Giuseppe Ciavarini Azzi
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296409
- eISBN:
- 9780191599989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296401.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The job of the EU in the years ahead is likely to consist more of implementing existing policies than of creating new ones. In addition, the future enlargement of the EU will entail problems of ...
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The job of the EU in the years ahead is likely to consist more of implementing existing policies than of creating new ones. In addition, the future enlargement of the EU will entail problems of implementation for the new member states. In this context, we need to ask two crucial questions: How effectively are Community directives being implemented? And how effective is the control exercised by the Community institutions? Political science has rarely considered these questions together, and while a number of multidisciplinary studies have been carried out on these subjects, they need to be qualified. This chapter attempts to do so. To that end, questions about the implementation of directives in the EU member states are raised. For example, the member state must first take the necessary measures to transpose the directive, and these must then be notified to the European Commission. Is there effective monitoring? How does monitoring work? The chapter offers extensive empirical material on these issues. In concluding, recommendations for policy implementation based on the instrument of directives, especially with a view to enlargement, are offered.Less
The job of the EU in the years ahead is likely to consist more of implementing existing policies than of creating new ones. In addition, the future enlargement of the EU will entail problems of implementation for the new member states. In this context, we need to ask two crucial questions: How effectively are Community directives being implemented? And how effective is the control exercised by the Community institutions? Political science has rarely considered these questions together, and while a number of multidisciplinary studies have been carried out on these subjects, they need to be qualified. This chapter attempts to do so. To that end, questions about the implementation of directives in the EU member states are raised. For example, the member state must first take the necessary measures to transpose the directive, and these must then be notified to the European Commission. Is there effective monitoring? How does monitoring work? The chapter offers extensive empirical material on these issues. In concluding, recommendations for policy implementation based on the instrument of directives, especially with a view to enlargement, are offered.
Vlatko Vedral
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199215706
- eISBN:
- 9780191706783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215706.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter explains how entanglement witnesses can be measured in practice. The main idea behind the Mach–Zehnder interferometer experiment described earlier is to test for and even measure quantum ...
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This chapter explains how entanglement witnesses can be measured in practice. The main idea behind the Mach–Zehnder interferometer experiment described earlier is to test for and even measure quantum entanglement. The key idea is discussed along with its exact application. Partial transposition is not a physical operation because it is a positive map rather than a CP-map. Therefore, it cannot be implemented directly within the quantum formalism. However, an entanglement witness is the average of some Hermitian operator, and this average is a physically measurable quantity. Thus, it is possible to measure the effects of the partial transposition in some indirect way. This chapter discusses the implementation of the Peres Horodecki criterion using an interferometer. The important message is that a simple apparatus that measures quantum superpositions, such as a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, can also be used for much more complicated measurements.Less
This chapter explains how entanglement witnesses can be measured in practice. The main idea behind the Mach–Zehnder interferometer experiment described earlier is to test for and even measure quantum entanglement. The key idea is discussed along with its exact application. Partial transposition is not a physical operation because it is a positive map rather than a CP-map. Therefore, it cannot be implemented directly within the quantum formalism. However, an entanglement witness is the average of some Hermitian operator, and this average is a physically measurable quantity. Thus, it is possible to measure the effects of the partial transposition in some indirect way. This chapter discusses the implementation of the Peres Horodecki criterion using an interferometer. The important message is that a simple apparatus that measures quantum superpositions, such as a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, can also be used for much more complicated measurements.
Elliott Antokoletz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195365825
- eISBN:
- 9780199868865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's ...
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This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's (Stefi's) motif of the seventh-chord and the chromatic motif of “Blood”. Descending third transpositions of variant seventh chords produce chromatic collisions as an implication of the “Blood” motif. Interaction of diatonic and whole-tone spheres produce dissonance and the move toward ultimate fate.Less
This chapter looks at Doors II (Armoury), III (Treasure Chamber), and IV (Garden) and develops Judith's “Fate” motif and the leitmotif of Stefi Geyer, including the transformation between Judith's (Stefi's) motif of the seventh-chord and the chromatic motif of “Blood”. Descending third transpositions of variant seventh chords produce chromatic collisions as an implication of the “Blood” motif. Interaction of diatonic and whole-tone spheres produce dissonance and the move toward ultimate fate.
John F. Padgett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this ...
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This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this case means that master-apprentice relational protocols from the world of guilds were imported into the previously patrilineage world of Florentine international finance. Here, partnership systems, which were an important innovation in the history of commercial capitalism, became one constitutive network in a new multi-network republican-cum-merchant open elite. The Florentine partnership system was a legally decentralized “network star” organizational form for doing diversified business in international trade and finance and in domestic textile manufacturing. The dominant relational language within this new Renaissance elite, in politics, in marriage, in business, and in art, was patronage.Less
This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this case means that master-apprentice relational protocols from the world of guilds were imported into the previously patrilineage world of Florentine international finance. Here, partnership systems, which were an important innovation in the history of commercial capitalism, became one constitutive network in a new multi-network republican-cum-merchant open elite. The Florentine partnership system was a legally decentralized “network star” organizational form for doing diversified business in international trade and finance and in domestic textile manufacturing. The dominant relational language within this new Renaissance elite, in politics, in marriage, in business, and in art, was patronage.
David Womersley
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199255641
- eISBN:
- 9780191719615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199255641.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Shakespeare Studies
Chapter 11 argues that the catalyst in Shakespeare's resolution of the formal difficulties which had characterized the middle phase of his career as a historical playwright was an insight he derived ...
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Chapter 11 argues that the catalyst in Shakespeare's resolution of the formal difficulties which had characterized the middle phase of his career as a historical playwright was an insight he derived from collaboration on The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore with Anthony Munday, a writer to whose work we know Shakespeare paid close attention. Confessional transposition (the depiction of a Catholic as a Protestant) had deep roots in the historical and dramatic literature produced by the Reformation, and it is handled by Shakespeare in 1 and 2 Henry IV and Henry V with great finesse. The result is a series of innovative plays in which the forms of historical drama generated by reformed religion (in particular, the characters of the sanctified monarch and the martyred subject) receive surprising manifestations.Less
Chapter 11 argues that the catalyst in Shakespeare's resolution of the formal difficulties which had characterized the middle phase of his career as a historical playwright was an insight he derived from collaboration on The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore with Anthony Munday, a writer to whose work we know Shakespeare paid close attention. Confessional transposition (the depiction of a Catholic as a Protestant) had deep roots in the historical and dramatic literature produced by the Reformation, and it is handled by Shakespeare in 1 and 2 Henry IV and Henry V with great finesse. The result is a series of innovative plays in which the forms of historical drama generated by reformed religion (in particular, the characters of the sanctified monarch and the martyred subject) receive surprising manifestations.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are ...
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In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are now almost exclusively inactive. The analysis of how mobile DNA elements provide a 'fossil record' of past transposition events is reviewed together with the evolutionary insights this has provided. The dispersal and accumulation of mobile DNA elements in eukaryotes is described together including how this has contributed to the complexity and plasticity of our genome. DNA transposons, L1 retrotransposable elements, and Alu elements are all reviewed together with associations with genetic disease. Polymorphism seen among recent Alu and other mobile DNA elements is discussed including how this has contributed to our understanding of human population genetics and evolutionary history. Evidence to support a recent African origins hypothesis is reviewed.Less
In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are now almost exclusively inactive. The analysis of how mobile DNA elements provide a 'fossil record' of past transposition events is reviewed together with the evolutionary insights this has provided. The dispersal and accumulation of mobile DNA elements in eukaryotes is described together including how this has contributed to the complexity and plasticity of our genome. DNA transposons, L1 retrotransposable elements, and Alu elements are all reviewed together with associations with genetic disease. Polymorphism seen among recent Alu and other mobile DNA elements is discussed including how this has contributed to our understanding of human population genetics and evolutionary history. Evidence to support a recent African origins hypothesis is reviewed.
Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter discusses the pedagogical strategies of the improvisation treatises introduced in the previous chapter. These strategies include transposition, variation, recombination, and the use of ...
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This chapter discusses the pedagogical strategies of the improvisation treatises introduced in the previous chapter. These strategies include transposition, variation, recombination, and the use of models. Comparisons are made between these teaching techniques and those utilized in the pedagogy of improvisation in a wide variety of musical cultures. Drawing on concepts and research from cognitive psychology, the chapter explores how each pedagogical approach could lead to the creation and development of a knowledge base fit for use in the spontaneous generation of idiomatic music in the moment of performance. Transposition is discussed in the context of theories of automatization and proceduralization, variation is explored with reference to work on the cognitive psychology of concepts, and recombination is examined in terms of transitional probabilities and statistical learning.Less
This chapter discusses the pedagogical strategies of the improvisation treatises introduced in the previous chapter. These strategies include transposition, variation, recombination, and the use of models. Comparisons are made between these teaching techniques and those utilized in the pedagogy of improvisation in a wide variety of musical cultures. Drawing on concepts and research from cognitive psychology, the chapter explores how each pedagogical approach could lead to the creation and development of a knowledge base fit for use in the spontaneous generation of idiomatic music in the moment of performance. Transposition is discussed in the context of theories of automatization and proceduralization, variation is explored with reference to work on the cognitive psychology of concepts, and recombination is examined in terms of transitional probabilities and statistical learning.
F. A. R. Bennion
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199564101
- eISBN:
- 9780191705465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564101.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Within the United Kingdom, a European Community law may have direct effect or be transposed into specifically British legislation. There are various methods of transposition, one being ‘copyout’. ...
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Within the United Kingdom, a European Community law may have direct effect or be transposed into specifically British legislation. There are various methods of transposition, one being ‘copyout’. Where a required transposition has not been effected the breach has vertical effect between states but not horizontal effect between subjects. In construing Community law operating in the United Kingdom, the system of interpretation is the Developmental method, so-called because in advancing the ‘spirit’ of the law the court may depart from the text. Also the Developmental method pays less regard to precedent. The compatible construction rule laid down by the Human Rights Act 1998 s. 3(1) requires United Kingdom legislation to be construed compatibly with the European Convention on Human Rights. Here a court must take into account decisions etc. of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission of Human Rights, bearing in mind the margin of appreciation.Less
Within the United Kingdom, a European Community law may have direct effect or be transposed into specifically British legislation. There are various methods of transposition, one being ‘copyout’. Where a required transposition has not been effected the breach has vertical effect between states but not horizontal effect between subjects. In construing Community law operating in the United Kingdom, the system of interpretation is the Developmental method, so-called because in advancing the ‘spirit’ of the law the court may depart from the text. Also the Developmental method pays less regard to precedent. The compatible construction rule laid down by the Human Rights Act 1998 s. 3(1) requires United Kingdom legislation to be construed compatibly with the European Convention on Human Rights. Here a court must take into account decisions etc. of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission of Human Rights, bearing in mind the margin of appreciation.
Michael Storper, Thomas Kemeny, Naji Philip Makarem, and Taner Osman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804789400
- eISBN:
- 9780804796026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789400.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
The sources of economic divergence lie in their divergent levels and types of economic specialization. Specialization is caused by many forces, including lucky breakthroughs in technology, particular ...
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The sources of economic divergence lie in their divergent levels and types of economic specialization. Specialization is caused by many forces, including lucky breakthroughs in technology, particular powerful individuals, decisions of key firms at critical turning points, and lock-in effects from initial advantages. Most of these forces cannot be predicted or created. But they must find fertile ground, and this ground is prepared by the ability of the regional economy’s firms, leaders, and workers to create and absorb the organizational change that is key to new, high-wage industries. Los Angeles and San Francisco are a striking contrast in these abilities, with Los Angeles’s firms and leaders persistently returning to Old Economy organizational forms and San Francisco’s firms and leaders consistently inventing the organizational forms of the New Economy that become models for the American and world economies as a whole.Less
The sources of economic divergence lie in their divergent levels and types of economic specialization. Specialization is caused by many forces, including lucky breakthroughs in technology, particular powerful individuals, decisions of key firms at critical turning points, and lock-in effects from initial advantages. Most of these forces cannot be predicted or created. But they must find fertile ground, and this ground is prepared by the ability of the regional economy’s firms, leaders, and workers to create and absorb the organizational change that is key to new, high-wage industries. Los Angeles and San Francisco are a striking contrast in these abilities, with Los Angeles’s firms and leaders persistently returning to Old Economy organizational forms and San Francisco’s firms and leaders consistently inventing the organizational forms of the New Economy that become models for the American and world economies as a whole.
Guillaume Fertin, Anthony Labarre, Irena Rusu, Eric Tannier, and Steéphane Vialette
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062824
- eISBN:
- 9780262258753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062824.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Biology
This chapter demonstrates the expansion of genome rearrangement problems to a wide mathematical field, including long-standing problems in algebra. It discusses simple permutations and the ...
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This chapter demonstrates the expansion of genome rearrangement problems to a wide mathematical field, including long-standing problems in algebra. It discusses simple permutations and the interleaving graph; the overlap graph; the local complementation of a graph; the matrix tightness problem; extension to sorting by transpositions; and the intermediate case of directed local complementation.Less
This chapter demonstrates the expansion of genome rearrangement problems to a wide mathematical field, including long-standing problems in algebra. It discusses simple permutations and the interleaving graph; the overlap graph; the local complementation of a graph; the matrix tightness problem; extension to sorting by transpositions; and the intermediate case of directed local complementation.
Claire Nightingale and Jonathan Sandy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198714828
- eISBN:
- 9780191916793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198714828.003.0008
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Dentistry
Claire Davison, Gerri Kimber, and W. Todd Martin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474400381
- eISBN:
- 9781474416054
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Our understanding of Anglophone modernism has been transformed by recent critical interest in translation. The central place of translation in the circulation of aesthetic and political ideas in the ...
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Our understanding of Anglophone modernism has been transformed by recent critical interest in translation. The central place of translation in the circulation of aesthetic and political ideas in the early twentieth century has been underlined, for example, as well as translation’s place in the creative and poetic dynamics of key modernist texts. This volume of Katherine Mansfield Studies offers a timely assessment of Mansfield’s place in such exchanges. As a reviewer, she developed a specific interest in literatures in translation, as well as showing a keen awareness of the translator’s presence in the text. Throughout her life, Mansfield engaged with new literary texts through translation, either translating proficiently herself, or working alongside a co-translator to explore the semantic and stylistic challenges of partially known languages. The metaphorical resonances of translating, transition and marginality also remain key features of her writing throughout her life. Meanwhile, her enduring popularity abroad is ensured by translations of her works, all of which reveal sociological and even ideological agendas of their own, an inevitable reflection of individual translators’ readings of her works, and the literary traditions of the new country and language of reception. The contributions to this volume refine and extend our appreciation of her specifically trans-linguistic and trans-literary lives. They illuminate the specific and more general influences of translation on Mansfield’s evolving technique and, jointly, they reveal the importance of translation on her literary language, as well as for her own particular brand of modernism.Less
Our understanding of Anglophone modernism has been transformed by recent critical interest in translation. The central place of translation in the circulation of aesthetic and political ideas in the early twentieth century has been underlined, for example, as well as translation’s place in the creative and poetic dynamics of key modernist texts. This volume of Katherine Mansfield Studies offers a timely assessment of Mansfield’s place in such exchanges. As a reviewer, she developed a specific interest in literatures in translation, as well as showing a keen awareness of the translator’s presence in the text. Throughout her life, Mansfield engaged with new literary texts through translation, either translating proficiently herself, or working alongside a co-translator to explore the semantic and stylistic challenges of partially known languages. The metaphorical resonances of translating, transition and marginality also remain key features of her writing throughout her life. Meanwhile, her enduring popularity abroad is ensured by translations of her works, all of which reveal sociological and even ideological agendas of their own, an inevitable reflection of individual translators’ readings of her works, and the literary traditions of the new country and language of reception. The contributions to this volume refine and extend our appreciation of her specifically trans-linguistic and trans-literary lives. They illuminate the specific and more general influences of translation on Mansfield’s evolving technique and, jointly, they reveal the importance of translation on her literary language, as well as for her own particular brand of modernism.
David Lewin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195317138
- eISBN:
- 9780199865413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317138.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter concerns itself with further formal properties of the Generalized Interval System (GIS) model. In this model, the points of the space may be labeled by their intervals from one ...
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This chapter concerns itself with further formal properties of the Generalized Interval System (GIS) model. In this model, the points of the space may be labeled by their intervals from one referential point; this has advantages and disadvantages. New GIS structures may be constructed from old in various ways. A passage from Webern is examined in connection with a combined pitch-and-rhythm GIS constructed in one such way. Generalized analogs of transposition and inversion operations are explored. So are “interval-preserving operations”; these coincide with transpositions in some GIS models but not in others, specifically not in GISs that are “non-commutative”.Less
This chapter concerns itself with further formal properties of the Generalized Interval System (GIS) model. In this model, the points of the space may be labeled by their intervals from one referential point; this has advantages and disadvantages. New GIS structures may be constructed from old in various ways. A passage from Webern is examined in connection with a combined pitch-and-rhythm GIS constructed in one such way. Generalized analogs of transposition and inversion operations are explored. So are “interval-preserving operations”; these coincide with transpositions in some GIS models but not in others, specifically not in GISs that are “non-commutative”.
David Lewin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195317138
- eISBN:
- 9780199865413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317138.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Instead of starting with a Generalized Interval System (GIS) and deriving certain characteristic transformations therefrom, it is possible to start with a family of characteristic transformations on ...
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Instead of starting with a Generalized Interval System (GIS) and deriving certain characteristic transformations therefrom, it is possible to start with a family of characteristic transformations on a musical space and derive a GIS structure therefrom. That is, instead of regarding the i-arrow as a measurement of extension between points s and t observed passively “out there” in a Cartesian res extensa, one can regard the situation actively, like a singer, player, or composer, thinking: “I am at s; what characteristic transformation do I perform in order to arrive at t?” This chapter explores this conceptual interrelation between interval-as-extension and transposition-as-characteristic-motion-through-space. After developing the mathematics that shows a logical equivalence between GIS structures and certain structures of transformations on spaces, the work proceeds by example. Passages from Schoenberg, Wagner, Brahms, and Beethoven indicate how suggestive it can be to consider networks of “intervals” and networks of “transpositions” (modulations and so forth) as various aspects of the same basic phenomenon.Less
Instead of starting with a Generalized Interval System (GIS) and deriving certain characteristic transformations therefrom, it is possible to start with a family of characteristic transformations on a musical space and derive a GIS structure therefrom. That is, instead of regarding the i-arrow as a measurement of extension between points s and t observed passively “out there” in a Cartesian res extensa, one can regard the situation actively, like a singer, player, or composer, thinking: “I am at s; what characteristic transformation do I perform in order to arrive at t?” This chapter explores this conceptual interrelation between interval-as-extension and transposition-as-characteristic-motion-through-space. After developing the mathematics that shows a logical equivalence between GIS structures and certain structures of transformations on spaces, the work proceeds by example. Passages from Schoenberg, Wagner, Brahms, and Beethoven indicate how suggestive it can be to consider networks of “intervals” and networks of “transpositions” (modulations and so forth) as various aspects of the same basic phenomenon.
Antonio Fontdevila
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541379
- eISBN:
- 9780191728532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541379.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
Its structure, redundancy and plasticity make the genome a dynamic system. This chapter gives an introductory evolutionary view of these genome characteristics focusing on the unanticipated ...
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Its structure, redundancy and plasticity make the genome a dynamic system. This chapter gives an introductory evolutionary view of these genome characteristics focusing on the unanticipated uncoupling between organism complexity and genome size (the C-value paradox). Some approaches to this paradox are presented ranging from genome dynamics to population dynamics. While it may be too early to understand in full the genome dynamics, some case studies in comparative genomics are presented that vindicate the central role of population genetics to understand genome evolution. The roles of duplication, transposition, RNA regulation, and the, recently discovered, structural DNA variants are introduced as examples of the genome evolutionary dynamics and show how the combined population, functional, and structural approaches are enlightening our view on genome evolution. The chapter ends with a deep introductory reflection on the dual role of chance (random variation) and necessity (natural selection) in the building of a dynamic genome.Less
Its structure, redundancy and plasticity make the genome a dynamic system. This chapter gives an introductory evolutionary view of these genome characteristics focusing on the unanticipated uncoupling between organism complexity and genome size (the C-value paradox). Some approaches to this paradox are presented ranging from genome dynamics to population dynamics. While it may be too early to understand in full the genome dynamics, some case studies in comparative genomics are presented that vindicate the central role of population genetics to understand genome evolution. The roles of duplication, transposition, RNA regulation, and the, recently discovered, structural DNA variants are introduced as examples of the genome evolutionary dynamics and show how the combined population, functional, and structural approaches are enlightening our view on genome evolution. The chapter ends with a deep introductory reflection on the dual role of chance (random variation) and necessity (natural selection) in the building of a dynamic genome.
Alan Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834838
- eISBN:
- 9780824871529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834838.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This concluding chapter remarks on the threatening nature of the transposed “Eastern” space was part of a larger discourse about the presence in the European cities of the poor non-European workers, ...
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This concluding chapter remarks on the threatening nature of the transposed “Eastern” space was part of a larger discourse about the presence in the European cities of the poor non-European workers, wandering and therefore suspect “tribes,” prostitutes, and criminals, and how these perceived assaults were responded in kind with emigration to the colonies. Just as consequential as bodily transportation, however, was material transposition, as when Britons sought to re-create an English town in the Indian hills. Entwined in this development was the rhetorical transposition of Europe to India, and of an exoticized India to Europe, which came to assume an authentic cast that continues to shape representations of the subcontinent.Less
This concluding chapter remarks on the threatening nature of the transposed “Eastern” space was part of a larger discourse about the presence in the European cities of the poor non-European workers, wandering and therefore suspect “tribes,” prostitutes, and criminals, and how these perceived assaults were responded in kind with emigration to the colonies. Just as consequential as bodily transportation, however, was material transposition, as when Britons sought to re-create an English town in the Indian hills. Entwined in this development was the rhetorical transposition of Europe to India, and of an exoticized India to Europe, which came to assume an authentic cast that continues to shape representations of the subcontinent.
Albert R. Rice
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342994
- eISBN:
- 9780199865666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342994.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter reviews six important classical clarinet playing techniques: compass, registers, and fingerings; embouchure and mouthpiece position; articulation; selection of a clarinet; transposition; ...
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This chapter reviews six important classical clarinet playing techniques: compass, registers, and fingerings; embouchure and mouthpiece position; articulation; selection of a clarinet; transposition; and notation of parts. It examines the unusual technique of using a mute in some music literature, Tutors and treatises, musical scores and parts, extant instruments, and pictorial sources are included the analysis.Less
This chapter reviews six important classical clarinet playing techniques: compass, registers, and fingerings; embouchure and mouthpiece position; articulation; selection of a clarinet; transposition; and notation of parts. It examines the unusual technique of using a mute in some music literature, Tutors and treatises, musical scores and parts, extant instruments, and pictorial sources are included the analysis.
Christian Heath, Dirk vom Lehn, Jason Cleverly, and Paul Luff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730735
- eISBN:
- 9780199950034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Surprise is commonly understood as a response to the unexpected, even untoward, arising within the immediate environment, our reaction foreshadowing an associated emotion such as pleasure or fear. ...
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Surprise is commonly understood as a response to the unexpected, even untoward, arising within the immediate environment, our reaction foreshadowing an associated emotion such as pleasure or fear. This chapter considers how our discovery of, and response to, the unexpected is constituted in and through our interaction with others, both those we are with and others who just happen to be within the same space. Drawing on video-recordings of visitors to museums and galleries, the chapter examines how people show surprise, enable others to be surprised and address how our emotion is tailored with regard to the presence and action of others. In particular, the chapter considers the embodied character of surprise and the ways in which surprise reflexively constitutes the sense and significance of occasioned features of the immediate environment.Less
Surprise is commonly understood as a response to the unexpected, even untoward, arising within the immediate environment, our reaction foreshadowing an associated emotion such as pleasure or fear. This chapter considers how our discovery of, and response to, the unexpected is constituted in and through our interaction with others, both those we are with and others who just happen to be within the same space. Drawing on video-recordings of visitors to museums and galleries, the chapter examines how people show surprise, enable others to be surprised and address how our emotion is tailored with regard to the presence and action of others. In particular, the chapter considers the embodied character of surprise and the ways in which surprise reflexively constitutes the sense and significance of occasioned features of the immediate environment.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that ...
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Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that fall between standard inflection and derivation. A very common example is the transposition, as exemplified by deverbal participles. These have the outward morphosyntax of adjectives and hence entail a shift in morphosyntactic category, as in derivation, but they are effectively forms of a verb lexeme and don’t constitute independent lexemes in their own right, much like inflected forms. Current paradigm-based models of morphology have difficulty handling these, and many other, intermediate types of relatedness. Also, paradigm-based models seem to require a strict demarcation between inflection and derivation: derived lexemes typically require an entirely distinct set of inflections from their base lexeme, but there is no obvious way to achieve this naturally in current models, given that there is no principled way of distinguishing inflection from derivation. This book proposes a way of describing all forms of lexical relatedness, whether systematic or non-systematic, by deploying an extension to the notion of Stump’s (2001) notion of paradigm function. The generalized paradigm function (GPF) can relate the form, the syntax, or the meaning of words, but independently. The GPF can also define a new ‘lexemic index’ for a derived word, thereby specifying that it is an independent lexeme. If these four lexical attributes covary independently, there are 15 (out of 16) logically possible types of relatedness. The 15th type is the identity relation, and the 16th is logically impossible. The book shows that all 14 non-trivial types (and several subtypes) are attested. The GPF maps a pairing of <LI, σ> for lexemic index LI and feature set σ, to a derived representation. Where σ is empty the GPF defines the lexical entry itself for the lexeme LI. When the GPF defines a new LI we have derivational morphology. By the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, such a GPF then underspecifies the syntactic and morphological properties of the derived word, and these are then re-specified by means of a default mechanism (the ‘Default Cascade’). In this way the same mechanism, the GPF, can define canonical inflectional relatedness, canonical derivational relatedness, the 12 intermediate cases, and all the other identified subtypes, in one overarching architecture. The book exemplifies the analysis with detailed discussion of event nominals, property nominalizations, and relational and possessive denominal adjectives, as well as a variety of instances of words belonging to the ‘wrong’ morpholexical category. It concludes with a summary of lexical relatedness in the Samoyedic language Selkup, in which a separate grammatical category has to be set up for the wealth of transpositions, and in which there are denominal adjective transpositions derived from case-marked noun forms which inflect like nouns for possessor agreement.Less
Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that fall between standard inflection and derivation. A very common example is the transposition, as exemplified by deverbal participles. These have the outward morphosyntax of adjectives and hence entail a shift in morphosyntactic category, as in derivation, but they are effectively forms of a verb lexeme and don’t constitute independent lexemes in their own right, much like inflected forms. Current paradigm-based models of morphology have difficulty handling these, and many other, intermediate types of relatedness. Also, paradigm-based models seem to require a strict demarcation between inflection and derivation: derived lexemes typically require an entirely distinct set of inflections from their base lexeme, but there is no obvious way to achieve this naturally in current models, given that there is no principled way of distinguishing inflection from derivation. This book proposes a way of describing all forms of lexical relatedness, whether systematic or non-systematic, by deploying an extension to the notion of Stump’s (2001) notion of paradigm function. The generalized paradigm function (GPF) can relate the form, the syntax, or the meaning of words, but independently. The GPF can also define a new ‘lexemic index’ for a derived word, thereby specifying that it is an independent lexeme. If these four lexical attributes covary independently, there are 15 (out of 16) logically possible types of relatedness. The 15th type is the identity relation, and the 16th is logically impossible. The book shows that all 14 non-trivial types (and several subtypes) are attested. The GPF maps a pairing of <LI, σ> for lexemic index LI and feature set σ, to a derived representation. Where σ is empty the GPF defines the lexical entry itself for the lexeme LI. When the GPF defines a new LI we have derivational morphology. By the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, such a GPF then underspecifies the syntactic and morphological properties of the derived word, and these are then re-specified by means of a default mechanism (the ‘Default Cascade’). In this way the same mechanism, the GPF, can define canonical inflectional relatedness, canonical derivational relatedness, the 12 intermediate cases, and all the other identified subtypes, in one overarching architecture. The book exemplifies the analysis with detailed discussion of event nominals, property nominalizations, and relational and possessive denominal adjectives, as well as a variety of instances of words belonging to the ‘wrong’ morpholexical category. It concludes with a summary of lexical relatedness in the Samoyedic language Selkup, in which a separate grammatical category has to be set up for the wealth of transpositions, and in which there are denominal adjective transpositions derived from case-marked noun forms which inflect like nouns for possessor agreement.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive ...
More
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive adjectives, property nominalizations of adjectives, and predicatively used nouns/adjectives) as well as the notion of mixed category. The chapter then addresses the question of meaning-bearing inflections: how do we know when the added meaning is ‘merely’ inflectional, and when it introduces an additional semantic predicate into the SEM attribute for the lexeme, characteristic of derivation? It is proposed that derivation entails a change in the value of the lexemic index. The chapter then reviews argument structure alternations (passives, causatives, applicatives, and others), as well as an intermediate type of relatedness called argument nominalization, which defines/denotes one of the arguments of a verb, typically the subject. There follows discussion of non-compositional (‘meaningless’) derivational processes, such as the prefixation which gives rise to words such as withstand, withhold, etc. The chapter then provides a systematic characterization of evaluative morphology. The next type is within-lexeme relatedness, which frequently throws up instances of morphosyntactic or category mismatch or category mixing. Not infrequently, this within-lexeme category mixing gives rise to mixed behaviour in the syntax, too (syntagmatic category mixing), a phenomenon very well known from studies of event nominalizations, but one which is much more widespread and general than that. The chapter surveys Russian nouns with adjectival morphology, conversion of adjectives to person-denoting nouns, morphological shift (Russian past tense morphology, Kayardild verbal case).Less
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive adjectives, property nominalizations of adjectives, and predicatively used nouns/adjectives) as well as the notion of mixed category. The chapter then addresses the question of meaning-bearing inflections: how do we know when the added meaning is ‘merely’ inflectional, and when it introduces an additional semantic predicate into the SEM attribute for the lexeme, characteristic of derivation? It is proposed that derivation entails a change in the value of the lexemic index. The chapter then reviews argument structure alternations (passives, causatives, applicatives, and others), as well as an intermediate type of relatedness called argument nominalization, which defines/denotes one of the arguments of a verb, typically the subject. There follows discussion of non-compositional (‘meaningless’) derivational processes, such as the prefixation which gives rise to words such as withstand, withhold, etc. The chapter then provides a systematic characterization of evaluative morphology. The next type is within-lexeme relatedness, which frequently throws up instances of morphosyntactic or category mismatch or category mixing. Not infrequently, this within-lexeme category mixing gives rise to mixed behaviour in the syntax, too (syntagmatic category mixing), a phenomenon very well known from studies of event nominalizations, but one which is much more widespread and general than that. The chapter surveys Russian nouns with adjectival morphology, conversion of adjectives to person-denoting nouns, morphological shift (Russian past tense morphology, Kayardild verbal case).
