaty-port press by evincing little interest in reading into the Doctrine.
Paul A. Van Dyke and Maria Kar-wing Mok
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9789888208555
- eISBN:
- 9789888313778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208555.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 2 then covers the period following the disbanding of the Co-hong and the opening of trade from 1771 to 1781. The resulting debt crisis that emerged in the late 1770s had an impact on the ...
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Chapter 2 then covers the period following the disbanding of the Co-hong and the opening of trade from 1771 to 1781. The resulting debt crisis that emerged in the late 1770s had an impact on the owners of the factories as well.Less
Chapter 2 then covers the period following the disbanding of the Co-hong and the opening of trade from 1771 to 1781. The resulting debt crisis that emerged in the late 1770s had an impact on the owners of the factories as well.