Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501716072
- eISBN:
- 9781501716102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0009
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, ...
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This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT) reduction, and accessibility. The transportation-planning field began in the first half of the twentieth century with a mobility orientation. By the end of the century, many planners and researchers had shifted to VKT reductions as the implicit lodestone of progressive action in transportation and land use, a goal that, by the twenty-first century, made its way into some formal policies—though the mobility paradigm remained dominant overall. This book argues for a logic distinct from both of these: an accessibility shift to align transportation and land-use planning with transportation's core purpose. Notwithstanding the challenges it faces in the form of invisibility, accessibility is the only reliable indicator, among the three contenders, of the benefits offered by transportation. This renders both mobility and VKT reduction inadequate as transportation planning's central logic, an inadequacy that can lead to perverse outcomes. The existing mobility paradigm molds transportation and land-use planning at multiple levels and geographic scales and demonstrably shapes metropolitan development. This power suggests that the accessibility shift similarly holds great potential for altering decisions and ultimately the built environment.Less
This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT) reduction, and accessibility. The transportation-planning field began in the first half of the twentieth century with a mobility orientation. By the end of the century, many planners and researchers had shifted to VKT reductions as the implicit lodestone of progressive action in transportation and land use, a goal that, by the twenty-first century, made its way into some formal policies—though the mobility paradigm remained dominant overall. This book argues for a logic distinct from both of these: an accessibility shift to align transportation and land-use planning with transportation's core purpose. Notwithstanding the challenges it faces in the form of invisibility, accessibility is the only reliable indicator, among the three contenders, of the benefits offered by transportation. This renders both mobility and VKT reduction inadequate as transportation planning's central logic, an inadequacy that can lead to perverse outcomes. The existing mobility paradigm molds transportation and land-use planning at multiple levels and geographic scales and demonstrably shapes metropolitan development. This power suggests that the accessibility shift similarly holds great potential for altering decisions and ultimately the built environment.
Ocean Howell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226141398
- eISBN:
- 9780226290287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226290287.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
In the period immediately following World War II, the federal government made tremendous investments in urban renewal and highway infrastructure. Many of the city's largest downtown-based ...
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In the period immediately following World War II, the federal government made tremendous investments in urban renewal and highway infrastructure. Many of the city's largest downtown-based corporations formed a lobbying group--the San Francisco Planning and Urban Renewal Association (SPUR)--that succeeded in controlling how and where this money would be spent. The downtown planning regime's priorities were freeways and the eradication of “blight.” The Mission District was slated for three freeways, though officials judged that two of them would cause too much damage to land values and tax revenues. The planning regime also quietly planned two Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations for the Mission. Neighborhood groups had little success influencing the process, but planning energies were not moribund. Indeed, the neighborhood planning traditions that dated back to the Progressive Era survived in remarkably similar form.Less
In the period immediately following World War II, the federal government made tremendous investments in urban renewal and highway infrastructure. Many of the city's largest downtown-based corporations formed a lobbying group--the San Francisco Planning and Urban Renewal Association (SPUR)--that succeeded in controlling how and where this money would be spent. The downtown planning regime's priorities were freeways and the eradication of “blight.” The Mission District was slated for three freeways, though officials judged that two of them would cause too much damage to land values and tax revenues. The planning regime also quietly planned two Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations for the Mission. Neighborhood groups had little success influencing the process, but planning energies were not moribund. Indeed, the neighborhood planning traditions that dated back to the Progressive Era survived in remarkably similar form.
Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501716072
- eISBN:
- 9781501716102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle is evidenced in current policy and in the physical form of the built environment in metropolitan areas in the United States and many other countries around the world. When evaluating the performance of a transportation system, the fundamental criterion for success has long been faster vehicle-operating speed. This focus on mobility stands in contrast to a cornerstone of modern transportation planning: the notion that the demand for transportation is largely derived from the demand to reach destinations. If the goal that drives current transportation planning—mobility—differs from the service that people seek from transportation—accessibility—the planning process would tend to overprovide the former and underprovide the latter. Thus, aligning the logic of transportation planning with the core purpose of transportation is about ensuring that people get more of what they want out of the system: access to destinations.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle is evidenced in current policy and in the physical form of the built environment in metropolitan areas in the United States and many other countries around the world. When evaluating the performance of a transportation system, the fundamental criterion for success has long been faster vehicle-operating speed. This focus on mobility stands in contrast to a cornerstone of modern transportation planning: the notion that the demand for transportation is largely derived from the demand to reach destinations. If the goal that drives current transportation planning—mobility—differs from the service that people seek from transportation—accessibility—the planning process would tend to overprovide the former and underprovide the latter. Thus, aligning the logic of transportation planning with the core purpose of transportation is about ensuring that people get more of what they want out of the system: access to destinations.
Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501716072
- eISBN:
- 9781501716102
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This book flips the tables on the standard models for evaluating regional transportation performance. It argues for an “accessibility shift” whereby transportation planning, and the transportation ...
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This book flips the tables on the standard models for evaluating regional transportation performance. It argues for an “accessibility shift” whereby transportation planning, and the transportation dimensions of land-use planning, would be based on people's ability to reach destinations, rather than on their ability to travel fast. Existing models for planning and evaluating transportation, which have taken vehicle speeds as the most important measure, would make sense if movement were the purpose of transportation. But it is the ability to reach destinations, not movement per se, that people seek from their transportation systems. While the concept of accessibility has been around for the better part of a century, the book shows that the accessibility shift is compelled by the fundamental purpose of transportation. It argues that the shift would be transformative to the practice of both transportation and land-use planning but is impeded by many conceptual obstacles regarding the nature of accessibility and its potential for guiding development of the built environment. By redefining success in transportation, the book provides city planners, decision makers, and scholars a path to reforming the practice of transportation and land-use planning in modern cities and metropolitan areas.Less
This book flips the tables on the standard models for evaluating regional transportation performance. It argues for an “accessibility shift” whereby transportation planning, and the transportation dimensions of land-use planning, would be based on people's ability to reach destinations, rather than on their ability to travel fast. Existing models for planning and evaluating transportation, which have taken vehicle speeds as the most important measure, would make sense if movement were the purpose of transportation. But it is the ability to reach destinations, not movement per se, that people seek from their transportation systems. While the concept of accessibility has been around for the better part of a century, the book shows that the accessibility shift is compelled by the fundamental purpose of transportation. It argues that the shift would be transformative to the practice of both transportation and land-use planning but is impeded by many conceptual obstacles regarding the nature of accessibility and its potential for guiding development of the built environment. By redefining success in transportation, the book provides city planners, decision makers, and scholars a path to reforming the practice of transportation and land-use planning in modern cities and metropolitan areas.
Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501716072
- eISBN:
- 9781501716102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0002
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The ...
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This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.Less
This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.
Carolyn T. Adams
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451621
- eISBN:
- 9780801471858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451621.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines how intergovernmental authorities carry out their responsibility for transportation systems that link the city to the suburbs across municipal boundaries. It also considers why ...
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This chapter examines how intergovernmental authorities carry out their responsibility for transportation systems that link the city to the suburbs across municipal boundaries. It also considers why the suburban representatives who dominate these intergovernmental authorities are unlikely to use their power over transportation investments as a tool to alter land-use patterns in the city. More specifically, it discusses the working of metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and leading regional operators of transit services. The chapter focuses on the MPO operating within the greater Philadelphia region, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), along with two other regional authorities that dominate transportation planning and investment in greater Philadelphia: the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority and the Delaware River Port Authority. It explains why these regional bodies are not the main actors advancing regional priorities to reshape central Philadelphia.Less
This chapter examines how intergovernmental authorities carry out their responsibility for transportation systems that link the city to the suburbs across municipal boundaries. It also considers why the suburban representatives who dominate these intergovernmental authorities are unlikely to use their power over transportation investments as a tool to alter land-use patterns in the city. More specifically, it discusses the working of metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and leading regional operators of transit services. The chapter focuses on the MPO operating within the greater Philadelphia region, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), along with two other regional authorities that dominate transportation planning and investment in greater Philadelphia: the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority and the Delaware River Port Authority. It explains why these regional bodies are not the main actors advancing regional priorities to reshape central Philadelphia.
Asim Zia, Christopher Koliba, Jack Meek, and Anna Schulz
Chris Ansell and Jacob Torfing (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447340553
- eISBN:
- 9781447340591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340553.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) present a unique opportunity as real-world laboratories to investigate the dynamics of scale and performance management in polycentric governance networks. ...
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Metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) present a unique opportunity as real-world laboratories to investigate the dynamics of scale and performance management in polycentric governance networks. Using a 2009 Government Accountability Office survey of all 381 MPOs, this study examines whether the scale and intensity of collaboration of an MPO influences performance management; and tests two hypotheses: (1) small-scale MPOs have a significant performance management gap; (2) larger-scale MPOs with higher scale and intensity of collaboration have a smaller performance management gap. Theoretical implications concerning scale and collaboration in polycentric governance networks are discussed.Less
Metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) present a unique opportunity as real-world laboratories to investigate the dynamics of scale and performance management in polycentric governance networks. Using a 2009 Government Accountability Office survey of all 381 MPOs, this study examines whether the scale and intensity of collaboration of an MPO influences performance management; and tests two hypotheses: (1) small-scale MPOs have a significant performance management gap; (2) larger-scale MPOs with higher scale and intensity of collaboration have a smaller performance management gap. Theoretical implications concerning scale and collaboration in polycentric governance networks are discussed.
Richard D. Margerum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015813
- eISBN:
- 9780262298605
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015813.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Collaborative approaches are increasingly common across a range of governance and policy areas. Single-issue, single-organization solutions often prove ineffective for complex, contentious, and ...
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Collaborative approaches are increasingly common across a range of governance and policy areas. Single-issue, single-organization solutions often prove ineffective for complex, contentious, and diffuse problems. Collaborative efforts allow cross-jurisdictional governance and policy, involving groups that may operate on different decision-making levels. This book examines the full range of collaborative enterprises in natural resource management, urban planning, and environmental policy. The author explains the pros and cons of collaborative approaches, develops methods to test their effectiveness, and identifies ways to improve their implementation and results. Drawing on extensive case studies of collaboration in the United States and Australia, he shows that collaboration is not just about developing a strategy but also about creating and sustaining arrangements which can support collaborative implementation. The book outlines a typology of collaborative efforts and a typology of networks to support implementation, and uses them to explain the factors that are likely to make collaborations successful, as well as examining the implications for participants. The case studies range from watershed management to transportation planning and include both successes and failures; they also offer lessons in collaboration that make the book suited for classroom use. Additionally, the book, which is designed to help practitioners evaluate and improve collaborative efforts at any phase, has a theoretical framework that provides scholars with a means to assess the effectiveness of collaboration and explain its ability to achieve results.Less
Collaborative approaches are increasingly common across a range of governance and policy areas. Single-issue, single-organization solutions often prove ineffective for complex, contentious, and diffuse problems. Collaborative efforts allow cross-jurisdictional governance and policy, involving groups that may operate on different decision-making levels. This book examines the full range of collaborative enterprises in natural resource management, urban planning, and environmental policy. The author explains the pros and cons of collaborative approaches, develops methods to test their effectiveness, and identifies ways to improve their implementation and results. Drawing on extensive case studies of collaboration in the United States and Australia, he shows that collaboration is not just about developing a strategy but also about creating and sustaining arrangements which can support collaborative implementation. The book outlines a typology of collaborative efforts and a typology of networks to support implementation, and uses them to explain the factors that are likely to make collaborations successful, as well as examining the implications for participants. The case studies range from watershed management to transportation planning and include both successes and failures; they also offer lessons in collaboration that make the book suited for classroom use. Additionally, the book, which is designed to help practitioners evaluate and improve collaborative efforts at any phase, has a theoretical framework that provides scholars with a means to assess the effectiveness of collaboration and explain its ability to achieve results.
Courtney Elizabeth Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469637273
- eISBN:
- 9781469637297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469637273.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter 9 discusses the politics of public space and neighborhood self-determination in the historically Black, working class neighborhood of Lincoln Park. The work describes a thirty-year history of ...
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Chapter 9 discusses the politics of public space and neighborhood self-determination in the historically Black, working class neighborhood of Lincoln Park. The work describes a thirty-year history of neighborhood-level community building and planning, including the present struggles of the Coalition to Save Lincoln Park, an advocacy group that emerged in 2013 after the city announced its plans to extend Central Avenue through the historic park space and neighborhood.Less
Chapter 9 discusses the politics of public space and neighborhood self-determination in the historically Black, working class neighborhood of Lincoln Park. The work describes a thirty-year history of neighborhood-level community building and planning, including the present struggles of the Coalition to Save Lincoln Park, an advocacy group that emerged in 2013 after the city announced its plans to extend Central Avenue through the historic park space and neighborhood.
