Gerda Falkner (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
Fritz W. Scharpf's renowned joint‐decision trap model has suggested that the requirements of (nearly) unanimous decisions in the EU's Council of Ministers, combined with conflicting preferences among ...
More
Fritz W. Scharpf's renowned joint‐decision trap model has suggested that the requirements of (nearly) unanimous decisions in the EU's Council of Ministers, combined with conflicting preferences among member governments, will systematically limit the problem-solving effectiveness of European policies. Certain conditions have significantly changed during the 25 years of this theory's existence: the unanimity rule has been replaced by qualified-majority voting in most issue areas, and successive rounds of enlargement have augmented the diversity of member state interests and preferences. This book presents a comparative study on the differential politics in EU policies. Looking at the political dynamics in an array of EU activities, it analyses breakthroughs as well as stalemates and asks why leaps occur in some areas whilst blockades characterize others. The dynamics that allow the EU to escape various forms of decision trap are analysed in depth. Such mechanisms are from both the type expected by ‘rationalist’ theorists (supranational-hierarchical steering, Treaty‐base games and arena shifting) and from the kind acknowledged by ‘constructivist’ approaches (socialization). The downside of the findings is that when the EU is confronted with a high degree of problem pressure in a given issue area, these mechanisms will often not be available because most remain outside politicians' immediate grasp.Less
Fritz W. Scharpf's renowned joint‐decision trap model has suggested that the requirements of (nearly) unanimous decisions in the EU's Council of Ministers, combined with conflicting preferences among member governments, will systematically limit the problem-solving effectiveness of European policies. Certain conditions have significantly changed during the 25 years of this theory's existence: the unanimity rule has been replaced by qualified-majority voting in most issue areas, and successive rounds of enlargement have augmented the diversity of member state interests and preferences. This book presents a comparative study on the differential politics in EU policies. Looking at the political dynamics in an array of EU activities, it analyses breakthroughs as well as stalemates and asks why leaps occur in some areas whilst blockades characterize others. The dynamics that allow the EU to escape various forms of decision trap are analysed in depth. Such mechanisms are from both the type expected by ‘rationalist’ theorists (supranational-hierarchical steering, Treaty‐base games and arena shifting) and from the kind acknowledged by ‘constructivist’ approaches (socialization). The downside of the findings is that when the EU is confronted with a high degree of problem pressure in a given issue area, these mechanisms will often not be available because most remain outside politicians' immediate grasp.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0025
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium ...
More
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium gas.Less
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium gas.
Chris Argyris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199586165
- eISBN:
- 9780191702426
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586165.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Strategy
This book questions why organizations often do not function effectively, focusing on leadership, cultural change, and organizational design. It considers how organizations often espouse a particular ...
More
This book questions why organizations often do not function effectively, focusing on leadership, cultural change, and organizational design. It considers how organizations often espouse a particular objective and yet frequently employ means of implementation that contradict that objective. The book illustrates how dysfunctional behaviour abounds in organizations and conflict is frequently avoided rather than dealt with openly, with the same arguments erupting repeatedly. It argues that people who feel like victims at work are not trapped by some oppressive regime, but they are trapped by their own behaviour; they themselves are responsible for making the status quo so resistant to change. The book reflects on the controversies that previous researchers have encountered on the subject: on the one hand, there is substantial agreement that these traps are counterproductive to effective performance, but on the other hand, there is almost no focus on how organizational traps can be reduced. The book ultimately concludes that whatever theory is used to understand such situations, should be used to implement interventions that prevent them.Less
This book questions why organizations often do not function effectively, focusing on leadership, cultural change, and organizational design. It considers how organizations often espouse a particular objective and yet frequently employ means of implementation that contradict that objective. The book illustrates how dysfunctional behaviour abounds in organizations and conflict is frequently avoided rather than dealt with openly, with the same arguments erupting repeatedly. It argues that people who feel like victims at work are not trapped by some oppressive regime, but they are trapped by their own behaviour; they themselves are responsible for making the status quo so resistant to change. The book reflects on the controversies that previous researchers have encountered on the subject: on the one hand, there is substantial agreement that these traps are counterproductive to effective performance, but on the other hand, there is almost no focus on how organizational traps can be reduced. The book ultimately concludes that whatever theory is used to understand such situations, should be used to implement interventions that prevent them.
Chris Argyris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199586165
- eISBN:
- 9780191702426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586165.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Strategy
This introductory chapter begins with brief a discussion of how we are trapped by behaviour patterns that exist at all levels of organizations. Traps are created when the problems to be solved are ...
More
This introductory chapter begins with brief a discussion of how we are trapped by behaviour patterns that exist at all levels of organizations. Traps are created when the problems to be solved are likely to be upsetting and threatening to all concerned. These Traps inhibit effective problem solving and inhibit the detection and correction of errors. It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the advice of thought leaders writing about organizations and their management. It focuses on three topics: leadership, culture, and organization design. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with brief a discussion of how we are trapped by behaviour patterns that exist at all levels of organizations. Traps are created when the problems to be solved are likely to be upsetting and threatening to all concerned. These Traps inhibit effective problem solving and inhibit the detection and correction of errors. It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the advice of thought leaders writing about organizations and their management. It focuses on three topics: leadership, culture, and organization design. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This concluding chapter explores several general conceptual propositions, in an effort to contribute to future research that will ‘map’ accountability pathways with greater precision. Empowerment is ...
More
This concluding chapter explores several general conceptual propositions, in an effort to contribute to future research that will ‘map’ accountability pathways with greater precision. Empowerment is distinguished from rights, defined in terms of enforceable claims. The chapter also details the problems of ‘low accountability traps’ and the ‘positioning’ of accountability agents in terms of their relationships to state and society. The difficulty of launching pro-accountability ‘virtuous circles’ is addressed with the proposed concept of ‘accountabilities of scale’, drawing on an analogy with ‘economies of scale’. The ‘vertical integration’ of civil society actors takes into account the challenge of scale, followed by a questioning of the ‘power of sunshine’ to leverage accountability outcomes. These concepts offer analytical tools for understanding when voice can change the balance of power by embedding accountability reforms into the state. Meanwhile, millions of citizens are weighing the decision of whether to pursue exit instead.Less
This concluding chapter explores several general conceptual propositions, in an effort to contribute to future research that will ‘map’ accountability pathways with greater precision. Empowerment is distinguished from rights, defined in terms of enforceable claims. The chapter also details the problems of ‘low accountability traps’ and the ‘positioning’ of accountability agents in terms of their relationships to state and society. The difficulty of launching pro-accountability ‘virtuous circles’ is addressed with the proposed concept of ‘accountabilities of scale’, drawing on an analogy with ‘economies of scale’. The ‘vertical integration’ of civil society actors takes into account the challenge of scale, followed by a questioning of the ‘power of sunshine’ to leverage accountability outcomes. These concepts offer analytical tools for understanding when voice can change the balance of power by embedding accountability reforms into the state. Meanwhile, millions of citizens are weighing the decision of whether to pursue exit instead.
Dionyssis G. Dimitrakopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535026
- eISBN:
- 9780191715860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535026.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Collective leadership is about choosing priorities and resolving conflicts by a group of actors through compromise. However, it weakens clarity, speed, and uniformity of decisions and blurs ...
More
Collective leadership is about choosing priorities and resolving conflicts by a group of actors through compromise. However, it weakens clarity, speed, and uniformity of decisions and blurs responsibility. Nevertheless, it is how the EU is meant to operate through the Commission, the Council of Ministers, and the European Council. The Commission acts collegially and both councils avoid voting, seeking consensus, as does the European Parliament. System preservation is as important as problem solving, but it was an integrated way of achieving a single market and currency. The future prospects for effective collective leadership look bleak without shared material interests, e.g., budgetary negotiations, or ideology, such as controversial neo-liberal policy, or a clear institutional leadership, weakened by enlargement.Less
Collective leadership is about choosing priorities and resolving conflicts by a group of actors through compromise. However, it weakens clarity, speed, and uniformity of decisions and blurs responsibility. Nevertheless, it is how the EU is meant to operate through the Commission, the Council of Ministers, and the European Council. The Commission acts collegially and both councils avoid voting, seeking consensus, as does the European Parliament. System preservation is as important as problem solving, but it was an integrated way of achieving a single market and currency. The future prospects for effective collective leadership look bleak without shared material interests, e.g., budgetary negotiations, or ideology, such as controversial neo-liberal policy, or a clear institutional leadership, weakened by enlargement.
Mike Hansell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507529
- eISBN:
- 9780191709838
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507529.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Construction behaviour occurs across the entire spectrum of the animal kingdom and affects the survival of both builders and other organisms associated with them. This book provides a comprehensive ...
More
Construction behaviour occurs across the entire spectrum of the animal kingdom and affects the survival of both builders and other organisms associated with them. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the biology of animal building. It recognizes three broad categories of built structure: homes, traps, and courtship displays. Even though some of these structures are complex and very large, the behaviour required to build them is generally simple and the anatomy for building unspecialized. Standardization of building materials helps to keep building repertoires simple, while self-organizing effects help create complexity. In a case-study approach to function, insects demonstrate how homes can remain operational while they grow, spiderwebs illustrate mechanical design, and the displays of bowerbirds raise the possibility of persuasion through design rather than just decoration. Studies of the costs to builders provide evidence of optimal designs and of trade-offs with other life history traits. As ecosystem engineers, the influence of builders is extensive and their effect is generally to enhance biodiversity through niche construction. Animal builders can therefore represent model species for the study of the emerging subject of environmental inheritance. Building, and in particular building with silk, has been demonstrated to have important evolutionary consequences.Less
Construction behaviour occurs across the entire spectrum of the animal kingdom and affects the survival of both builders and other organisms associated with them. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the biology of animal building. It recognizes three broad categories of built structure: homes, traps, and courtship displays. Even though some of these structures are complex and very large, the behaviour required to build them is generally simple and the anatomy for building unspecialized. Standardization of building materials helps to keep building repertoires simple, while self-organizing effects help create complexity. In a case-study approach to function, insects demonstrate how homes can remain operational while they grow, spiderwebs illustrate mechanical design, and the displays of bowerbirds raise the possibility of persuasion through design rather than just decoration. Studies of the costs to builders provide evidence of optimal designs and of trade-offs with other life history traits. As ecosystem engineers, the influence of builders is extensive and their effect is generally to enhance biodiversity through niche construction. Animal builders can therefore represent model species for the study of the emerging subject of environmental inheritance. Building, and in particular building with silk, has been demonstrated to have important evolutionary consequences.
Jack Hayward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535026
- eISBN:
- 9780191715860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535026.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Piecemeal power-sharing by nation statesmen has inconspicuously promoted incremental complex change over time, and this has produced outcomes of imprecise parentage. The result is a polycentric ...
More
Piecemeal power-sharing by nation statesmen has inconspicuously promoted incremental complex change over time, and this has produced outcomes of imprecise parentage. The result is a polycentric European Union of member-state elites making consociational confidential concessions lacking democratic legitimacy, which has prompted populist hostility. Public acquiescence is secured by an increasing tendency to lead from behind, which relies upon humdrum rather than heroic decision-making. Surreptitious integration through action traps that lead further than it is at first apparent, and successive enlargements that seem boundless have created uncertainty about community and purpose. Veto groups constrain the capacity for non-covert change. Federalist ambitions have been replaced by the implicit acceptance of confederal tension between limited integration and residual sovereignty.Less
Piecemeal power-sharing by nation statesmen has inconspicuously promoted incremental complex change over time, and this has produced outcomes of imprecise parentage. The result is a polycentric European Union of member-state elites making consociational confidential concessions lacking democratic legitimacy, which has prompted populist hostility. Public acquiescence is secured by an increasing tendency to lead from behind, which relies upon humdrum rather than heroic decision-making. Surreptitious integration through action traps that lead further than it is at first apparent, and successive enlargements that seem boundless have created uncertainty about community and purpose. Veto groups constrain the capacity for non-covert change. Federalist ambitions have been replaced by the implicit acceptance of confederal tension between limited integration and residual sovereignty.
Gerda Falkner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The book's concluding chapter offers a metalevel analysis, revisiting each of the mechanisms that may facilitate an exit from the EU's joint-decision trap or similar pitfalls. The findings show that ...
More
The book's concluding chapter offers a metalevel analysis, revisiting each of the mechanisms that may facilitate an exit from the EU's joint-decision trap or similar pitfalls. The findings show that the most potent mechanisms are supranational-hierarchical actions taken by the European Court of Justice or the European Commission that bypass the political arena. Also important are Treaty base games, arena shifting, and nudging the Council into agreement via changes to opportunity structures. This chapter ranks these mechanisms by availability in various policy areas, propensity to overcome veto players, and degree to which decision-makers and further practitioners of European integration can purposefully make use of them. The book concludes by discussing if and when the exits from the EU's decision traps do in fact serve as problem-solving vehicles for the policies concerned and how new challenges may arise as secondary effects.Less
The book's concluding chapter offers a metalevel analysis, revisiting each of the mechanisms that may facilitate an exit from the EU's joint-decision trap or similar pitfalls. The findings show that the most potent mechanisms are supranational-hierarchical actions taken by the European Court of Justice or the European Commission that bypass the political arena. Also important are Treaty base games, arena shifting, and nudging the Council into agreement via changes to opportunity structures. This chapter ranks these mechanisms by availability in various policy areas, propensity to overcome veto players, and degree to which decision-makers and further practitioners of European integration can purposefully make use of them. The book concludes by discussing if and when the exits from the EU's decision traps do in fact serve as problem-solving vehicles for the policies concerned and how new challenges may arise as secondary effects.
Henry Chesbrough
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is ...
More
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk-drive industry. Organizational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path-dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.Less
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk-drive industry. Organizational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path-dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Of the 49 non-infant chimpanzees in the community, 16 have injuries resulting from being caught in snares. The background to snaring is described: local hunters set snares in the forest to catch ...
More
Of the 49 non-infant chimpanzees in the community, 16 have injuries resulting from being caught in snares. The background to snaring is described: local hunters set snares in the forest to catch duikers and pigs. Chimpanzees are not eaten but get caught in snares, and in most cases, lose the use of a hand or a foot in consequence. Two cases of death from snares are reported. Besides forest snares, traps and spears are used in farmers’s fields and in local sugarcane plantations. A snare removal project has been run by the Budongo Forest Project since 1995, coupled with an education project in local villages to explain the rationale for removing snares. A live-trap project aimed at reducing the number of snares and traps set is described.Less
Of the 49 non-infant chimpanzees in the community, 16 have injuries resulting from being caught in snares. The background to snaring is described: local hunters set snares in the forest to catch duikers and pigs. Chimpanzees are not eaten but get caught in snares, and in most cases, lose the use of a hand or a foot in consequence. Two cases of death from snares are reported. Besides forest snares, traps and spears are used in farmers’s fields and in local sugarcane plantations. A snare removal project has been run by the Budongo Forest Project since 1995, coupled with an education project in local villages to explain the rationale for removing snares. A live-trap project aimed at reducing the number of snares and traps set is described.
Gerda Falkner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its ...
More
The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its conception. It extends the realm of the debate by highlighting further forms of EU decision traps, working outside the joint-decision mode under the Community method, such as in intergovernmental negotiations or supranational-hierarchical decisions. As a basis for the subsequent cross-policy study, various mechanisms to exit decision traps or to countervail their effects are discussed in depth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the overall importance of such analyses for European integration theory and outlining the research design and the chapter arrangement of the book.Less
The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its conception. It extends the realm of the debate by highlighting further forms of EU decision traps, working outside the joint-decision mode under the Community method, such as in intergovernmental negotiations or supranational-hierarchical decisions. As a basis for the subsequent cross-policy study, various mechanisms to exit decision traps or to countervail their effects are discussed in depth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the overall importance of such analyses for European integration theory and outlining the research design and the chapter arrangement of the book.
V. E. Fortov, I. T. Iakubov, and A. G. Khrapak
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299805
- eISBN:
- 9780191714948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299805.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter discusses nonneutral plasmas, which are plasmas consisting of particles with a single sign of charge. Nonneutral plasmas provide some unique research opportunities that are not available ...
More
This chapter discusses nonneutral plasmas, which are plasmas consisting of particles with a single sign of charge. Nonneutral plasmas provide some unique research opportunities that are not available with “conventional” quasineutral plasmas. Due to the strong repulsion between particles, external fields are required to confine nonneutral plasmas. The confinement, which is usually provided by static electric and magnetic fields (Penning or Paul traps, storage rings), can last a very long time — a few hours or even days. Since recombination cannot occur, nonneutral plasmas can be cooled by laser cooling to ultracryogenic temperatures where the kinetic energy of ions is much smaller than the energy of the mutual electrostatic interaction, and therefore the formation of liquid- and crystal-like states is possible. Wigner crystallization and melting of mesoscopic crystal are discussed. Systematization of the equilibrium configurations of Coulomb clusters is also given.Less
This chapter discusses nonneutral plasmas, which are plasmas consisting of particles with a single sign of charge. Nonneutral plasmas provide some unique research opportunities that are not available with “conventional” quasineutral plasmas. Due to the strong repulsion between particles, external fields are required to confine nonneutral plasmas. The confinement, which is usually provided by static electric and magnetic fields (Penning or Paul traps, storage rings), can last a very long time — a few hours or even days. Since recombination cannot occur, nonneutral plasmas can be cooled by laser cooling to ultracryogenic temperatures where the kinetic energy of ions is much smaller than the energy of the mutual electrostatic interaction, and therefore the formation of liquid- and crystal-like states is possible. Wigner crystallization and melting of mesoscopic crystal are discussed. Systematization of the equilibrium configurations of Coulomb clusters is also given.
Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, and David Ashton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199731688
- eISBN:
- 9780199944125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731688.003.0024
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter looks at the concept of the opportunity trap. It shows that opportunity has previously bonded the individual to society, but is now a source of intense social conflict. The chapter also ...
More
This chapter looks at the concept of the opportunity trap. It shows that opportunity has previously bonded the individual to society, but is now a source of intense social conflict. The chapter also determines the breaking of the meritocratic link among rewards, education, and jobs that cannot be solved by further investments in human capital.Less
This chapter looks at the concept of the opportunity trap. It shows that opportunity has previously bonded the individual to society, but is now a source of intense social conflict. The chapter also determines the breaking of the meritocratic link among rewards, education, and jobs that cannot be solved by further investments in human capital.
John H. Christy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Predation affects fiddler crab reproductive timing, male competition for females, visual systems and orientation mechanisms, mechanisms and patterns of female choice, and the kinds of signals males ...
More
Predation affects fiddler crab reproductive timing, male competition for females, visual systems and orientation mechanisms, mechanisms and patterns of female choice, and the kinds of signals males use to attract females for mating. Fiddler crab courtship shows how predation can be a creative force in signal evolution. Male-built structures and even the well-known waving display of these animals may be selected by preferences that allow females to better detect, locate, and visit males safely. The increasing number of examples of sensory traps in animal courtship show that it is not sufficient to ask what a courtship signal may indicate about the benefits a female and her young receive, but that it is necessary to ask how the sensory and behavioral mechanism on which it is based evolves, particularly how the mechanism functions and is selected in other social and ecological contexts.Less
Predation affects fiddler crab reproductive timing, male competition for females, visual systems and orientation mechanisms, mechanisms and patterns of female choice, and the kinds of signals males use to attract females for mating. Fiddler crab courtship shows how predation can be a creative force in signal evolution. Male-built structures and even the well-known waving display of these animals may be selected by preferences that allow females to better detect, locate, and visit males safely. The increasing number of examples of sensory traps in animal courtship show that it is not sufficient to ask what a courtship signal may indicate about the benefits a female and her young receive, but that it is necessary to ask how the sensory and behavioral mechanism on which it is based evolves, particularly how the mechanism functions and is selected in other social and ecological contexts.
Andrew Glosler
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter considers all aspects of the trapping, handling, and examination of wild birds for study purposes. It considers welfare, ethical, and legislative issues, and different methods of ...
More
This chapter considers all aspects of the trapping, handling, and examination of wild birds for study purposes. It considers welfare, ethical, and legislative issues, and different methods of catching birds, from cage traps and spring traps to mist nets and canon nets, and the individual marking of birds by ringing or other means. It explains how to hold birds; age and sex them; record the state of moult and particular plumage features; and how to take weights and various measurements, such as tarsus, bill, and wing length. It also describes various ways of assessing body condition, including fat levels and muscle protein, and of recording and collecting ecto-parasites. The methods of biopsy are also discussed, particularly the taking of blood and feather samples for various purposes.Less
This chapter considers all aspects of the trapping, handling, and examination of wild birds for study purposes. It considers welfare, ethical, and legislative issues, and different methods of catching birds, from cage traps and spring traps to mist nets and canon nets, and the individual marking of birds by ringing or other means. It explains how to hold birds; age and sex them; record the state of moult and particular plumage features; and how to take weights and various measurements, such as tarsus, bill, and wing length. It also describes various ways of assessing body condition, including fat levels and muscle protein, and of recording and collecting ecto-parasites. The methods of biopsy are also discussed, particularly the taking of blood and feather samples for various purposes.
Mike Hansell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507529
- eISBN:
- 9780191709838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507529.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Chapter 1 recognised two broad functional categories of animal architecture: houses and traps. The traps are generally nets; these have a short operational life compared to the life of the builder, ...
More
Chapter 1 recognised two broad functional categories of animal architecture: houses and traps. The traps are generally nets; these have a short operational life compared to the life of the builder, are constructed quickly, and are only operational when completed. A house on the other hand may endure the lifetime of the individual or colony that builds it, starting small and growing as the occupant(s) also grow. This chapter considers two problems relating to all these structures, whether trap or house: why don't they fall to pieces, and how do they solve the problem of growth, while still remaining operational?Less
Chapter 1 recognised two broad functional categories of animal architecture: houses and traps. The traps are generally nets; these have a short operational life compared to the life of the builder, are constructed quickly, and are only operational when completed. A house on the other hand may endure the lifetime of the individual or colony that builds it, starting small and growing as the occupant(s) also grow. This chapter considers two problems relating to all these structures, whether trap or house: why don't they fall to pieces, and how do they solve the problem of growth, while still remaining operational?
Noel Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155821
- eISBN:
- 9781400846603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155821.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines how the Democratic opponents of imperial expansion prevented the emergence of an empire trap in the Philippines and occupied Cuba. The McKinley administration annexed the ...
More
This chapter examines how the Democratic opponents of imperial expansion prevented the emergence of an empire trap in the Philippines and occupied Cuba. The McKinley administration annexed the Philippines for strategic reasons, but anti-imperialists used their blocking power in the Senate to restrict American investment in the islands deliberately, in order to prevent the emergence of a domestic interest group favoring the islands' retention as U.S. territory. Similar laws were passed for Cuba as long as a U.S. occupation government remained. The anti-imperialists failed to grant the Philippines immediate independence, but they did succeed in retarding U.S. investment. As a result, no “Philippine lobby” ever emerged to support the permanent retention of the archipelago.Less
This chapter examines how the Democratic opponents of imperial expansion prevented the emergence of an empire trap in the Philippines and occupied Cuba. The McKinley administration annexed the Philippines for strategic reasons, but anti-imperialists used their blocking power in the Senate to restrict American investment in the islands deliberately, in order to prevent the emergence of a domestic interest group favoring the islands' retention as U.S. territory. Similar laws were passed for Cuba as long as a U.S. occupation government remained. The anti-imperialists failed to grant the Philippines immediate independence, but they did succeed in retarding U.S. investment. As a result, no “Philippine lobby” ever emerged to support the permanent retention of the archipelago.
Noel Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155821
- eISBN:
- 9781400846603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter explores how the United States' return to the empire trap played out, starting with Franklin Roosevelt in Mexico through Eisenhower in Guatemala and faraway Iran. Under Franklin ...
More
This chapter explores how the United States' return to the empire trap played out, starting with Franklin Roosevelt in Mexico through Eisenhower in Guatemala and faraway Iran. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States began to provide foreign aid (in the form of grants and loans) and rolled out perhaps the first case of modern covert action against the government of Cuba. Both tools were perfected during the Second World War, which saw the creation of entire agencies of government dedicated to providing official transfers and covertly manipulating the affairs of foreign states. In addition, the development of sophisticated trade controls allowed targeted action against the exports of other nations. For example, after 1948 the United States could attempt to influence certain Latin American governments by granting or withholding quotas for sugar.Less
This chapter explores how the United States' return to the empire trap played out, starting with Franklin Roosevelt in Mexico through Eisenhower in Guatemala and faraway Iran. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States began to provide foreign aid (in the form of grants and loans) and rolled out perhaps the first case of modern covert action against the government of Cuba. Both tools were perfected during the Second World War, which saw the creation of entire agencies of government dedicated to providing official transfers and covertly manipulating the affairs of foreign states. In addition, the development of sophisticated trade controls allowed targeted action against the exports of other nations. For example, after 1948 the United States could attempt to influence certain Latin American governments by granting or withholding quotas for sugar.
Noel Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155821
- eISBN:
- 9781400846603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155821.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter analyzes how the empire trap continued to drive policy in the context of the worldwide contest with the Soviet Union. The Cold War had two opposing effects on the empire trap. On one ...
More
This chapter analyzes how the empire trap continued to drive policy in the context of the worldwide contest with the Soviet Union. The Cold War had two opposing effects on the empire trap. On one hand, it raised the strategic cost of intervention. American pressure on a foreign government, if unsuccessful, could push that country into the Soviet bloc. On the other hand, the advent of the Cold War also raised the domestic costs of acquiescing to foreign nationalizations. Private interests rapidly learned that the fear of communist expansion made it easier to manipulate intelligence and mobilize public and congressional opinion. The Kennedy administration tried to ignore Third World expropriations, only to have Congress mandate the imposition of crushing sanctions in the event.Less
This chapter analyzes how the empire trap continued to drive policy in the context of the worldwide contest with the Soviet Union. The Cold War had two opposing effects on the empire trap. On one hand, it raised the strategic cost of intervention. American pressure on a foreign government, if unsuccessful, could push that country into the Soviet bloc. On the other hand, the advent of the Cold War also raised the domestic costs of acquiescing to foreign nationalizations. Private interests rapidly learned that the fear of communist expansion made it easier to manipulate intelligence and mobilize public and congressional opinion. The Kennedy administration tried to ignore Third World expropriations, only to have Congress mandate the imposition of crushing sanctions in the event.
